High Court (Ireland)

The High Court (Irish: An Ard-Chúirt) of Ireland is a court which deals at first instance with the most serious and important civil and criminal cases. When sitting as a criminal court it is called the Central Criminal Court and sits with judge and jury. It also acts as a court of appeal for civil cases in the Circuit Court. It also has the power to determine whether or not a law is constitutional, and of judicial review over acts of the government and other public bodies.

This article is about the current court established in 1924. For the 1877–1924 court, see High Court of Justice in Ireland.

Ireland
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the Republic of Ireland

Structure

The High Court is established by Article 34 of the Constitution of Ireland, which grants the court "full original jurisdiction in and power to determine all matters and questions whether of law or fact, civil or criminal", as well as the ability to determine "the validity of any law having regard to the provisions of this Constitution". Judges are appointed by the President. However, as with almost all the President's constitutional powers, these appointments are made on "the advice of the Government". In practice, this means that the judges are nominated by the government and automatically approved by the President.

The High Court is composed of its president, 35 ordinary judges, and additional judges being ex officio the Chief Justice, the President of the Court of Appeal, the President of the Circuit Court, and former chief justices and courts presidents who remain judges.

Cases are normally heard by one judge, but the President of the High Court may order that a particular case be heard by three judges sitting together — a so-called 'divisional court'.

The court normally hears cases in the Four Courts building in Dublin, although it also has regular sittings outside the capital.

Mella Carroll was the first woman to serve on the court and did so between 1980 and 2005.

Central Criminal Court

The High Court is known as the 'Central Criminal Court' when it is hearing a criminal case. The Central Criminal Court has exclusive jurisdiction over the following criminal offences:

  • treason, encouraging, harbouring, or comforting treason,[1][2]
  • an offence under section 6, 7, or 8 of the Offences Against the State Act 1939,[2][3]
  • piracy,[2][3]
  • genocide,[2][4]
  • a severe breach of the Geneva Conventions,[5]
  • murder,[2][3]
  • rape, rape under section 4 of the Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act 1990, and aggravated sexual assault,[2][6]
  • burglary with intent to commit rape,[2] and
  • anti-competitive behaviour and abuse of a dominant market position contrary to the Competition Act 2002.[2][7]

All Central Criminal Court cases are heard in front of a jury of twelve people. The defendant can be convicted on a majority verdict of ten jurors. Appeals from the Central Criminal Court can be made to the Court of Criminal Appeal, and the sentence can be appealed as well as the verdict.

Civil cases

The High Court is the court of first instance for all civil cases where the plaintiff is claiming more than €75,000 in damages in ordinary contract and tort claims, or €60,000 in damages in personal injuries actions, this being the upper limit of the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court.

By virtue of its full original jurisdiction under the Constitution, however, theoretically a civil action of any value may commence in the High Court.

The High Court has full chancery powers to grant any injunction or declaration that could be granted by a court of chancery. Petitions to windup companies and various company law remedies are heard by the High Court which has exclusive jurisdiction in this area.

The High Court further has exclusive jurisdiction in the area of bankruptcies.

In contentious Probate matters and Family Law the High Court has concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court over such claims. Non-contentious Probate motions are heard solely by the High Court.

The High Court has full jurisdiction in Admiralty and can exercise jurisdiction under the Brussels Convention on the Arrest of Seagoing Vessels.

The Court also has power of judicial review over the acts of the government and other public bodies, including the decisions of all inferior courts, and decisions made by tribunals of inquiry.

The High Court hears all applications for extradition, both under the European Arrest Warrant system and to non-EU member states.

Appeals from professional disciplinary bodies under the Nurses Act, Medical Practitioners Act and Solicitors Acts are to the High Court.

Any non-criminal judgment or order of the High Court sitting as a court of first instance may be appealed to the Supreme Court save as provided for by statute.

The High Court also hears civil and family law appeals from the Circuit Court and when hearing such an appeal its decision is final and there is no right of further appeal. The High Court sits outside of Dublin to hear appeals from trials from circuits other than the Dublin Circuit and is known as the "High Court on Circuit".

Statutory appeals on points of law can be made to the High Court from the District Court and various statutory bodies and consultative cases on a point of law can be stated to the High Court from the District Court, various statutory bodies or an arbitrator hearing an arbitration.

History

The current High Court is the fourth court in Ireland to bear that name. The first High Court – the High Court of Justice in Ireland – was created by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877. This fused the administration of common law and equity in Ireland (as had been done in England several years earlier under the Judicature Acts). The existing four superior courts, the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), Court of Chancery, Court of Exchequer, and Court of Common Pleas were merged to form the High Court of Justice, although they remained as divisions of the new court, and the building which housed them is called the Four Courts to this day. However, in Ireland, the divisions of the High Court other than the King's Bench Division and Chancery Division were abolished by 1907. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 split the court in separate courts for Northern Ireland (the High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland and the High Court of Justice in Southern Ireland). Judges of the existing Court became judges of the Southern Ireland court unless they elected otherwise. With the enactment of the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the High Court became the High Court of Justice in Saorstát Éireann.

