Highland Park, Michigan

Highland Park is a city in Wayne County, Michigan, and part of the Metro Detroit. The population was 11,776 at the 2010 census. Along with Hamtramck, the city is completely surrounded by Detroit.

Highland Park, Michigan
City
City of Highland Park
Location within Wayne County
Highland Park
Location within the state of Michigan
Coordinates: 42°24′13″N 83°06′06″W
Country United States
State Michigan
County Wayne
Incorporated1890 (village)
1918 (city)
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorHubert Yopp
Area
 • City2.97 sq mi (7.69 km2)
 • Land2.97 sq mi (7.69 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
636 ft (194 m)
Population
 • City11,776
 • Estimate 
(2019)[3]
10,775
 • Density3,627.95/sq mi (1,400.90/km2)
 • Metro
4,285,832 (Metro Detroit)
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Zip code(s)
48203
Area code(s)313
FIPS code26-38180
GNIS feature ID0628251[4]
WebsiteOfficial website

History

The area that was to become Highland Park began as a small farming community, on a large ridge at what is now Woodward Avenue and Highland, six miles (9.7 km) north of Detroit. In 1818, prominent Detroit judge Augustus B. Woodward bought the ridge, and platted the village of Woodwardville in 1825. The development of the village failed. Another Detroit judge, Benjamin F. H. Witherell, son of Michigan Supreme Court justice James Witherell, attempted to found a village platted as Cassandra on this site in 1836, but this plan also failed.[5]

By 1860, the settlement was given a post office under the name of Whitewood. After a succession of closures and reopenings of the rural post office, the settlement was finally incorporated as a village within Greenfield Township and Hamtramck Township under the name of Highland Park in 1889.[6]

Highland Park Ford Plant

In 1907, Henry Ford purchased 160 acres (65 ha) just north of Manchester Street between Woodward Avenue and Oakland Street to build an automobile plant. Construction of the Highland Park Ford Plant was completed in 1909, and the area's population dramatically increased in 1913, when Henry Ford opened the plant's first assembly line. The village of Highland Park was incorporated as a city in 1918[7] to protect its tax base, including its successful Ford plant, from Detroit's expanding boundaries.

In 1910, Highland Park, then a village, had 4,120 residents. Between 1910 and 1920 during the boom associated with the automobile industry, Highland Park's population grew to about 46,500, an increase of 1,081 percent, reaching its peak around 1927. The growth of Highland Park and neighboring Hamtramck broke records for increases of population; both municipalities withstood annexation efforts from Detroit.[8] In 1925, Chrysler Corporation was founded in Highland Park. It purchased the city's Brush-Maxwell plant, which would eventually expand to 150 acres and serve as the site of the company's headquarters for the next 70 years.[5]

Arthur Lupp of Highland Park founded the Michigan branch of the Black Legion in 1931; it was a secret vigilante group related to the Ku Klux Klan, which had been prominent in Detroit in the 1920s. The Legion had a similar nativist bent and its members were opposed to immigrants, Catholics, Jews, blacks, labor organizers, etc. Many public and business officials of Highland Park, including the chief of police, a mayor, and a city councilman, joined this group. Lupp and others were among the 48 men indicted and convicted following the murder of Charles Poole in May 1936; eleven were convicted in that murder. Investigations revealed the Legion had been involved in many other murders or conspiracies to murder during the previous three years, for which another 37 men were convicted.[9][10] These convictions ended the reign of the Legion.

In 1944, the Davison Freeway was opened as the country's first modern depressed urban freeway, running through the center of the city.[11] It was completely reconstructed and widened in 1996 and 1997 to improve its safety.[12]

Ford Motor Company demolished large sections of its Highland Park plant in the late 1950s. With the loss of industrial jobs, the city suffered many of the same difficulties as Detroit: declines in population and tax base accompanied by an increase in street crime. White flight from the city accelerated after the 1967 Detroit 12th Street Riot. Ford's last operation at the factory, the production of tractors at its Model T plant, was discontinued in 1973, and in 1981 the entire property was sold to a private developer for general industrial usage.[5] The city population was majority black and impoverished by the 1980s. Chrysler, the city's last major private sector employer, moved its corporate headquarters from Highland Park to Auburn Hills between 1991 and 1993, paying the city $44 million in compensation.[5] The move dislocated a total of 6,000 jobs over this period.[5]

Known as "The City of Trees,"[13] the town was thickly forested until the 1970s. The spread of Dutch elm disease required many old trees to be cut down.

