Habakkuk

Habakkuk,[lower-alpha 1] who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible.[1] He is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

This article is about Habakkuk, a biblical prophet. For other uses, see Habakkuk (disambiguation).
Habakkuk
An 18th-century Russian icon of the prophet Habakkuk (Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi monastery, Karelia, Russia).
Prophet
Venerated inJudaism
Christianity
Islam
Major shrineToyserkan, Iran
Kadarim, Israel
FeastJanuary 15 (Roman Catholic)
December 2 (Orthodox)
AttributesProphet
Major worksBook of Habakkuk

Almost all information about Habakkuk is drawn from the book of the Bible bearing his name,[2] with no biographical details provided other than his title, "the prophet".[3] Outside the Bible, he is mentioned over the centuries in the forms of Christian and Rabbinic tradition.[4][5]

Life

Almost nothing is known about Habakkuk, aside from what is stated within the book of the Bible bearing his name, or those inferences that may be drawn from that book.[2] His name appears in the Bible only in Habakkuk 1:1 and 3:1, with no biographical details provided other than his title "the prophet."[3] Even the origin of his name is uncertain.[1]

For almost every other prophet, more information is given, such as the name of the prophet's hometown, his occupation, or information concerning his parentage or tribe.[6] For Habakkuk, however, there is no reliable account of any of these.[7] Although his home is not identified, scholars conclude that Habakkuk lived in Jerusalem at the time he wrote his prophecy.[8] Further analysis has provided an approximate date for his prophecy and possibilities concerning his activities and background.

Beyond the Bible, considerable conjecture has been put forward over the centuries in the form of Christian and Rabbinic tradition, but such accounts are dismissed by modern scholars as speculative and apocryphal.[4][5]

Statue of Habakkuk by Donatello, in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo of Florence.

Biblical account

Because the book of Habakkuk consists of five oracles about the Chaldeans (Babylonians), and the Chaldean rise to power is dated circa 612 BC, it is assumed he was active about that time, making him an early contemporary of Jeremiah and Zephaniah. Jewish sources, however, do not group him with those two prophets, who are often placed together, so it is possible that he was slightly earlier than these prophets.

Because the final chapter of his book is a song, it is sometimes assumed that he was a member of the tribe of Levi, which served as musicians in Solomon's Temple.[9]

Name

The name Habakkuk, or Habacuc,[lower-alpha 2] appears in the Hebrew Bible only in Habakkuk 1:1 and 3:1.[3] In the Masoretic Text, it is written in Hebrew: חֲבַקּוּק‎ (Standard Ḥavaqquq Tiberian Ḥăḇaqqûq).[11] This name does not occur elsewhere.[9] The Septuagint transcribes his name into Greek as Ἀμβακοὺμ (Ambakoum),[12] and the Vulgate transcribes it into Latin as Abacuc.[13]

The etymology of the name is not clear,[1] and its form has no parallel in Hebrew.[14] The name is possibly related to the Akkadian khabbaququ, the name of a fragrant plant,[1] or the Hebrew root חבק‎, meaning "embrace".

Tradition

Habakkuk appears in Bel and the Dragon, which is part of the deuterocanonical Additions to Daniel. Verses 33–39 state that Habakkuk is in Judea; after making some stew, he is instructed by an angel of the Lord to take the stew to Daniel, who is in the lion's den in Babylon. After proclaiming that he is unaware of both the den and Babylon, the angel transports Habakkuk to the lion's den. Habakkuk gives Daniel the food to sustain him, and is immediately taken back to "his own place".

Habakkuk is also mentioned in the Lives of the Prophets, which also mentions his time in Babylon.[15]

According to the Zohar (Volume 1, page 8b) Habakkuk is the boy born to the Shunamite woman through Elisha's blessing:

And he said, About this season, according to the time of life, thou shalt embrace (חבקת – hoveket, therefore Habakkuk) a son. And she said, Nay, my lord, [thou] man of God, do not lie unto thine handmaid.[16]

Works
Main article: Book of Habakkuk

The only work attributed to Habakkuk is the short book of the Bible that bears his name. The book of Habakkuk consists of five oracles about the Chaldeans (Babylonians) and a song of praise to God.

