Auditorium Theatre

The Auditorium Theatre is a music and performance venue located inside the Auditorium Building at 50 Ida B. Wells Drive in Chicago, Illinois. Inspired by the Richardsonian Romanesque Style of architect Henry Hobson Richardson, the building was designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan and completed in 1889. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra performed in the theatre until 1904 as well as the Chicago Grand Opera Company and its successors the Chicago Opera Association and Chicago Civic Opera until its relocation to the Civic Opera House in 1929. The theatre currently hosts performances by the Joffrey Ballet, in addition to a variety of concerts, musicals, performances and events. Since the 1940s, it has been owned by Roosevelt University and since the 1960s refurbished and managed by an independent non-profit arts organization.

Auditorium Theatre
Auditorium Theatre, 1890
Address50 East Ida B. Wells Drive
LocationChicago, Illinois, United States
Coordinates41.8760639°N 87.6251856°W / 41.8760639; -87.6251856
OwnerRoosevelt University
Capacity3,875
Construction
OpenedDecember 9, 1889
Renovated1967
ArchitectDankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
Tenants
Joffrey Ballet
Website
www.auditoriumtheatre.org

History

Opening and early years
The Auditorium Building in 1890

In 1885, Chicago-based businessman and philanthropist Ferdinand Wythe Peck began ambitious plans for the building that would house the Auditorium Theatre.[1] At the time, Chicago was still recovering from the 1871 Great Chicago Fire and was rife with the contentious labor issues that would lead to the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing. Peck was committed to building a state-of-the-art performance venue that would make high culture available to the general public, while also helping to bolster Chicago's sullied reputation. To subsidize the cost of performances, Peck envisioned a new concept in design: a multi-use structure that would encompass the theatre, as well as a luxury hotel and office space; proceeds from the hotel and offices would fund performances and keep ticket prices affordable.[2] The architecture firm Adler and Sullivan were retained to design the building at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Congress Street. It is considered to be one of their most notable buildings during their partnership together.

The gala opening night performance on December 9, 1889 was a major social event bringing together politicians and national leaders. In attendance were President Benjamin Harrison, Vice President Levi Morton, Illinois Governor Joseph Wilson Fifer, Chicago Mayor DeWitt Clinton Cregier, the theatre's financial backers, and the city's elite. President Harrison (who had visited the Auditorium in 1888, when the theatre, still a construction site, housed 9000 Republican National Convention attendees) was evidently so impressed that he was rumored to have whispered to Vice President Levi P. Morton, "New York surrenders, eh?" Crowds of people lined the streets waiting to get a glimpse of the famous and wealthy guests.[3] A highlight of the evening was opera star Madame Adelina Patti's rendition of John Howard Payne's "Home Sweet Home".[1][4][5]

The Auditorium Theatre played a critical role in Chicago being named host for 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. Local civic leaders in Chicago were vying with those in St. Louis, New York City, and Washington to host a fair that could reestablish Chicago as a destination for travel and commerce.[6] The international sensation brought about by the opening of the Auditorium was seen by Congress as an indication that the people of Chicago possessed the vision and financing to successfully produce a world-class fair.

During its early years, the Auditorium stage played host to the leading entertainers of the era, including John Phillip Sousa, Sarah Bernhardt, The Ziegfeld Follies, Anna Pavlova, and Helen Morgan, as well as political figures including Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Booker T. Washington.[7] In 1912, Teddy Roosevelt famously told the Auditorium crowd, he felt "as strong a bull moose", during his controversial run for an additional term as United States' president.[8] It was also the home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Grand Opera Company,[9] and also featured indoor baseball games.