From 2001 to 2009, the city was controlled by an emergency financial manager appointed by the State of Michigan because of Highland Park's mounting fiscal crisis.

In August 2011, more than two-thirds of the streetlights in Highland Park were removed by the city, due to an inability to pay a $60,000 per month electric bill.[14] The street lights were not only turned off, but decommissioned, or removed from their posts. The city advised residents to keep porch lights on to deter crime.[15]

In 2012, Mark Binelli, author of Detroit City is the Place to Be, wrote that Highland Park is "the Detroit of Detroit" due to being in an overall poorer condition than the City of Detroit.[15] He stated that "[t]here was occasionally talk of Detroit absorbing Highland Park" but because the City of Detroit is uninterested in "adding more crime, blight, and desperately poor people to its own mean buffet of urban pathologies", the proposal to take Highland Park is "wishful thinking".[13]

On November 20, 2013, the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department filed a lawsuit against the City of Highland Park regarding unpaid sewage services and water totaling $17.7 million.[16]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.97 square miles (7.69 km2), all land.[17]

Highland Park is approximately 6 miles (10 km) north-northwest from Downtown Detroit. It is bounded by McNichols Road (6 Mile Road) to the north, Grand Trunk Western Railroad Holly Subdivision tracks to the east, the alleys of Tuxedo and Tennyson streets to the south, and the Lodge Freeway and Thompson Street to the west.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1900427—
19104,120864.9%
192046,4991,028.6%
193052,95913.9%
194050,810−4.1%
195046,393−8.7%
196038,063−18.0%
197035,444−6.9%
198027,909−21.3%
199020,121−27.9%
200016,746−16.8%
201011,776−29.7%
Est. 201910,775[3]−8.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]
2018 Estimate[19]

2010 census

As of the census[2] of 2010, the city had 11,776 people, 4,645 households, and 2,406 families. The population density was 3,965.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,530.9/km2). There were 6,090 housing units at an average density of 2,050.5 per square mile (791.7/km2). The city's racial makeup was 93.5% African American, 3.2% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 4,645 households, of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 13.0% were married couples living together, 32.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.2% were non-families. 43.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.30.

Highland Park has the highest percent of single people, 87%, of any city in Michigan.[20]

The median age in the city was 40.5 years. 23.7% of the city's population was under age 18; 10% was between age 18 and 24; 21.9% was from age 25 to 44; 30% was from age 45 to 64; and 14.4% was age 65 or older. The populace was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, the city had 16,746 people, 6,199 households, and 3,521 families. The population density was 5,622.9 people per square mile (2,169.7/km²). There were 7,249 housing units at an average density of 2,434.1 per square mile (939.2/km²). The city's racial makeup was 4.11% White, 93.44% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 6,199 households, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 17.0% were married couples living together, 33.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.2% were non-families. 38.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.43.

29.1% of the city's population was under age 18, 8.6% was from age 18 to 24, 27.5% was from age 25 to 44, 20.2% was from age 45 to 64, and 14.5% was age 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.6 males.

The city's median household income was $17,737, and the median family income was $26,484. Males had a median income of $31,014 versus $26,186 for females. The city's per capita income was $12,121. About 32.1% of families and 38.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.1% of those under age 18 and 30.8% of those age 65 or over.

