HMS Birkenhead (1845)

HMS Birkenhead, also referred to as HM Troopship Birkenhead or Steam Frigate Birkenhead,[3] was one of the first iron-hulled ships built for the Royal Navy.[4] She was designed as a steam frigate, but was converted to a troopship before being commissioned.[1]

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Birkenhead.

A contemporary picture of the ship.
History
UK
Name: HMS Birkenhead
Namesake: Vulcan, Birkenhead
Builder: John Laird shipyard, Birkenhead
Launched: 30 December 1845
Christened: HMS Vulcan
Renamed: HMS Birkenhead, 1845
Reclassified: Troopship, 1851[1]
Fate: Wrecked, 26 February 1852 at Gansbaai
General characteristics
Class and type: Frigate, later troopship
Tonnage: 1400 bm[2]
Displacement: 1918 tons as designed (2000 tons loaded[1])
Length: 210 ft (64 m)[1]
Beam: 37 ft 6 in (11 m)[1]
Draught: 15 ft 9 in (5 m)[1]
Propulsion: Sail, plus 2× Forrester & Co 564 hp (421 kW) steam engines[1] driving two 6 m (20 ft) diameter paddle wheels.
Sail plan: Brig, later barquentine
Speed: 10 knots (19 km/h)[1] as a troopship
Complement: 125
Armament: 2 × 96-pounder pivot guns; 4× 68-pounder broadside guns
Notes: Iron hull; renamed HMS Birkenhead before commissioning.

She was wrecked on 26 February 1852, while transporting troops to Algoa Bay at Danger Point near Gansbaai, 87 miles (140 kilometres) from Cape Town in the Cape Colony. There were not enough serviceable lifeboats for all the passengers, and the soldiers famously stood firm on board, thereby allowing the women and children to board the boats safely and escape the sinking.

Only 193 of the estimated 643 people on board survived, and the soldiers' chivalry gave rise to the unofficial "women and children first" protocol when abandoning ship, while the "Birkenhead drill" of Rudyard Kipling's poem came to describe courage in face of hopeless circumstances.

Description and history

The Birkenhead was laid down at John Laird's shipyard at Birkenhead as the frigate HMS Vulcan, but renamed soon afterwards to Birkenhead after the town where she was built.[5] She had two 564 horsepower (421 kW) steam engines from Forrester & Co that drove a pair of 6-metre (20 ft) paddle wheels, and two masts rigged as a brig.[1][6]

According to her designer, John Laird:[1]

The designs I submitted, and which were finally approved, were of a vessel 210 feet (64 m) long (being about 20 feet (6.1 m) longer than any vessel of her class had been built), and 37 feet 6 inches (11.43 m) beam with a displacement of 1,918 long tons (1,949 t) on the load water-line of 15 feet 9 inches (4.80 m). The only change made by authorities at the Admiralty in these designs was the position of the paddle shaft, which they ordered to be moved several feet more forward; the change was unfortunate as it makes the vessel, unless due care is taken in stowing the hold, trim by the head. With this exception, I am answerable for the model, specification, displacement and general arrangement of the hull of the vessel.

The ship was divided into eight watertight compartments, while the engine room was divided by two longitudinal bulkheads into four compartments, making 12 watertight compartments in total.[1] She had a round stern and a bow that ended in a large figurehead of Vulcan, holding a hammer in one hand, and some of "the bolts of Jove" that he had just forged in the other.[7] Her armament was originally intended to be two 96-pounder pivot guns, one forward and the other aft, and four 68-pounder broadside guns.[7][Note 1]

Launch

The Birkenhead was launched on 30 December 1845 by the Marchioness of Westminster.[7][8] Her hull then weighed 903 tons and drew 9.75 feet (2.97 m), although she was at this time missing approximately 15 tons of cabin fittings. Machinery, stores, and other fittings were expected to add an additional 1,000 or so tons, increasing her draught six more feet.[1] She undertook her maiden voyage to Plymouth in 1846, averaging 12 knots (22 km/h) to 13 knots (24 km/h) for the journey.[1]

