Historic Michigan Boulevard District

The Historic Michigan Boulevard District is a historic district in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States encompassing Michigan Avenue between 11th (1100 south in the street numbering system) or Roosevelt Road (1200 south), depending on the source, and Randolph Streets (150 north) and named after the nearby Lake Michigan.[1][2][3] It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 27, 2002.[1] The district includes numerous significant buildings on Michigan Avenue facing Grant Park.[4] In addition, this section of Michigan Avenue includes the point recognized as the end of U.S. Route 66. This district is one of the world's best known one-sided streets rivalling Fifth Avenue in New York City and Edinburgh's Princes Street.[1] It lies immediately south of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District and east of the Loop Retail Historic District.

Historic Michigan Boulevard District

Michigan Avenue
Maintained by	Department of Streets & Sanitation
Location	Chicago
North end	150 North at Randolph Street
Major junctions	Monroe Street/Drive Jackson Blvd./Drive US 66 Ida B. Wells Dr. from/to Eisenhower Expressway I-290 Balbo Drive
South end	1100 South/1200 South at Roosevelt Road

History

The district begins immediately south of the Smurfit-Stone Building at Randolph Street on the north side of the Chicago Cultural Center. (2006)

Aerial view of Michigan Avenue in 1911.

Michigan Avenue is named after Lake Michigan, which it once ran alongside at 100 east in the city's street numbering system until land reclamation for Grant Park (then Lake Park) pushed the shoreline east.[5] The one-sided street feature is due in large part to the legal battles of Aaron Montgomery Ward with the city over cleaning up the park and removing most of the structures in it.[6] Ward opposed the development of Grant Park with public buildings along the lakefront except for the Art Institute of Chicago Building.[7] Eventually, Ward's ideas were adopted by Daniel Burnham in his Plan of Chicago, which called for "insured light, air, and an agreeable outlook" along the Grant Park street frontage.[8] The preservation of the lakefront view has inspired architects to create an architectural cornucopia of designs along the "streetwall".

At no point is Michigan Avenue currently called Michigan Boulevard, but prior to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the street was officially known as Michigan Boulevard and often referred to as "Boul Mich".[8] As recently as the 1920s, North Michigan Avenue (especially the Magnificent Mile) was referred to as "Upper Boul Mich".[9] Paris' Boulevard Saint-Michel is the original Boul Mich.

Armistice Day parade 1918

The district has changed over the years as various architectural designs have evolved to complement it. The boulevard was widened between 1909 and 1910 causing the Art Institute of Chicago Building to have to move the lions guarding its entrance back 12 feet.[10] At that time, the Jackson Boulevard and Michigan Avenue intersection (the end of route 66) was known as "route center".[11] Also at that time, the boulevard had no streets crossing it and extending eastward, and thus, the Jackson intersection was a T intersection. This was still true in 1920 when the Michigan Avenue Bridge opened and increased traffic by connecting this boulevard with the Magnificent Mile and the community north of the Chicago River a quarter mile to the north of this district.[11] The Fountain of the Great Lakes (installed in 1913) was highly visible from route center.[11] Today, four streets cross Michigan Avenue within the district (in addition to its northern and southern endpoints at crossing streets). Three of the four change names as they cross Michigan: eastbound East Monroe Street (100 south) becomes East Monroe Drive; eastbound East Jackson Boulevard (300 south) becomes East Jackson Drive; and two-way East Ida B. Wells Drive (500 south) becomes East Ida B. Wells Drive as it crosses into Grant Park to the east.[12] East Balbo Drive (700 south) does not change names as it crosses Michigan.[12]

Today

Historic Michigan Avenue from Millennium Park

Today the only building on the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in the Historic District hosts the Art Institute of Chicago. However, several interesting structures have been added to the northern part of the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in Millennium Park such as Crown Fountain and McCormick Tribune Plaza. The current "End Historic US 66" marker is now located along Michigan Avenue in this district to mark the official end of U.S. Route 66 in Illinois, but this and several others traverse Michigan Avenue within Grant Park because landfill has created two blocks of real estate between Michigan Avenue and the Lake Michigan shoreline. Also, the Fountain was relocated and is no longer easily seen from Michigan Avenue.