Between the 1990 Census and the 2000 Census, the population fell by 17%.[21]

Government and infrastructure

Municipal services

Highland Park is governed under the council-mayor form of government wherein an elected mayor is the chief executive officer of the city, and the council its legislative body. The mayor appoints city officers such as the city attorney, the director of community and economic development, finance director, and the water department director, though, the council has the power to refuse or accept the appointments. The city council consists of five members elected at large who serve terms of four years. The highest vote getter becomes council president for that term.[22] The city levies an income tax of 2 percent on residents and 1 percent on nonresidents.[23]

However, using the Public Act 72 of 1990, Governor John Engler appointed an emergency financial manager to take over the city's financial operations in December 2000, effectively relegating the mayor, city council, and other elected public officers to advisory roles. Ramona Henderson-Pearson was appointed the city's first emergency financial manager.[24] In 2002, Henderson-Pearson laid off most city workers. She shuttered several city buildings including the McGregor public library and the old Civic Center buildings on Gerald Street. Her successor, Arthur Blackwell, was appointed in 2005 and fired in April 2009 for over-payments that he received. The third and final emergency financial manager, Robert Mason, returned the city to local control in July 2009.[25][26]

The city administration works out of the Robert B. Blackwell Municipal Building at 12050 Woodward Avenue.

The old Municipal Building at 28‒30 Gerald Street was opened in 1927. Designed by Marcus Burrowes and Frank Eurich, Jr. in the Classical Revival style, it was the final element of the Highland Park Civic Center ensemble located on both sides of Gerald Street near Woodward Avenue. It remains as a monument to the rapidly growing and wealthy Highland Park of the 1910s and 1920s. From 1999 to 2001, it also housed the police department, then fell into disuse. As of 2020, it continues to await redevelopment as part of a wider regeneration of downtown Highland Park by means of a Tax increment financing district,[27] or potential listing in the National Register of Historic Places.

Police Department

The Highland Park Police Department was headquartered in a building opened at 25 Gerald Street in 1917. In 1984 the police and fire departments were merged into a Public Safety Department. The former police and then public safety headquarters building was vacated in 1999. All operations moved across the street into the old Municipal Building, which in turn was vacated in 2001 with all functions moving to the Robert Blackwell Municipal Building. In December 2001, the city police department was formally disbanded, at which time the Wayne County Sheriff Department took over policing the city.[15][28] The Highland Park Police Department was re-established on July 1, 2007.[29][30]

The police administrative offices are located in the Robert Blackwell Municipal Building,[30] and the patrol station is in a mini-station in the Model-T Plaza strip mall.[15][30] It has occupied that facility since 2007. The jail facility there is a makeshift chain-link cage.[15] The police department has a business liaison office in the Woodward Place Plaza.[30]

Fire Department

The village of Highland Park's fire department was established in 1911. It was housed in the first municipal building at 20 Gerald Street, designed by Albert E. Williams and opened in 1911. Given Highland Park's rapid growth and industrialization in the 1910s and 1920s, the police and the municipal government moved to purpose-built buildings in 1917 and 1927, respectively. The first municipal building was expanded and altered several times until it became the headquarters of the Highland Park Fire Department (HPFD), established in 1917.

At its peak, the fire department employed about 84 firefighters and had four fire stations across the city.[31] One of them was Engine 4, Ladder 3 at 19–21 Sturtevant Street, near Hamilton Avenue (demolished in 2013).[32]

Highland Park's shrinking population and tax base took its toll. In 1984 the police and fire departments were merged into a Public Safety Department. The fire departments again became a separate entity in 2005. By that time, the headquarters building on Gerald Street was deemed uninhabitable. The department moved to an old, 40000 sq. ft. warehouse at 12900 Oakland Park Boulevard, near Oakland Avenue and the Davison Freeway at the edge of the city, where it remained until 2013.

A $2.7 million Federal Emergency Management Agency grant made available by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act enabled construction of a new, purpose-built station. It was build on the site of the old police headquarters, demolished in 2012, at 25 Gerald Street, across the street from the condemned Fire Department headquarters. The new fire station was opened on September 3, 2013.[33]

Economy

Chrysler was headquartered in Highland Park.[34] In 1992 the company announced it would move its headquarters to its technology center in Auburn Hills, approximately 25 miles (40 km) north of the original headquarters site.[35] The company planned to accomplish the move by 1995. In 1992 Chrysler had 25% of Highland Park's tax base and contributed 50% of the city's budget.[36] Chrysler had about 5,000 employees in Highland Park when it moved.[13]

In 2009 Magna International announced plans to start an automotive seat production operation in the former Chrysler headquarters.[37] The plant on the site of the former Chrysler headquarters opened in June 2010.[38]

The gear-reduction starter Chrysler used from the early 1960s through the late 1980s garnered the nickname "Highland Park Hummingbird" after Chrysler's hometown and the starter's distinctive cranking sound.