She remained laid up for some time, before being put to varied use around England, Scotland and Ireland. In November 1846, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's iron ship SS Great Britain ran aground on the sands of Dundrum Bay, Ireland. There was doubt as to whether she could be re-floated. Brunel advised that if anyone could rescue the ship then the man to do it was the naval engineer James Bremner. He was engaged and the Great Britain was re-floated on 27 August 1847 with the assistance of HMS Birkenhead.[6][Note 2]

The Birkenhead was never commissioned as a frigate, as two factors came into play while she was still under construction, that resulted in her being converted into a troopship.[1] Firstly, the Royal Navy's warships were switched from paddle wheels to more efficient propeller propulsion, following an experiment organised by the Admiralty in 1845 in which the benefits of the propeller over the paddle wheel were dramatically demonstrated.[9] Secondly, the Admiralty had doubts about the effects of cannon shot against iron hulls — in a number of trials carried out at Royal Arsenal in 1845, at lower velocities shot made a jagged hole that was hard to plug.[10] On 15 September 1847, Birkenhead ran down and sank the brig Oratio in the English Channel off The Lizard, Cornwall. The owners of the brig sued for their loss in the Admiralty Court. Birkenhead was found to be to blame as she had no look-out posted, being nineteen short in her crew.[11]

As part of her conversion to a troopship in 1851, a forecastle and poop deck were added to the Birkenhead to increase her accommodation,[1] and a third mast added, to change her sail plan to a barquentine.[6] Although she never served as a warship, she was faster and more comfortable than any of the wooden sail-driven troopships of the time, making the trip from the Cape in 37 days in October 1850.[1]

Final voyage (1852)
Danger Point
Simon's Bay
Western Cape, South Africa

In January 1852, under the command of Captain Robert Salmond RN, the Birkenhead left Portsmouth conveying troops from ten different regiments,[12] including the 74th Regiment of Foot and Queen's Royal Regiment, to the Eighth Xhosa War against the Xhosa in South Africa. On 5 January, she picked up more soldiers at Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland, and conveyed some officers' wives and families.

On 23 February 1852, Birkenhead docked briefly at Simonstown, near Cape Town. Most of the women and children disembarked along with a number of sick soldiers. Nine cavalry horses, several bales of hay and 35 tons of coal were loaded for the last leg of the voyage to Algoa Bay.[7]

She sailed from Simon's Bay at 06:00 on 25 February 1852 with between 630[13] and 643 men, women and children aboard, the exact number being in some doubt. In order to make the best possible speed, Captain Salmond decided to hug the South African coast, setting a course that was generally within 3 miles (4.8 km) of the shore. Using her paddle wheels, she maintained a steady speed of 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h). The sea was calm and the night was clear as she left False Bay and headed east.[12]

"The Wreck of the Birkenhead" (c. 1892) by Thomas Hemy

Shortly before 02:00 on 26 February, while Birkenhead was travelling at a speed of 8 knots (15 km/h), the leadsman made soundings of 12 fathoms (22 m). Before he could take another sounding, she struck an uncharted rock at 34°38′42″S 19°17′9″E with 2 fathoms (3.7 m) of water beneath her bows and 11 fathoms (20 m) at her stern.[14] The rock lies near Danger Point (today near Gansbaai, Western Cape). Barely submerged, it is clearly visible in rough seas, but it is not immediately apparent in calmer conditions.

Captain Salmond rushed on deck and ordered the anchor to be dropped, the quarter-boats to be lowered, and a turn astern to be given by the engines. However, as the ship backed off the rock, the sea rushed into the large hole made by the collision and the ship struck again, buckling the plates of the forward bilge and ripping open the bulkheads. Shortly, the forward compartments and the engine rooms were flooded, and over 100 soldiers were drowned in their berths.[13]

Sinking

The surviving soldiers mustered and awaited their officers' orders. Salmond ordered Colonel Seton to send men to the chain pumps; sixty were directed to this task, sixty more were assigned to the tackles of the lifeboats, and the rest were assembled on the poop deck in order to raise the forward part of the ship.[15] The women and children were placed in the ship's cutter, which lay alongside. Two other large boats (capacity 150 each) were manned, but one was immediately swamped and the other could not be launched due to poor maintenance and paint on the winches. This left only three smaller boats available.[3]

The surviving officers and men assembled on deck, where Lieutenant-Colonel Seton of the 74th Foot took charge of all military personnel and stressed the necessity of maintaining order and discipline to his officers. As a survivor later recounted: "Almost everybody kept silent, indeed nothing was heard, but the kicking of the horses and the orders of Salmond, all given in a clear firm voice."[3]

The Wreck of the Birkenhead (1901) by Charles Dixon.