Decline and closing

Peck's hope that the revenue from the hotel and offices would subsidize the cost of presenting performances ultimately proved unsustainable, particularly as more modern hotels (featuring private bathrooms) came about. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra moved to Orchestra Hall in 1904,[10] and the Grand Opera relocated to the Civic Opera House in 1929.[11] In the early 1930s, estimates were taken to demolish the building, but the cost of the demolition was more than the land was worth. Following a run of the comedic musical revue "Hellzapoppin", the Auditorium Theatre went bankrupt and closed in 1941.[12] In 1942, the Auditorium was taken over by the City of Chicago to be used as a World War II servicemen's center. The stage and front rows of the theatre were converted to a bowling alley [7] and much of the ornate stenciling, plasterwork, and art glass was covered over. At the Auditorium Building, more than 2.2 million servicemen were housed, fed, and entertained between 1941 and 1945.

Visible damage on the Auditorium Theatre's plaster work before the renovation.

Revival

In 1946, Roosevelt University saved the venue from demolition by acquiring the building, but lacking the money required to renovate the theatre, kept it dormant for two decades.[12] In 1963, Mrs. Beatrice Spachner, with the approval of Roosevelt University, created the Auditorium Theatre Council and undertook a campaign to restore and reopen the theatre, raising nearly $3 million to renovate the structure. Architect Harry Weese oversaw the refurbishment[9] of the theatre, and on October 31, 1967, the Auditorium Theatre reopened with a gala performance of the New York City Ballet's[13] production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream".

Music, dance, and productions

Beginning in the late 1960s through today, a host of rock and pop performers have played at the theatre, including David Gilmour, Jimi Hendrix, The Who, Janis Joplin, David Bowie, Bruce Springsteen, Elton John, Aretha Franklin, James Taylor, Liza Minnelli, Bette Midler, and Neil Young.[14]

Deceased musicians that have performed at the Auditorium Theatre include French organist Alexandre Guilmant in 1893 for the Chicago World's Fair, Soviet pianist Prokofiev in 1921, Chuck Berry (from St. Louis) in 1956, Ray Charles in 1967, the Beach Boys (with Dennis and Carl Wilson) in 1968, the Jimi Hendrix Experience in 1968, the Monkees (with Davy Jones) in 1969, The Doors (with Chicago's Ray Manzarek) in 1969, Chicago's The Impressions with Curtis Mayfield in 1969, James Brown with Detroit's Jackie Wilson in 1969, and Queen in 1979.[15]

The venue also began to host more dance companies, including Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Bolshoi Ballet, and American Ballet Theatre. Broadway musicals with long-running productions at the theatre have included The Phantom of the Opera, Les Misérables, Miss Saigon, Show Boat, Hello Dolly!, The King and I, and The Who's Tommy.

On July 5, 1970, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed at the venue, with a portion of the concert recorded for their live double album 4 Way Street. The British progressive rock band Genesis also performed as part of their Selling England by the Pound Tour (April 11, 1974), The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway Tour (on November 20 and 21, 1974), A Trick of the Tail Tour (April 16 and 17, 1976) and Wind & Wuthering Tour on (February 15, 16 and 17, 1977) of which the February 16, 1977 concert was also broadcast live on Chicago's WKQX-FM radio station.

Present

Today, the Auditorium Theatre continues to maintain and restore the Adler & Sullivan building. Recent innovations include the introduction of the theatre's first public elevator as well as the Katten/Landau Studio housed in the Roosevelt University Wabash Building. Typically, more than 200 performances and events, ranging from dance and theater to music, educational programs, and more, attract over a quarter of a million people every year. The venue presents a wide array of international, national and Chicago-based dance and music programming. The signature program of the Auditorium's Creative Engagement department is "Hearts to Art," [16] a summer camp that utilizes the performing arts of music, theatre and dance to provide healing opportunities for children who have experienced the death of a parent. Winner of State Farm Insurance's 2009 "Embrace Life" award, the camp helps the children gain self-confidence, learn to express themselves and fosters emotional growth through interaction with other campers and caring adults who have experienced the same loss.

On October 2, 2014, it was announced that the 2015 NFL Draft would be held at the Auditorium Theatre, making the first selection meeting outside New York City in fifty years. The first round of the draft took place there on April 30, 2015. The draft ended after 7 rounds and 256 selections on May 2, 2015. The venue hosted the NFL Draft again in 2016.