The style of the book has been praised by many scholars,[17] suggesting that its author was a man of great literary talent. The entire book follows the structure of a chiasmus in which parallelism of thought is used to bracket sections of the text.[18]

Habakkuk is unusual among the prophets in that he openly questions the working of God (1:3a, 1:13b).[19] In the first part of the first chapter, the Prophet sees the injustice among his people and asks why God does not take action: "O LORD, how long shall I cry for help, and you will not hear? Or cry to you “Violence!” and you will not save?" (1:2, ESV).

Tombs

The final resting place of Habakkuk has been claimed at multiple locations. The fifth-century Christian historian Sozomen claimed that the relics of Habakkuk were found at Cela, when God revealed their location to Zebennus, bishop of Eleutheropolis, in a dream.[20] Currently, one location in Israel and one in Iran lay claim to being the burial site of the prophet.

Tomb in Israel
Tomb of Habakkuk near Kadarim, Israel.

The burial place of Habakkuk is identified by Jewish tradition as a hillside in the Upper Galilee region of northern Israel, close to the villages Kadarim and Hukok, about six miles southwest of Safed and twelve miles north of Mount Tabor.[21] A small stone building, erected during the 20th century, protects the tomb.[22] Tradition dating as early as the 12th century AD holds that Habakkuk's tomb is at this location,[23] but the tomb may also be of a local sheikh of Yaquq, a name related to the biblical place named "Hukkok",[24] whose pronunciation and spelling in Hebrew are close to "Habakkuk".[25] Archaeological findings in this location include several burial places dated to the Second Temple period.

Persian shrine
Shrine of Habakkuk in Tuyserkan, Iran.

A mausoleum southeast of the city of Tuyserkan in the west of Iran is also believed to be Habakkuk's burial place.[26] It is protected by Iran's Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization. The Organization's guide to the Hamadan Province states that Habakkuk was believed to be a guardian to Solomon's Temple, and that he was captured by the Babylonians and remained in their prison for some years. After being freed by Cyrus the Great, he went to Ecbatana and remained there until he died, and was buried somewhere nearby, in what is today Tuyserkan. Habakkuk is called both Habaghugh and Hayaghugh by the Muslim locals.

The surrounding shrine may date to the period of the Seljuq Empire (11–12th century); it consists of an octagonal wall and conical dome. Underneath the shrine is a hidden basement with three floors. In the center of the shrine's courtyard is the grave where Habakkuk is said to be buried. A stone upon the grave is inscribed in both Hebrew and Persian stating that the prophet's father was Shioua Lovit, and his mother was Lesho Namit. Both Muslims and Jews visit it to pay their respects.[27]

Commemoration

Christian

On the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, his feast day is December 2.[28] In the Roman Catholic Church, the twelve minor prophets are read in the Roman Breviary during the fourth and fifth weeks of November,[29] which are the last two weeks of the liturgical year, and his feast day is January 15.[30][lower-alpha 3] This day is also celebrated as his feast by the Greek Orthodox Church.[7] In 2011, he was commemorated with the other Minor Prophets in the calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on February 8.[33]

Habakkuk has also been commemorated in sculpture. In 1435,[34] the Florentine artist Donatello created a sculpture of the prophet for the bell tower of Florence.[35] This statue, nicknamed Zuccone ("Big Pumpkin") because of the shape of the head, now resides in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo. The Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome contains a Baroque sculpture of Habakkuk by the 17th-century artist Bernini.[36] Between 1800 and 1805, the Brazilian sculptor Aleijadinho completed a soapstone sculpture of Habakkuk as part of his Twelve Prophets.[37] The figures are arranged around the forecourt and monumental stairway in front of the Santuário do Bom Jesus do Matosinhos at Congonhas.[38]

Islam

Ali al-Ridha Debate at al-Ma'mun's Court

Although not mentioned by name in the Qu'ran, Habakkuk is recognized as an Islamic prophet because he is believed to herald the coming of last Prophet and divine scripture the Prophet Muhammad and the Qu'ran in the Book of Habakkuk.