Ten minutes after the first impact, the engines still turning astern, the ship struck again beneath the engine room, tearing open her bottom. She instantly broke in two just aft of the mainmast. The funnel went over the side and the forepart of the ship sank at once. The stern section, now crowded with men, floated for a few minutes before sinking.

Just before she sank, Salmond called out that "all those who can swim jump overboard, and make for the boats". Colonel Seton, however, recognising that rushing the lifeboats would risk swamping them and endangering the women and children, ordered the men to stand fast, and only three men made the attempt. The cavalry horses were freed and driven into the sea in the hope that they might be able to swim ashore.

The soldiers did not move, even as the ship broke up barely 20 minutes after striking the rock. Some of the soldiers managed to swim the 2 miles (3.2 km) to shore over the next 12 hours, often hanging on to pieces of the wreck to stay afloat, but most drowned, died of exposure, or were killed by sharks.

I remained on the wreck until she went down; the suction took me down some way, and a man got hold of my leg, but I managed to kick him off and came up and struck out for some pieces of wood that were on the water and started for land, about two miles off. I was in the water about five hours, as the shore was so rocky and the surf ran so high that a great many were lost trying to land. Nearly all those that took to the water without their clothes on were taken by sharks; hundreds of them were all round us, and I saw men taken by them close to me, but as I was dressed (having on a flannel shirt and trousers) they preferred the others. I was not in the least hurt, and am happy to say, kept my head clear; most of the officers lost their lives from losing their presence of mind and trying to take money with them, and from not throwing off their coats.

- Letter from Lieutenant J.F. Girardot, 43rd Light Infantry, to his father, 1 March 1852.[16]

The next morning, the schooner Lioness discovered one of the cutters, and after saving the occupants of the second boat made her way to the scene of the disaster. Arriving in the afternoon, she found 40 people still clinging to the rigging. It was reported that of the approximately 643 people aboard, only 193 were saved. Captain Edward WC Wright of the 91st Argyllshire Regiment was the most senior army officer to survive; he was awarded a brevet majority for his actions during the ordeal, dated 26 February 1852.[17][18]

The number of personnel aboard is in some doubt, but an estimate of 638 was published in The Times. It is generally thought that the survivors comprised 113 soldiers (all ranks), 6 Royal Marines, 54 seamen (all ranks), 7 women, 13 children and at least one male civilian,[19] but these numbers cannot be substantiated, as muster rolls and books were lost with the ship.

Of the horses, eight made it safely to land, while the ninth had its leg broken while being pushed into the sea.[3]

Aftermath
The Danger Point Lighthouse, erected near Gansbaai after the sinking.

A number of sailors were court martialled as a result of the accident. The court was held on 8 May 1852 on board HMS Victory in Portsmouth, and attracted a great deal of interest. However, as none of the senior naval officers of the Birkenhead survived, no-one was found to be to blameworthy.[7][20] Captain Edward W. C. Wright of the 91st Argyllshire Regiment told the court martial

The order and regularity that prevailed on board, from the moment the ship struck till she totally disappeared, far exceeded anything that I had thought could be effected by the best discipline; and it is the more to be wondered at seeing that most of the soldiers were but a short time in the service. Everyone did as he was directed and there was not a murmur or cry amongst them until the ship made her final plunge – all received their orders and carried them out as if they were embarking instead of going to the bottom – I never saw any embarkation conducted with so little noise or confusion.[15]

Remembrance plate installed on the lighthouse in 1936

In 1895, a lighthouse was erected at Danger Point to warn shipping of the dangerous reef. The lighthouse is about 18 metres (59 ft) tall and is visible for approximately 25 nautical miles (46 km). In 1936, a remembrance plate for the Birkenhead was affixed to its base by the Navy League of South Africa. A new Birkenhead memorial was erected nearby in March 1995.[21] In December 2001, the plaque was moved closer to the lighthouse.