Despite Chrysler's departure, the city remains associated with Chrysler in the minds of auto enthusiasts.

Education

Primary and secondary schools
Highland Park Renaissance Academy Barber Campus (K-8)

Highland Park is served by Highland Park Schools, which includes elementary and junior high school levels, and Detroit Public Schools at the senior high school level. Highland Park Community High School of Highland Park Schools closed in 2015.[39] Northwestern High School now is the neighborhood high school for Highland Park residents.[40]

George Washington Carver Academy is a K-8 charter school that was authorized by Highland Park Schools. The school's 2008 mathematics and English standardized test scores for 4th grade students were invalidated after cheating had been discovered.[41] In 2013 the school participated in the "Students for Peace" competition in order to reduce the amount of fighting on campus; in 2012 91% of the students had received suspensions because they participated in fighting.[42] In 2016 it had 560 students, and it is managed by Midwest Management Group. That year it changed its authorizer to Bay Mills Community College out of concern that the Highland Park school district may collapse.[43]

Northpointe Academy is a charter school in Highland Park.[44] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit previously operated St. Benedict Elementary School in Highland Park. It closed in 2005.[45] Northpointe opened in the former St. Benedict after parents attempted to keep the former St. Benedict open.[44]

Colleges and universities

Lawrence Technological University was founded in 1932 in Highland Park, MI by the Lawrence brothers as the Lawrence Institute of Technology and adopted its current name in 1989. Lawrence Tech moved to Southfield, Michigan from its site in Highland Park, Michigan in 1955.[46][47]

Highland Park Community College was in Highland Park before its 1996 closing.[48] It had been known as Highland Park Junior College.[49]

Public library
McGregor Public Library

In 1918 Katherine and Tracy McGregor, wealthy individuals, deeded the property of a facility for "homeless, crippled, and backward children."[50] The McGregor Public Library opened on that site in 1924.[51] The library closed in 2002. Around 2007 the city began efforts to re-open the library.[52] However, little action has taken place to re-open the building.

Parks and recreation

The Ernest T. Ford Recreation Center serves as a recreation center for the community. The center has a basketball court, exercise equipment, pool tables, table games, and televisions. After a renovation, it re-opened in February 2008.[53] In 1993 Highland Park Community College won the MCCAA Division 1 Men's Basketball Championship against Macomb Community College.

  • 122 Beresford Street in Highland Park served as the filming location for a scene in the 2002 film 8 Mile where several of the movie's characters burn down an abandoned home. While the film company agreed to make a donation to the municipality, there were still protests in Highland Park given the city went through an arson spree that same year.[54]
  • Highland Park is featured in the 2005 film Four Brothers, where it is the site of an armed convenience store robbery.[55]
  • The 2007 documentary The Water Front chronicled the community's struggle against water privatization.[56]
  • The 2008 film Gran Torino, starring and directed by Clint Eastwood, is primarily filmed in Highland Park.[57]
  • A movie about a fictional lottery winner's attempt to reopen the McGregor Library, entitled Highland Park, starring Danny Glover, was filmed in October 2009 and released on video on demand in 2013.[58][59]
  • Highland Park Ford Plant was one of the locations for the 2011 film Real Steel.[60]
  • Highland Park was featured in an episode of American Diner Revival where they refurbished Red Hots Coney Island diner.[61]
  • Highland Park serves as one of the stages in Deus Ex: Human Revolution. Set in 2027, it serves as a front for a FEMA internment camp and as a temporary base of operations for both Belltower Spec-ops soldiers and the Tyrants.