Among the current issues today is the trend to redevelop properties by constructing grand towers behind the facades of historic structures along Michigan and Wabash Avenues (the parallel street one block to the west). The most recent examples of this have been The Heritage at Millennium Park, Legacy at Millennium Park and the 80-story tower proposed as part of the YWCA building redevelopment at 830 S. Michigan Avenue. This trend is now endangering the Chicago Athletic Association Annex, which has been proposed for demolition to make way for a fifty- to eighty-story condominium tower across from Millennium Park.[13] As a result, the building is listed first on the 2006-07 Chicagoland Watch List of the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois.[14] On the other hand, many were concerned that the landmark district designation would stagnate development of the area.[15] The purpose of the designation was to "keep the architecture there and encourage architecture like it and keep the wall of the park," according to the City's Department of Planning and Development. Thus, redevolpment for new uses will be part of the ongoing concerns for the neighborhood. Thus, buildings being renovated for condos and dormitories is a part of the present and future for the district.[15]

Buildings in the District

The Blackstone Hotel has hosted almost every 20th century U.S. President.

The Auditorium Building was the first home of the Chicago Civic Opera and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

view from BP Pedestrian Bridge overpass

Fine Arts Building

Several of the buildings listed below have played a prominent role in the cultural history of Chicago.

The Blackstone has become part of Chicago's history as the city that has hosted more United States presidential nominating conventions (26) than any other two American cities,[16] The Blackstone Hotel has hosted almost every 20th century U.S. President,[17] and it has contributed the phrase "in a smoke-filled room" to American political parlance.[18][19]

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra debuted on October 16, 1891 and made its home in the Auditorium Theatre until moving to Orchestra Hall in 1904. Theodore Roosevelt gave his famous Bull Moose speech in 1912 at the Auditorium and was nominated for President of the United States by the independent National Progressive Party. The Auditorium has hosted Jimi Hendrix, The Who, the Grateful Dead, and many others. The Auditorium Building is considered a milestone in the development of modern architecture.[20]

The Chicago Cultural Center serves as the city's official reception venue where the Mayor of Chicago has welcomed Presidents and royalty, diplomats and community leaders. According to Crain's Chicago Business, the Chicago Cultural Center was the eighth most-visited cultural institution in the Chicago area in 2004, with 767,000 visitors. The interior includes ornate mosaics, marbles, bronze, and stained-glass domes designed by the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company.[21]

The Art Institute of Chicago is a fine-art museum well known for its Impressionist and American art.

North to south:

Name[22]	Street Address	Architect	Status
Chicago Cultural Center (former central library)	78 E. Washington Street	Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge	CL, NRHP
Michigan Boulevard Building	30 N. Michigan Avenue	Jarvis Hunt[23]
6 North Michigan (a.k.a. Montgomery Ward Building)	6 N. Michigan Avenue	Holabird & Roche, Schmidt, Garden & Martin[24]
Willoughby Tower	8 S. Michigan Avenue	Samuel N. Crowen & Associates[25]
Chicago Athletic Association	12 S. Michigan Avenue	Henry Ives Cobb
Gage Building	18 S. Michigan Avenue	Louis H. Sullivan, Holabird & Roche[26]	CL, NRHP
The University Club of Chicago	76 E. Monroe Street	Holabird & Roche[27]
The Boulevard (Monroe Building)	104 S. Michigan Avenue	Holabird & Roche[28]
Wolberg Hall	112 S. Michigan Avenue	Barnett, Haynes & Barnett, Swann & Weiskopf[29]
Lake View Building	116 S. Michigan Avenue	Jenney, Mundie & Jensen[30]	NRHP
Peoples Gas Building	122 S. Michigan Avenue	D. H. Burnham & Company[31]	NRHP
Borg-Warner Building	200 S. Michigan Avenue	A. Epstein and Sons International, Inc., George A. Fuller Company[32]
Orchestra Hall	220 S. Michigan Avenue	Daniel Burnham	NHL, NRHP, CL
Santa Fe Building (formerly Railway Exchange Building)[33]	224 S. Michigan Avenue	D. H. Burnham & Company[34]	NRHP
Metropolitan Tower (formerly Straus Building)	310 S. Michigan Avenue	Graham, Anderson, Probst & White[35]
Buckingham Building (a.k.a. Socony-Vacuum Building)	59-67 E. Van Buren Street	Holabird & Root[36]	NRHP[37]
McCormick Building	332 S. Michigan Avenue	Holabird & Roche[38]
Fine Arts Building	410 S. Michigan Avenue	Solon S. Beman[39]	NRHP
Auditorium Building	430 S. Michigan Avenue	Adler & Sullivan[40]	CL, NHL, NRHP
Congress Hotel Addition	520 S. Michigan Avenue	Holabird & Roche[41]
Columbia College Chicago	600 S. Michigan Avenue	Christian A. Eckstorm[42]
Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership	610 S. Michigan Avenue	Krueck and Sexton Architects
Torco Building	624 S. Michigan Avenue	Christian A. Eckstorm, Alfred S. Alschuler[43]
The Blackstone	636 S. Michigan Avenue	Marshall and Fox[44]	CL, NRHP
Chicago Hilton & Towers	720 S. Michigan Avenue	Holabird & Roche[45]
Essex Inn	800 S. Michigan Avenue	A. Epstein and Sons International, Inc.[46]
Crane Company Building	836 S. Michigan Avenue	Holabird and Roche	NRHP
888 South Michigan	888 S. Michigan Avenue	Holabird & Roche[47]
Michigan Avenue Lofts	910 S. Michigan Avenue	Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, Marshall and Fox[48]