A memorial in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, bears the following inscription:

In memory of Lieut.-Colonel Alexander Seton, Ensign Alex. C. Russell, and forty-eight N.C.O.s and men of the 74th Highlanders who were drowned at the wreck of H.M.S. 'Birkenhead' on the 26th February 1852, off Point Danger, Cape of Good Hope, after all the women and children on board had been safely landed in the ship's boats.

Frederick William IV of Prussia was so impressed by the bravery and discipline of the soldiers that he ordered an account of the incident to be read at the head of every regiment in his army.[22] Queen Victoria ordered the erection of an official Birkenhead monument at the Chelsea Royal Hospital. In 1892, Thomas M. M. Hemy painted a widely admired maritime depiction of the incident, "The wreck of the Birkenhead".[23][24] Prints of this painting were distributed to the public.[25] In 1977, the South African mint issued a "Heroes of the Birkenhead Medallion" gold coin commemorating the 125 years since the sinking, featuring Hemy's painting on one of the faces of the coin.[26][Note 3]

Legacy

Birkenhead drill

The sinking of the Birkenhead is one of the earliest maritime disaster evacuations during which the concept of "women and children first" is known to have been applied.[27][28]"Women and children first" subsequently became standard procedure in relation to the evacuation of sinking ships, in fiction and in life. The term "Birkenhead drill" became defined as courageous behaviour in hopeless circumstances and appeared in Rudyard Kipling's 1893 tribute to the Royal Marines, "Soldier an' Sailor Too":[29][30]

To take your chance in the thick of a rush, with firing all about,
Is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and, an' leave an' likin' to shout;
But to stand an' be still to the Birken'ead drill is a damn tough bullet to chew,
An' they done it, the Jollies -- 'Er Majesty's Jollies -- soldier an' sailor too!
Their work was done when it 'adn't begun; they was younger nor me an' you;
Their choice it was plain between drownin' in 'eaps an' bein' mopped by the screw,
So they stood an' was still to the Birken'ead drill, soldier an' sailor too

Birkenhead treasure
The paddle shaft of the wreck in 2011

There is a rumour that the Birkenhead was carrying a military payroll of £240,000 in gold coins weighing about three tons, which had been secretly stored in the powder-room before the final voyage.[20][31] Numerous attempts have been made to salvage the gold. In 1893, the nephew of Colonel Seton wrote that a certain Mr. Bandmann at the Cape obtained permission from the Cape Government to dive the wreck of the Birkenhead in search of the treasure.[7] A June 1958 salvage attempt by a renowned Cape Town diver recovered anchors and some brass fittings but no gold.[32] In 1986–1988, a combined archaeological and salvage excavation was carried out by Aqua Exploration, Depth Recovery Unit and Pentow Marine Salvage Company. Only a few gold coins were recovered, which appear to have been the possessions of the passengers and crew.[20][33]

The rumour of treasure and the shallow depth of the wreck at 30 metres (98 ft) have resulted in the wreck being considerably disturbed, despite its being a war grave. In 1989, the British and South African governments entered into an agreement over the salvage of the wreck, sharing any gold recovered.[34]

HMS Birkenhead as namesake

Three placenames in the Canadian province of British Columbia were conferred in honour of the Birkenhead disaster by Hudson's Bay Company explorer Alexander Caulfield Anderson, a boyhood friend and cousin of Lt-Col. Seton of the 74th Regiment of Foot, on a traverse of uncharted country between the Fraser Canyon and the coastal Lower Mainland in 1846.[35] Named after his cousin, Seton Lake cuts west through the Coast Mountains from the Fraser Canyon town of Lillooet, beyond which is its twin Anderson Lake.

