Grodno Sejm

Grodno Sejm (Polish: Sejm grodzieński; Belarusian: Гарадзенскі сойм; Lithuanian: Gardino seimas) was the last Sejm (session of parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grodno Sejm, held in fall of 1793 in Grodno, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (now Hrodna, Belarus) is infamous because its deputies, bribed or coerced by the Russian Empire, passed the act of Second Partition of Poland. The Sejm started on 17 June and ended on 23 November 1793. It ratified the division of the country in a futile attempt to prevent its subsequent complete annexation two years later in the 1795 Third Partition of Poland.

New Castle in Hrodna, where the Grodno Sejm took place.
The Second Partition (1793)
18 new voivodeships of the partitioned Commonwealth created by Grodno Sejm

Background

The Sejm was called to Grodno by the Russian Empire after the Polish–Russian War of 1792 ended with the victory of Russia and its allies, the Targowica Confederation, in order to confirm Russian demands.[1] Grodno was chosen for the Commonwealth's capital, as Warsaw was deemed too unsafe for Russians (and indeed it would prove so during the Warsaw Uprising next year). Many of the deputies were Russian supporters (like marshal of the Sejm, Stanisław Kostka Bieliński), with Russian representatives bribing some deputies and Russian armies forcing the election of their favoured candidate at local sejmiks.[2][3] The Russians needed to use their army, as well as rely on bribery, in order to bypass the opposition of Polish–Lithuanian deputies, as initially, the sejmiks refused to elect enough deputies to satisfy the requirements of a national Sejm.[3]

The Sejm was eventually called on 17 June.[4] It was held in New Castle in Grodno in presence of Russian garrison stationed in and around the New Castle and commanded by Russian ambassador to Poland, Jacob Sievers, to ensure the obedience of all deputies; dissidents were threaten with beatings, arrests, sequestration or exile.[5] Majority of the Senators chose not to attend the proceedings.[4]

Proceedings

Many deputies were not allowed to speak, and the main issue on the agenda was the project of 'Eternal Alliance of Poland and Russia', sent to the Sejm by Russian Tsarina Catherine the Great, and presented to the Sejm as the 'request of Polish people' by the Polish supporters of Russia.[6] Nonetheless out of 140 deputies present about 25 vocally protested against the proposal, especially against the Prussian territorial demands. On 2 July the Russian troops surrounded the town, and several deputies (Szymon Szydłowski, Dionizy Mikoreski, Antoni Karski and Szymon Skarżyński) were arrested.[4] With further threats and actions by Russians, on 14 October 1793 the alliance was passed by "acclamation". In fact, after a long debate, around 4 a.m., with Russian forces present and preventing anybody from leaving the room, the marshal of the Sejm asked three times if there is agreement to pass the act. When not a single deputy spoke, Józef Ankwicz, another known supporter of foreign powers, declared that it was as unanonimous vote of support ("He who is silent means agreement").[4][7][8]

It was not the first time Russian Empire used such strategy: the fate of the Grodno Sejm resembled that of the Silent Sejm of 1717 – where the only person allowed to speak was the marshal of the Sejm or the Repnin Sejm of 1767–1768, where opponents of Russian intervention were arrested and exiled to Russia.[9]

The Sejm passed the following acts:

  1. the Eternal Alliance of Poland and Russia: Poland became a subservient Russian ally,[10] in effect a Russian protectorate. Russian Empire was granted the right to have bases in Poland and the right to move forces through Polish territory at will. Poland was not to sign any alliances without Russian approval and to have sent diplomatic missions to foreign countries only together with Russians ones[11]
  2. territorial changes: granting parts of former Commonwealth territory to Russian Empire and Prussia[5]
  3. Constitution of May 3 was abolished,[12] although some of its provisions granting rights to burghers were retained
  4. certain Cardinal Laws (wolna elekcja (free election), liberum veto) were restored, together with the Permanent Council, now presided by the Russian ambassador.[1][5][13]
  5. Polish army was reduced to 15,000
  6. Polish highest military award, Virtuti Militari, recently created and awarded during the preceding 1792 war against Russia, was abolished

The Russian Empire guaranteed this new constitution, and sanctions for its violation were stated.[14]