The Auditorium has been the home of the Joffrey Ballet since 1998,[17] but the ballet company plans to move their performances to the Civic Opera House in 2020.[18]

Architecture

The theatre featured many technological advancements for its time, including the display of 3,500 bare carbon filament light bulbs (only publicly seen for the first time in 1879), unrivaled acoustics, air conditioning (which called for the delivery of 15 tons of ice daily), 26 hydraulic lifts that could easily raise and lower sections of the stage, and an expansive 95-foot loft above the stage for flown scenic elements. The Theatre, with 3,901 seats, is the second largest concert hall in the U.S., after the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.[19] Sullivan's vision for the theatre was to create a space that was democratic, where the best seats were not reserved for the wealthiest patrons.[20] So the box seats were relocated to the sides, with an expansive main floor and generous balconies offering optimal sightlines to the general public. Ornamentation did not glorify a noble figure or mimic baroque palaces but rather featured the artful interpretations of natural elements including flowers and vines, and bucolic murals.[21] The Auditorium Theatre also exemplifies an architectural technique called "compression and expansion". Each patron was required to move through the small, dark entrance way into the theatre. The entrance was "compressed" by low ceilings in a way so that when patrons left the lobby to enter the theater, the impact of "expanding" into the towering six story auditorium, with its grand gilded arches and glittering ceiling, would be all the more dramatic.[22]

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References
  1. Swanson, Stevenson. "Dankmar Adler and Louis H. Sullivan's Auditorium", Chicago Tribune, Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  2. Auditorium Theatre Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine at the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University
  3. Roberts, Michael J. (September 15, 2013). "The Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University Celebrates 125th Anniversary During 2014 – 2015 Season" , Showbiz Chicago, Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  4. "Dedicated to music and the people". Chicago Tribune. 10 December 1889. Retrieved 12 October 2015. with artist's sketch of Patti on stage.
  5. Flinn, John J. (1893). Chicago the Marvelous City of the West: a History an Encyclopedia and a Guide (2nd ed.). Chicago: National Book and Picture Co. pp. 117–8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. Rydell, Robert W. World's Columbian Exposition", The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society. 2005
  7. Hughes, Bob (September 29, 1985). "The Dramatic Story Of A Magnificent Chicago Landmark", Chicago Tribune, Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  8. "American Experience - Chicago: City of the Century - Special Features".
  9. Pridmore, Jay. The Auditorium Building: A Building Book from the Chicago Architecture Foundation, Pomegranate, 2003, p.5
  10. Rosenberg, Chaim M. America at the Fair: Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition Arcadia Publishing, 2008, p.61
  11. Knox, Janice A. and Heather Olivia Belcher Chicago's Loop, Arcadia Publishing, 2002, p.56
  12. Gross, Theodore L. The Rise of Roosevelt University: Presidential Reflections, SIU Press, 2005, p.136
  13. Kogan, Rick. "Auditorium Theatre's new CEO says that grand venue is her kind of place".
  14. Auditorium Theatre "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2014-02-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) at the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University
  15. https://www.setlist.fm/search?page=110&query=Chicago+Auditorium
  16. Batterson, Brett (June 9, 2013). "Brett Batterson on how the performing arts can help heal a child's grief", Chicago Sun-Times, Retrieved 2014-01-27.
  17. Macaulay, Alastair (February 22, 2008). "In Chicago, the Elusive Genius of Tudor Revisited". New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  18. https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-joffrey-lyric-residency-0923-story.html
  19. Magida, Phyllis (October 31, 1986). "An Inside Look At A Landmark", Chicago Tribune, Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  20. Twombly, Robert C. and contributor Narciso G. Menocal Louis Sullivan: The Poetry of Architecture W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, p.46
  21. Cayton Andrew R.L., Richard Sisson, and Chris Zacher The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, Indiana University Press, 2006, p.544
  22. Auditorium Theatre "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2014-02-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) at the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University
Preceded by
Radio City Music Hall		 Venues of the
NFL Draft
2015 and 2016		 Succeeded by
Philadelphia City Hall
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