A few miles southwest from the head of Anderson Lake is Mount Birkenhead, named by Anderson, on the north side of the low pass connecting the valley of those lakes to that of the Birkenhead River. The river, the valley area near Mount Birkenhead known as Birken, and Birkenhead Lake at the summit of the pass were in turn named after the mountain, and not directly by Anderson.

Other name legacies

According to local tradition, Salmonsdam Nature Reserve in the Overberg—a region in South Africa—is named after Captain Robert Salmond.[36] Locals to this day refer to Great White Sharks as "Tommy Sharks," after the Tommys that were taken by them in water.[14]

gollark: > I'll hold off on new flags for the moment — people aren't used to the ones we've got yet.It's possible that most people do not actually particularly want them.
gollark: Idea: flag esolang?
gollark: They would be roughly as meaningful.
gollark: What if we *randomly generate* horizontal stripe patterns?
gollark: Or is it?

See also
  • Arniston, a wreck in 1815 on the same coast that also involved the 73rd Regiment of Foot
  • Bernard Kilkeary, survivor
  • SS Tyndareus, a troopship which hit a mine in the same area in 1917; the orderly evacuation of troops was compared to Birkenhead, although there were no casualties.

Notes
  1. There is no indication that this armament was ever fitted.
  2. Unfortunately, the cost of the salvage bankrupted her owner, the Great Western Steamship Company, causing the Great Britain to be sold and turned into an emigration ship.
  3. Specification of the 1977 "Heroes of the Birkenhead" Medallion
    • 40 grams of 18 Carat Gold or 30 gms of pure
    • 38mm diameter 3.25mm thick
    • Issued by South African Mint in high quality Proof with frosting of the scenes
    • Minted in 1977 , 125 years after the sinking
    • Legendary shipwreck because of the disciplined conduct of the Troops on Board
    • The order "Stand Fast !! Women and Children First" became entrenched in Maritime History.
    • The Reverse shows in exquisite detail an extract of the painting by Thomas Hemy done after the wreck.
    • The Obverse shows the lifeboats and flotsam around the wreck.