Notable people
gollark: Of course I didn't. They just call into the main obliterator API, which is retroconsistently hyperupdated to the latest good version.
gollark: Oh, our obliterators modify causal graphs directly, so none are safe.
gollark: Jeffrey Frank Karlson.
gollark: Don't worry, we have preemptive obliterator obliteration obliteration obliteration set up.
gollark: Tic-Tac-toe.

See also
  • History of the African-Americans in Metro Detroit

Additional sources
  • Binelli, Mark. Detroit City is the Place to Be. Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company (New York). First Edition, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8050-9229-5 (hardback version).
  • Howell, Sally. "Competing for Muslims: New Strategies for Urban Renewal in Detroit". Located in: Shryock, Andrew (editor). Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend. Indiana University Press, June 30, 2010. ISBN 0253004543, [].
  • Boscarino, Timothy and Webb, Michael. "Description and History, Highland Park Civic Center". Prepared for the Steven C. Flum, Inc. and the City of Highland Park, November 2013.

References
  1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  3. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  4. "Highland Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  5. Highland Park 2011 Master Plan Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 20 October 2011
  6. InfoMI.com, accessed April 18, 2007
  7. City of Highland Park Official History Archived 2007-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Detroit Suburbs Ahead in Census." The New York Times. May 16, 1920. Retrieved on April 11, 2009.
  9. George Morris, "The Black Legion Rides", New York: Workers Library Publishers, August 1936, Internet Archive, accessed 16 September 2015
  10. Richard Bak, "The Dark Days of the Black Legion" Archived September 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Hour Detroit magazine, March 2009, accessed 16 September 2015
  11. Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, MI: Priscilla Press. p. 66. ISBN 1-886167-24-9.
  12. "Governor Engler Celebrates Re-Opening of Davison Freeway One Month Early" (Press release). Office of the Governor. October 8, 1997. Archived from the original on December 7, 2004. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  13. Binelli, p. 182.
  14. Associated Press. "Unable to pay $4 million electric bill, Michigan city turns off and removes many streetlights". Yahoo. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  15. Binelli, p. 183.
  16. Pardo, Steve and Candice Williams. "Detroit sues Highland Park for $17M in unpaid sewer bills Archived 2013-12-01 at Archive.today." The Detroit News. November 23, 2013. Retrieved on December 1, 2013.
  17. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  18. United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  19. "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  20. "Best Michigan Cities for Families and Singles". Michigan Real Estate Trends. RealEstate.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  21. Howell, p. 210.
  22. The Charter of the City of Highland Park (1968)
  23. Gibbons, Lauren (August 16, 2017). "Michigan State University, city of East Lansing at odds over proposed income tax". MLive Lansing. Mlive Media Group. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  24. "State Will Manage Highland Park's Finances". WDIV-TV. December 6, 2000. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  25. "Mason Named Highland Park Financial Manager", Department of Treasury. April 18, 2009. Retrieved on April 29, 2009.
  26. Treasury EFM Robert Mason Transfers Control Back to Highland Park, Pressbox Press Release, July 17, 2009
  27. "Highland Park TIFA". Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  28. Smooth Transition Expected in Highland Park, Michigan Department of Treasury Press Release, December 14, 2001
  29. "Police Department Archived 2013-11-01 at Archive.today." City of Highland Park. Retrieved on July 13, 2009.
  30. "Police Department Archived 2013-11-01 at Archive.today." (Archive) City of Highland Park. Retrieved on November 1, 2013. "The Administrative Offices are located in the Robert Blackwell Municipal Building, 12050 Woodward Ave. Patrol Operations are conducted at the Highland Park Mini Station, located at 14112 Woodward, in the Model-T Plaza. The new Business Liaison Office is currently located at the Shoppes at Woodward Place Plaza, on Woodward Ave. at Sears Ave."
  31. "Fire Department." (Archive) City of Highland Park. Retrieved on November 1, 2013.