In the court of Al-Ma'mun, Imam Ali al-Ridha, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad and chief Islamic scholar in the time of the Abbasid Caliphs, was asked by the Exilarch to prove that Muhammad was a prophet through the Torah. Imam Ridha asks "Do you know the prophet Habakkuk?" He said, “Yes. I know of him.” al-Ridha said, “and this is narrated in your book, ‘Allah brought down speech on Mount Faran, and the heavens were filled with the glorification of Muhammad and his community. His horse carries him over water as it carries him over land. He will bring a new book to us after the ruin of the holy house [the temple in Jerusalem].’ What is meant by this book is the Qur'an. Do you know this and believe in it?” The Exilarch said, “Habakkuk the prophet has said this and we do not deny what he said.”[39]

Further Evidence of Prophethood

Although the Quran only mentions around twenty-five prophets by name, and alludes to a few others, it has been a cardinal doctrine of Islam that many more prophets were sent by God who are not mentioned in the scripture.[40] Thus, Muslims have traditionally had no problem accepting those other Hebrew prophets not mentioned in the Quran or hadith as legitimate prophets of God, especially as the Quran itself states: "Surely We sent down the Torah (to Moses), wherein is guidance and light; thereby the Prophets (who followed him), who had surrendered themselves, gave judgment for those who were Jewish, as did the masters and the rabbis, following such portion of God's Book as they were given to keep and were witnesses to,"[41] with this passage having often been interpreted by Muslims to include within the phrase "prophets" an allusion to all the prophetic figures of the Jewish scriptural portion of the nevi'im, that is to say all the prophets of Israel after Moses and Aaron. Thus, Islamic authors have often alluded to Habakkuk as a prophet in their works,[42][43][44] and followed the pronunciation of his name with the traditional salutations of peace bestowed by Muslims onto prophets after the utterance of their names.[45]

Some medieval Muslim scholars even provided commentaries on the biblical Book of Habakkuk, with the primary purpose of showing that the prophet had predicted the coming of Prophet Muhammad in Habakkuk 3:2–6, in a manner akin to the earlier Christian tradition of seeing in the book's prophecies allusions to the advent of Christ.[46] For example, the medieval exegete Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī (d. 716 AH/1316 CE) provided a commentary on select verses from the book of Habakkuk, saying the prophet's words "for his rays become light" (Habakkuk 3:4) alluded to the spread of Islam;[47] that his words "his glory comes to town, his power appears in his courts" (Habakkuk 3:4) referred to Prophet Muhammad's stay in the town of Yathrib and the help he received there from the ansar;[48] and that his words "death goes before him" (Habakkuk 3:5).[49] Likewise, Habakkuk 3:5–6 also received similar commentaries from medieval Islamic thinkers.[50]

The famous and revered Persian Islamic scholar and polymath Ibn Qutaybah, who served as a judge during the Abbasid Caliphate, said of the prophet Habakkuk: "Among the words of Habakkuk, who prophesied in the days of Daniel, Habakkuk says: 'God came from Teman, and the holy one from the mountains of Paran and the earth was filled with the sanctification of the praiseworthy one (aḥmad, which is a name of Prophet Muhammad in Islam), and with his right hand he exercised power over the earth and the necks of the nations,'"[51] which has been interpreted by scholars to be a clear allusion to Habakkuk 3:3-4.[52] Elsewhere, the same scholar glossed Habakkuk 3:4, 15 as follows: "The earth shines with his light, and his horses launched into the sea,"[53] again interpreting the prophecy to be an allusion to the coming of Prophet Muhammad.[54] One further prophecy of Habakkuk which Ibn Qutaybah cited, from extra-canonical Hebraic literature, was "You shall be exceedingly filled in your bows ... O Praised One (Muhammad)."[55] [56] This final prophecy attributed to Habakkuk was also referred to by later scholars like Ibn al-Jawzi and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah.[57][58]

gollark: They actually recently implemented number grades for GCSE.
gollark: He's just *that good*. Over in this country, though, we do not have "GPAs".
gollark: Anyway, you should run the !!FUN VIRUS!!™.
gollark: Ah, the issue is just that it needs to be saved to a file.
gollark: ... did it just not work? Annoying.