References
  1. Percy, Sholto; Nursery, Perry Fairfax (3 January 1852). "The Steam Frigate "Birkenhead" - Iron v Wood". The Mechanics' Magazine, Register, Museum, Journal and Gazette. LVI: 327–29.
  2. Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
  3. "The Wreck of HM Steamer "Birkenhead" – 26 Feb 1852". Capeinfo. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  4. Webster, Roger (2003). The Illustrated at the Fireside: True Southern African Stories. New Africa Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-86486-558-8.
  5. Mortimer, William Williams (1847). The History of the Hundred of Wirral: With a Sketch of the City and County. Whittaker & Co.
  6. Paine, Lincoln P. (2000). Warships of the World to 1900. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-395-98414-7.
  7. Addison, A.C.; Matthews, W.H. (1906). A Deathless Story, or The "Birkenhead" and its Heroes. Hutchinson & Co.
  8. "HMS Birkenhead". The Times. 2 January 1846.
  9. "Portsmouth's Historic Dockyard - HMS Rattler". Memorials and Monuments in Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  10. Hill, J. R.; Ranft, Bryan (1995). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860527-0. (Includes a photograph of the Birkenhead)
  11. "Admiralty Court, Wednesday, July 12". The Times (19914). London. 13 July 1848. col C-D, p. 7.
  12. Dumpleton, Bernard (2002). The Story of the Paddle Steamer. Intellect Books. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-84150-801-6.
  13. The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History and Politics of the Year 1852. London: J.G. & F. Rivington. 1853. pp. 470–473.
  14. Turner, Malcolm (1988). Shipwrecks and Salvage in South Africa. C. Struik. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-86977-387-1.
  15. Kingston, William Henry Giles (1899). Our Soldiers: Gallant Deeds of the British Army during Victoria's Reign. London: Nick Hodson.
  16. Dickens, Charles (1852). The Household Narrative of Current Events. p. 89.
  17. "Hart's Annual Army List 1859". John Murray, London. 28 December 1858.
  18. "No. 21448". The London Gazette. 14 June 1853. p. 1665.
  19. "Charles Daly". Birkenhead Survivors. Archived from the original on 17 June 2001.
  20. "HMS Birkenhead 1852". Shipwreck.co.za. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  21. "Image Gallery". Birkenhead.za.net. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  22. Davis, John; Wylly, Harold Carmichael; Foster, R. C. G. (1906). The History of the Second Queen's Royal Regiment. Vol. 5. R. Bentley & Son. p. 61.
  23. Michener, James A. (21 December 1962). "Adventures of Men and Their Ships". Life. 53 (25): 96–98.
  24. Spiellmann, Marion Harry (1892). The Magazine of Art. 15. Petter and Gallpin. p. xxxiv.
  25. Bevan, David (1998). Stand Fast. Traditional Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9525531-1-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  26. https://www.bidorbuy.co.za/item/9914975/Gold_Commemorative_Medallion_of_the_Sinking_of_the_HMS_Birkenhead_40gm_18Ct_Start_R1.html
  27. de Castella, Tom (16 January 2012). "Costa Concordia: The rules of evacuating a ship". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  28. The phrase was recorded earlier in an eyewitness report of the fire aboard the New York-Le Havre packet Poland in May 1840, which led to the loss of the ship:"On a suggestion that we might be obliged to take to the boats it was immediately remarked by one of our French passengers, and responded to by others, "Let us take care of the women and children first"." The women and children were handed into the boats first, then joined by some of the male passengers, while others and the bulk of the crew remained aboard to fight the fire."Birkenhead". The Times. London. 27 June 1840. : reprinting a report dated May 29, 1840, first published in the Boston Courier, signed "J.H.B." ("J.H.Buckingham, of Boston" is listed as one of the passengers).
  29. Kipling, Rudyard (2005). Collected Verse of Rudyard Kipling. Kessinger. pp. 305–6. ISBN 978-1-4179-0750-2.
  30. Annas, George J. (1998). Some Choice: Law, Medicine, and the Market. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780195118322.
  31. "1852 Bury and Norwich Post newspaper archive". The Foxearth and District Local History Society. 1852. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  32. "The Treasure". Birkenhead.za.net. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  33. Kayle, Allan (1990). Salvage of the Birkenhead. South Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86812-260-8.
  34. Garabello, Roberta; Scovazzi, Tullio (2003). The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: Before and After the 2001 UNESCO Convention. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 978-90-411-2203-2.
  35. Akrigg, G. P. V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986). British Columbia Place Names. Sono Nis Press. ISBN 978-0-919203-96-9.
  36. "Salmonsdam Nature Reserve". CapeNature. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.

Bibliography
  • Addison, Albert Christopher (1902). The Story of the Birkenhead. London: Gresham Press Unwin Brothers Ltd, 27 Pilgrim Street.
  • Addison, Albert Christopher; Matthews, W. H. (1906). A Deathless Story or The Birkenhead and its heroes — a full account of the Birkenhead disaster. London: Hutchinson & Co, Paternoster Row.
  • Bevan, David (1995). Daughters of the Regiment. London: Traditional Publishing.
  • Bevan, David (1998). Stand Fast. London: Traditional Publishing. (2nd Ed. Originally entitled: Drums of the Birkenhead, Larsen: 1972). ISBN 0952553112
  • Carver, Stephen (2016). Shark Alley: The Memoirs of a Penny-a-Liner. Green Door Press. ISBN 9781523935451
  • Doyle, Francis Hastings. "The Loss of the Birkenhead". Poems of South African History, A.D. 1497-1910.
  • Hemy, Thomas Madawaska (1926). Deep Sea Days: The Chronicles of a Sailor and Sea Painter. H.F. & G. Witherby.
  • Lyon, David; Winfield, Rif (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815-1889. Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-032-9.
  • Kayle, Allan (1990). Salvage of the Birkenhead. Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 548, Bergvlei 2012. ISBN 978-1-86812-260-8.
  • Kerr, J. Lennox (1960). The Unfortunate Ship: The Story of H.M. Troopship Birkenhead. George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd.
  • Oliver, Neil (2008). Amazing Tales for Making Men Out of Boys. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand.

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