  32. "The Ultimate Sin". November 30, 2008. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  33. Stables Battaglia, Tammy (September 3, 2013). "2.7M Highland Park fire station up and running". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  34. Directory of American Research and Technology. Volume 24. Bowker, 1990. 101. Retrieved from Google Books on June 17, 2010. ISBN 0-8352-2702-2, ISBN 978-0-8352-2702-5. "CHRYSLER CORPORATION, 12800 Chrysler Dr, Highland Park, MI 48288-1 1 18."
  35. "COMPANY NEWS; Chrysler to Move Its Headquarters - New York Times". query.nytimes.com. September 9, 1992. Retrieved February 22, 2009.
  36. Brown, Warren. "Chrysler Moving Headquarters To Suburb of Detroit by 1995." The Washington Post. September 9, 1992. Financial F01. Retrieved on June 17, 2010.
  37. "Magna plans to open operation in former Chrysler headquarters in Highland Park, bringing 400 jobs." MLive.com and Associated Press. Tuesday July 21, 2009. Retrieved on August 18, 2009.
  38. Hulett, Sarah. "French Parts Supplier Gives New Hope to Highland Park." WUOM. Retrieved on June 17, 2010.
  39. Lewis, Sharon D. "Highland Park's high school to close as enrollment dips" (Archive). The Detroit News. May 28, 2015. Retrieved on June 23, 2015. "Weatherspoon said high school students from Highland Park can enroll in nearby Detroit Public Schools, another neighboring district, a charter school or the state-run Education Achievement Authority. DPS will be the students’ home district."
  40. "Enroll at DPS Community District Archived May 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine." Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on May 2, 2017. "All 8th grade students from Highland Park are encouraged to call Detroit Collegiate Preparatory Academy at Northwestern for enrollment."
  41. Dawsey, Chastity Pratt; Peggy Walsh-Sarnecki; Kristi Tanner (March 10, 2011). "After cheating scandal, school learns lessons in taking tests". Detroit Free Press at the USA Today. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  42. Russell, Kim (November 3, 2013). "How a school where 91% of kids had been suspended for violence stopped bullying & fights". WXYZ-TV. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  43. Guyette, Curt (American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan) (July 6, 2016). "The disappearing district: what's happened to Highland Park schools?". Metro Times. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  44. "Home Archived March 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine." Northpointe Academy. Retrieved on November 1, 2013. "NORTHPOINTE ACADEMY 53 Candler Street Highland Park, MI 48203"
  45. "15 Catholic Schools To Close In Metro Detroit Archived 2005-08-31 at the Wayback Machine." Click on Detroit. March 17, 2005. Retrieved on October 7, 2011.
  46. Michigan Historical Markers: Lawrence Institute of Technology Archived April 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (accessed 16 April 2015)
  47. Arthur M. Woodford, This is Detroit, 1701-2001, Chapter 18, page 214, Wayne State University Press, 2001, ISBN 0814329144
  48. "Highland Park Community College." Higher Learning Commission. Retrieved on March 30, 2009.
  49. Foley, Aaron (February 2, 2012). "From state-of-the-art to state takeover: The rise and fall of Highland Park Public Schools". mlive.com. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
  50. "McGregors gave land for library." The Detroit News. November 3, 1999. Retrieved on July 13, 2009.
  51. Trent, Kim. "Effort to restore Highland Park library gains strength." Michigan Chronicle. March 21, 2000. Retrieved on July 13, 2009.
  52. "McGregor Library." Crain's Detroit Business. July 13, 2007. Retrieved on July 13, 2009.
  53. "Ernest T. Ford Recreation Center." City of Highland Park. Retrieved on June 17, 2010.
  54. "Eminem Film Angers Residents". Billboard. December 26, 2001. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  55. Four Brothers: Review, TV Guide
  56. "Water Front Movie".
  57. Information About Clint Eastwood's "Gran Torino" and Hmong in Detroit Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine, About.com
  58. Blumenstein, Lynn. "Film chronicles fictional rebirth of closed Highland Park library Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine." Library Journal. October 8, 2009. Retrieved on November 4, 2011.
  59. Andrew Meieran, 'Highland Park' Film Director, Shares How Michigan City Opened His Eyes, Huffington Post
  60. Real Steel and Ides of March Open Nationwide, Michigan Film Office
  61. American Diner Revival: Retro Remix
  62. Palmer, Robert (February 10, 1981). "BILL HALEY, 55, DIES; SINGER-BAND LEADER". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.