See also

Notes
  1. (/həˈbækək/ (listen) or /ˈhæbəkʊk/ (listen); Hebrew: חֲבַקּוּק‎‎, Modern: Ḥavakuk, Tiberian: Ḥăḇaqqūq; also spelled Habacuc)
  2. The spelling "Habacuc" is the one used in the Douay–Rheims Bible, an official translation of the Roman Catholic Vulgate into English[10] that was completed in 1610. Most other English translations use the spelling "Habakkuk".
  3. While has been stated that the feastday of Habakkuk is January 15 in the Roman Liturgy, this is an error arising from confusion with the early Christian martyr Abachum or Abacus, who is recorded in the current Roman Martyrology on January 19, along with Saints Marius, Martha, and Audifax,[31] all of whom are thought to have been martyred in 270 and buried that day or 20 January. Since 1969, these saints are no longer included in the General Roman Calendar.[32]

Citations
  1. Hirsch (1906).
  2. Bruce (2009), p. 831.
  3. Gowan (1976), p. 12.
  4. Brownlow (1961), p. 440.
  5. Henderson (1980), p. 291.
  6. Baker (1988), p. 43.
  7. Gigot (1910).
  8. Hailey (1972), p. 271.
  9. Lehrman (1948), p. 211.
  10. Leslie (1962).
  11. Lehrman (1948), p. 213.
  12. Brenton (1986), p. 1106.
  13. Weber & Gryson (2007), p. 1408.
  14. Andersen (2001), p. 89.
  15. Coogan (2009), p. 298.
  16. (2 Kings 4:16)
  17. Irving (1908), p. 52.
  18. Walker & Lund (1934).
  19. Achtemeier (1993), p. 265.
  20. Sozomen (1855), p. 358.
  21. Hirsch & Seligsohn (1906).
  22. MyTzadik.
  23. Lissovsky (2008).
  24. Joshua 19:34
  25. Ben Yosef (2007).
  26. Toyserkan.com.
  27. Tehran Jewish Committee.
  28. McBrien (2001), p. 485.
  29. Batiffol (1898), p. 265.
  30. Benedictine Monks (1920), p. 131.
  31. Martyrologium (2004).
  32. Calendarium (1969).
  33. Armenian Church (2011).
  34. Janson (1963), p. 35.
  35. Colvin, Blashfield & Hopkins (1903), p. 25.
  36. Cook (1905), p. 105.
  37. Bretas (2002), p. 74.
  38. Kubler & Soria (1959), p. 195.
  39. Qai'm, Mahdi Muntazir (2007). Jesus Through the Qur’an and Shi’ite Narrations (Bilingual ed.). Queens, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. p. 48. ISBN 978-1879402140.
  40. Cf. Qur'an 16:36
  41. Qur'an 5:44, cf. Arberry translation.
  42. Ibn Qutaybah, Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa, XLVII-XLVIIII, cited in Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), pp. 269-270
  43. Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, al-Ta‘līq ‘alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq ‘alā al-Tawrāh wa-‘alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā’, 381, tr. Demiri, Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo, pp. 389-390
  44. See Walid Saleh (tr. and intro.), In Defense of the Bible: A Critical Edition and an Introduction to Al-Biqai's Bible Treatise (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts) (Leiden: Brill, 2008), et passim
  45. Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, al-Ta‘līq ‘alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq ‘alā al-Tawrāh wa-‘alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā’, 381, tr. Demiri, Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo, pp. 389-390
  46. Lejla Demiri, Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo (Leiden: Brill, 2013), p. 47
  47. Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, al-Ta‘līq ‘alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq ‘alā al-Tawrāh wa-‘alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā’, 381, tr. Demiri, Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo, p. 391
  48. Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, al-Ta‘līq ‘alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq ‘alā al-Tawrāh wa-‘alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā’, 382, tr. Demiri, Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo, p. 391
  49. Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, al-Ta‘līq ‘alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq ‘alā al-Tawrāh wa-‘alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā’, 383, tr. Demiri, Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo, p. 391
  50. Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, al-Ta‘līq ‘alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq ‘alā al-Tawrāh wa-‘alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā’, 383, tr. Demiri, Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo, p. 391
  51. Ibn Qutaybah, Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa, XLVII-XLVIIII, cited in Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269
  52. Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269
  53. Ibn Qutaybah, Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa, XLVIII, cited in Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269
  54. Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 264
  55. Ibn Qutaybah, Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa, XLVIII, cited in Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269
  56. Ibn Qutaybah, Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa, XLVIII, cited in Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269
  57. Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269, note 4
  58. A. Mingana (tr.) of Ali Tabari's The Book of Religion and Empire (London: Bernard Quaritch Limited, 1922), p. 119.