After the establishment the Irish Free State, the Courts of Justice Act 1924 created a new courts system. The High Court of Justice was the only court from the pre-independence era to keep its name (and substantially, the same jurisdiction). However, the divisions were now completely abolished and any judge of the High Court could now hear any suit at either common law or equity. A new office of President of the High Court was established, as the previous judicial offices (Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Vice-Chancellor, and Master of the Rolls in Ireland) were abolished under this Act. Most of the existing judges retired at this time and new judges were appointed.

After the enactment of the Constitution of Ireland, the Courts Acts 1961 established a new High Court as required by the Constitution. However this Court was in both form and name substantially identical to that established under the 1924 Act.[8] This court is simply known as the High Court.

Judges

Judges of the High Court deal with both civil and criminal matters, and have full original jurisdiction. When the High Court deals with criminal cases, it sits as the Central Criminal Court.[9]

In court, ordinary judges are directly addressed as "Judge" (in Irish, "a Bhreithimh") or in the third person as "The Court". Judges' correct title is "The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Murphy". In writing, this can be abbreviated as "Murphy J." - or "Murphy P." in the case of the president. Prior to 2006, judges were traditionally addressed in court as "My Lord" (whether male or female), although this was never contained in the Rules of the Superior Courts.

The President of the Circuit Court may sit as an additional High Court judge and occasional other Circuit Court judges are temporarily assigned to sit ex officio as High Court judges. The Chief Justice of Ireland is additionally an ex officio judge of the High Court.

High Court judges
See also: List of Judges of the High Court (Ireland)

Ex officio members
Name Office
Frank Clarke Chief Justice
George Birmingham President of the Court of Appeal
Patricia Ryan President of the Circuit Court

Presidents of the High Court since 1924

The office of President of the High Court was created under the Courts of Justice Act 1924.[10] Before 1924, the Master of the Rolls in Ireland was the President of the High Court.[11]

Name Term of office
Timothy Sullivan 1924–1936
Conor Maguire 1936–1946
George Gavan Duffy 1946–1951
Cahir Davitt 1951–1966
Aindrias Ó Caoimh 1966–1974
Thomas Finlay 1974–1985
Liam Hamilton 1985–1994
Harry Whelehan 15–17 Nov 1994
Declan Costello 1995–1998
Frederick Morris 1998–2001
Joseph Finnegan 2001–2006
Richard Johnson 2006–2009
Nicholas Kearns 2009–2015
Peter Kelly 2015–2020
Mary Irvine 2020–present

Master of the High Court

The Master of the High Court is an official attached to the court with the power to make a range of minor interlocutory orders and give judgement in uncontested matters. Although based on the common-law Master of the English judiciary, the Master in Ireland is not a judge, but rather a "quasi-judicial office holder".[12] The office of Master of the High Court was established in 1926.[13] Its functions are specified in Order 63 of the Rules of the Superior Courts.[14][15][16] Originally, the Master also had any residual powers of court officers whose posts were abolished in 1924 but whose powers were not transferred elsewhere.[17]

Although a barrister rather than a judge,[18][19] the Master holds hearings on original jurisdiction applications. These hearings, at which documentary evidence may be presented, are unofficially called the Master's Court.[14] In 2008–2013, the Master made 2,922 to 4,763 orders per annum,[20][21] and issued between one and four rulings.[22]

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See also

Sources
  • "Court Officers Act, 1926". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

References
  1. Treason Act 1939
  2. O'Malley, Thomas (2009). The Criminal Process. Dublin: Round Hall. Para. 9-28. ISBN 9781858004624.
  3. Courts (Supplemental Provisions) Act 1961
  4. Genocide Act 1973
  5. Geneva Conventions Act 1973
  6. Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act 1990
  7. Competition Act 2002
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. Hall, Eamonn G. (2007). The superior courts of law: 'official' law reporting in Ireland, 1866-2006. Dublin: Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for Ireland. pp. 521–530. ISBN 9780946738083.
  10. The Superior Courts of Law: 'Official' Law Reporting in Ireland 1866–2006, Eamonn G. Hall. pages 519–520
  11. The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921, Francis Erlington Ball ISBN 1-84630-074-6
  12. "Who are the Judiciary?". Association of Judges of Ireland. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016. Contrary to a misconception sometimes held, neither the Master of the High Court nor the Taxing Masters are members of the judiciary. They are what are known as quasi-judicial office holders.
  13. Court Officers Act, 1926, Section 3
  14. Reid, Colette (28 February 2013). "The Master's Court". Civil Litigation (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 153–170. ISBN 9780199603435. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  15. "HC63: The Master of the High Court". Court Rules. Courts Service of Ireland. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  16. "Courts and Court Officers Act, 1995, Section 25". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  17. Court Officers Act, 1926, Section 31(3)
  18. Court Officers Act 1926, sec.21
  19. Comyn, Francesca (16 April 2013). "High Court President: Master has no authority to speak for judges". Newstalk. Retrieved 13 January 2015. President Kearns has said he wishes to clarify that the Master is not a judge but an office holder with limited functions created by statute.
  20. "Master of the High Court orders: archive". High Court. Courts Service of Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  21. "Master of the High Court orders: 2013". High Court statistics. Courts Service of Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  22. "Master of the High Court - Rulings". Courts Service of Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
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