Statuses

CL-Chicago Landmark

NHL-National Historic Landmark

NRHP-National Register of Historic Places

Notes

1. "Historic Michigan Boulevard District". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
2. Hayner, Don and Tom McNamee, Streetwise Chicago, Loyola University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8294-0597-6.
3. Emporis claims this district extends to Roosevelt Road which is 1200 South.
4. "Michigan Avenue Landmark District". Emporis. 2007. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
5. Hayner and McNamee, Streetwise Chicago, "Michigan Avenue", p. 87.
6. "Grant Park". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
7. Sinkevitch, Alice, 'AIA Guide to Chicago (2nd edition), p. 14 2004, Harcourt Books, ISBN 0-15-602908-1.
8. "Boul Mich Tour". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
9. Stamper, John M., Chicago's North Michigan Avenue, University of Chicago Press, 1991, p. ix, ISBN 0-226-77085-0.
10. "The Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies'" Volume 14, no. 1, 1988, The Art Institute of Chicago, p. 8, ISBN 0-226-02813-5
11. "Route Center: Jackson and Michigan Boulevards Circa 1907-1923". David G. Clark. 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
12. "500 S Michigan Ave Chicago, IL 60605". Google - Maps Data/ NAVTEQ. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
13. "Chicago Athletic Association Building and Annex". Landmarks Illinois. 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
14. "Chicagoland Watch List 2006-07". Landmarks Illinois. 2007. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
15. Carlton, Hayley. "Grant Park street wall, surrounding buildings examined at GPAC meeting". nearwestgazette.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
16. Sautter, R. Craig (2005). "Political Conventions". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
17. Allegrini, Robert V., Chicago's Grand Hotels, 2005, Arcadia Publishing, p.92.
18. Wolfe, Gerard R., Chicago In and Around the Loop: Walking Tours of Architecture and History, 1996, McGraw-Hill, p.176.
19. "Smoke-Filled Room". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2007.
20. "Auditorium Building". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
21. "Chicago Public Library/Cultural Center". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
22. "Historic Michigan Boulevard District" (PDF). Commission on Chicago Landmarks. October 6, 1993. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
23. "Michigan Boulevard Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
24. "6 North Michigan". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
25. "Willoughby Tower". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
26. "Gage Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
27. "University Club". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
28. "The Boulevard". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
29. "Wolberg Hall". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
30. "Lake View Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
31. "People's Gas Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
32. "Borg-Warner Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
33. "Santa Fe Building from Grant Park, 2004". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
34. "Santa Fe Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
35. "Metropolitan Tower". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
36. "Socony-Vacuum Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
37. "ILLINOIS - Cook County". www.nationalregisterofhistoricalplaces.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
38. "McCormick Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
39. "Fine Arts Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
40. "Auditorium Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
41. "Congress Hotel Addition". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
42. "Columbia College". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
43. "Torco Building". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
44. "The Blackstone". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
45. "Chicago Hilton & Towers". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
46. "Essex Inn". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
47. "888 South Michigan". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
48. "Michigan Avenue Lofts". Emporis. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.