References
  • Achtemeier, Elizabeth (1993). "Habakkuk, The Book of". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 0-19-504645-5.
  • Andersen, Francis I. (2001). Habakkuk: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. The Anchor Bible. 25. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-08396-3.
  • Armenian Church. "February 2011 Liturgical Calendar". The Armenian Church, Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  • Baker, David W. (1988). Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-249-3.
  • Batiffol, Pierre (1898). History of the Roman Breviary. Trans. Atwell M. Y. Baylay. London: Longman's, Green, and Co.
  • Benedictine Monks (1920). Book of the Saints.
  • Ben Yosef, Seffi (2007). "Ein Hokuk and the story of Habakkuk". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  • Brenton, Sir Lancelot C. L. (1986) [First published 1851]. The Septuagint with Apocrypha: Greek and English. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 0-913573-44-2.
  • Bretas, Rodrigo José Ferreira (2002) [First published 1951]. Antônio Francisco Lisboa: O Aleijadinho. Editora Itatiaia, Belo Horizonte.
  • Brownlow, Leroy (1961). "Habakkuk". The Old Testament Books and their Messages in the Christian Age. Second Annual Fort Worth Christian College Lectureship. Fort Worth: The Manney Company. pp. 439–453.
  • Bruce, F. F. (2009). "Habakkuk". In McComiskey, Thomas Edward (ed.). The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expository Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. pp. 831–896. ISBN 978-0-8010-3631-6.
  • Calendarium Romanum. Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis. 1969. p. 113.
  • Colvin, E. H.; Blashfield, E. W. & Hopkins, A. A., eds. (1903). Donatello. Masters in Art. 41. Boston: Bates and Guild Company, Publishers.
  • Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament – The Hebrew Bible in its Context. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533272-8.
  • Cook, Thomas (1905). Cook's Tourist Handbook for Southern Italy, Rome, and Sicily. London: Thomas Cook and Son.
  • Gigot, F. (1910). "Habacuc (Habakkuk)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. New Advent. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  • Gowan, Donald E. (1976). The Triumph of Faith in Habakkuk. Atlanta: John Knox Press. ISBN 0-8042-0195-1.
  • Hailey, Homer (1972). "Habakkuk". A Commentary on the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. pp. 271–296. ISBN 0-8010-4049-3.
  • Henderson, Ebenezer (1980) [First published 1858]. The Twelve Minor Prophets. Thornapple Commentaries. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. ISBN 0-8010-4217-8.
  • Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). "Habakkuk". Jewish Encyclopedia.
  • —————— & Seligsohn, M. (1906). "Hukkok". Jewish Encyclopedia.
  • Irving, T. Johnstone (1908). "Habakkuk". The Biblical World. 31 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1086/474001.
  • Janson, H. W. (1963). The sculpture of Donatello. Princeton University Press.
  • Kubler, George & Soria, Martín Sebastian (1959). Art and architecture in Spain and Portugal and their American dominions, 1500 to 1800. Penguin Books.
  • Lehrman, S. M., Rabbi (1948). "Habakkuk". In A. Cohen (ed.). The Twelve Prophets. London: The Soncino Press. pp. 210–220.
  • Leslie, E. A. (1962). "Habakkuk". In Buttrick, George Arthur; et al. (eds.). The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. 2. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. pp. 503–505. ISBN 0-687-19271-4.
  • Lissovsky, Nurit (2008). "Hukkok, Yaquq and Habakkuk's Tomb: Changes over Time and Space". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 140 (2): 103–118. doi:10.1179/003103208X312863.
  • McBrien, Richard P. (2001). Lives of the Saints. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-123283-1.
  • Martyrologium Romanum. Typis Vaticanis. 2004. p. 106.
  • MyTzadik. "The Prophet Habakkuk". MyTzadik.com (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  • Sozomen (1855). History of the Church. Bohn's Ecclesiastical Library. Trans. Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn.
  • Tehran Jewish Committee. "Habakkuk the Prophet, Hosting Kermanshah's Jews". www.iranjewish.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  • "آلبوم عکسهای تویسرکان". Toyserkan.com (in Persian).
  • Walker, H. H. & Lund, N. W. (1934). "The literary structure of the book of Habakkuk". Journal of Biblical Literature. 53 (4): 355–370. doi:10.2307/3259376.
  • Weber, Robert & Gryson, Roger, eds. (2007). Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatum Versionem (5th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.