Due to significant territorial losses, the Sejm adjusted the administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and created 18 new voivodeships: brasławskie, brzeskie, chełmskie, ciechanowskie, grodzieńskie, krakowskie, lubelskie, mazowieckie, mereckie, nowogrodzkie, podlaskie, sandomierskie, trockie, warszawskie, wileńskie, włodzimierskie, wołyńskie, and żmudzkie (see map).[15]

The Sejm ended on 23 November.[16]

Aftermath

Targowica confederates, who did not expect another partition, and the king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who joined them near the end, both lost much prestige and support.[17][18] The reformers, on the other hand, were attracting increasing support.[14][19] In March 1794 the Kościuszko Uprising had begun. The defeat of the Uprising in November that year resulted in the final Third Partition of Poland, ending the existence of the Commonwealth.[17]

gollark: Now, that is *not* fully working: its WiFi chip appears to have abandoned this mortal plane in some way.
gollark: In terms of bizarre accursed devices, I *do* have an old Kindle from circa 2015.
gollark: I mean, I think it's still fully working.
gollark: I don't *think* so.
gollark: It has four unbroken ARMv8 ones.

See also

References
  1. Levent Gönenç (2002). Law in Eastern Europe, Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-90-411-1836-3.
  2. Henry Smith Williams (1904). The Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor eastern states, China, Japan. Outlook Company. p. 89.
  3. Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4.
  4. Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4.
  5. Norman Davies (20 January 1998). Europe: A History. HarperCollins. p. 719. ISBN 978-0-06-097468-8.
  6. Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-415-16112-1.
  7. (in Polish) Edward Krysciak, II rozbiór Polski Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 27 January 2008
  8. (in Polish) Nr 37 (518) IV kadencja Aneks - Z dziejów parlamentaryzmu polskiego: Zakaz zbytkownych strojów – szczególna uchwała ostatniego Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej
  9. Jan IJ. van der Meer (2002). Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764-1795): A Social System?. Rodopi. p. 142. ISBN 978-90-420-0933-2.
  10. Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1.
  11. Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky; Marshall S. Shatz (1997). A Course in Russian History: The Time of Catherine the Great. M.E. Sharpe. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-56324-526-8.
  12. Norman Davies (30 March 2005). God's Playground: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9.
  13. Norman Davies (30 March 2005). God's Playground: A History of Poland, The Origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9.
  14. Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4.
  15. Encyklopedja powszechna. Orgelbranda. 1866. p. 272.
  16. Norman Davies (2005). God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5.
  17. Henry Smith Williams (1904). The Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor eastern states, China, Japan. Outlook Company. pp. 88–91.
  18. Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1.
  19. Norman Davies (1991). Boże igrzysko. 1. Od początków do roku 1795. Społeczny Inst. Wydawniczy Znak. p. 703. ISBN 978-83-7006-400-6.

Further reading
  • Jones, Robert E., Provincial Development in Russia. Catherine II and Jacob Sievers, Rutgers University Press 1984
  • Robert Howard Lord, The Second Partition of Poland: A Study in Diplomatic History, Harvard University Press, 1915
  • (in Polish) Henryk Kocój, Targowica i sejm grodzieński 1793 w relacjach posła pruskiego Ludwiga Buchholtza, Wydawnictwo UJ, 2004, ISBN 83-233-1840-9
  • (in Polish) Volumina Legum, T.X. Konstytucje Sejmu Grodzieńskiego z 1793 r. Wydał Z. Kaczmarczyk przy współudziale J. Matuszewskiego, M. Sczanieckiego i J. Wąsickiego, Poznań 1952.
  • (in Polish) J. E. Sievers, Jak doprowadziłem do drugiego rozbioru Polski, Warszawa 1992;
  • (in Polish) W. Smoleński, Ze studiów nad historią Sejmu Grodzieńskiego z 1793 r., "Przegląd Historyczny" t. VIII, Warszawa 1919;
  • (in Polish) J. Wąsicki, Diariusze Sejmu Grodzieńskiego 1793 roku, "Czasopismo prawno- historyczne" III, Poznań 1951, s. 356–364;
  • (in Polish) J. Wąsicki, Konfederacja Targowicka i ostatni Sejm Rzeczypospolitej z 1793 r. Studium historyczno-prawne, Poznań 1952;
  • (in Polish) L. Wegner, Sejm Grodzieński ostatni, Poznań 1866.
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