Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich of Russia (Russian: Великий Князь Дмитрий Павлович; 18 September 1891 – 5 March 1942) was a son of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, a grandson of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and a first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II.

Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich
Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich of Russia
Born(1891-09-18)18 September 1891
Ilinskoye Estate, near Moscow, Russian Empire
Died5 March 1942(1942-03-05) (aged 50)
Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland
Burial
Mainau, Lake Constance, Germany
SpouseAudrey Emery (m.1926–div.1937)
IssuePrince Paul Dimitriievich Romanovsky-Ilyinsky
Full name
Dmitri Pavlovich Romanov
HouseHolstein-Gottorp-Romanov
FatherGrand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia
MotherPrincess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark
ReligionRussian Orthodox

His early life was marked by the death of his mother and his father's banishment from Russia after marrying a commoner in 1902. Grand Duke Dimitri and his elder sister Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, to whom he remained very close throughout his life, were raised in Moscow by their paternal uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and his wife Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia, a sister of Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. His uncle was killed in 1905 and as his aunt entered religious life, Dimitri spent a great deal of his youth in the company of Tsar Nicholas II and his immediate family at the Alexander Palace as they viewed him almost like a foster son.

Grand Duke Dimitri followed a military career, graduating from the Nikolaevskoe Cavalry School. He was commissioned as a cornet in the Horse Guards Regiment. An excellent equestrian, he competed in the Olympics games of 1912 in Stockholm. As a grandson of Tsar Alexander II on the male line, he occupied a prominent position as the Russian Imperial court, but he had little interest in his military career, leading instead a fast life. Through his friendship with Felix Yusupov, he took part in the assassination of the mystic peasant Grigori Rasputin, who was seen to have undue influence on the Tsar and his wife.

Banished to the war front in Persia, he escaped the Russian Revolution and emigrated to Western Europe, first to England and later to Paris, where he lived during the 1920s and had a brief but notorious affair with the famous French fashion designer Coco Chanel. He also lived briefly in the United States. In 1926, he married Audrey Emery, an American heiress. The couple had a son before divorcing in 1937.

As the youngest Grand Duke to have survived the Russian Revolution, he was a prominent figure of the Russian community in exile, but he was not interested in politics, supporting instead the claim of his first cousin Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia. By the outbreak of World War II, his health was already in decline and he died of tuberculosis in Davos, Switzerland age 50.

Early life
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, his wife with Grand Duchess Maria Pavlova and Grand Duke Paul with his son Dimitri on his lap

Grand Duke Dimitri was born on 18 September [O.S. 6 September] 1891 at Ilyinskoye, the country estate of his uncle Grand Duke Serge Alexandrovich. He was the second child and only son of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich and his first wife, Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia, born Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark. Dimitri's father, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, was the youngest child of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and his first wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, née Duchess Maximilienne Wilhelmine of Hesse and by Rhine. Dimitri's mother, Alexandra, was a daughter of George I of Greece and Olga Konstantinovna of Russia.[1]

Alexandra, was seven months pregnant with Dimitri when, while she was out with friends, she jumped into a boat, falling as she got in.[2] The next day, she collapsed in the middle of a ball from violent labor pains brought on by the previous day's activities; Dimitri was born in the hours following the accident.[2] Alexandra slipped into a coma from which she never emerged.[2] She died of eclampsia six days after Dmitri's birth.[2] Although doctors had no hope for Dimitri's survival, he still lived, with the help of his uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, who gave the premature Dimitri the baths that were prescribed by the doctors, wrapped him in cotton wool and kept him in a cradle filled with hot water bottles to keep his temperature regulated, the treatment of the time to keep premature babies alive.[2]

Grand Duke Paul was so distraught by the unexpected death of his young wife that he initially neglected his two small children: Dimitri and his older sister Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna.[1] The children were cared for by Paul's elder brother, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who had no children of his own.[1] In his widowhood, Grand Duke Paul settled with his children in his palace in St Petersburg. The children occupied a nursery suite on the second floor, looked after by nurses and attendants.[3] A commander of the Imperial horse Guards, Grand Duke Paul loved his children, but as was customary at the time, he refrained from showing them spontaneous affection. Dimitri and his sister were raised by governesses and tutors, while they adored their father who visited them twice daily.[4] The children spent Christmases and later some summer holidays with Grand Duke Sergei and his wife Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna. The couple set aside a playroom and bedrooms for the youngsters at their country home, Ilinskoe.

Education
Grand Duke Dimitri and his sister Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna jr with their uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, who was their guardian and foster father.

In 1895, Grand Duke Paul began an affair with a married woman, Olga Valerianova Pistolkors. He was able to obtain a divorce for her and he eventually married Olga in 1902, while the couple was staying abroad. As they had married defying Nicholas II's opposition, the Tsar forbade them to return to Russia and Grand Duke Paul was not allowed to take the children with him into exile.[5] Left fatherless, eleven-year-old Dmitri and his twelve-year-old sister were sent to live with their uncle, Grand Duke Sergei, and his wife Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna (the Empress's sister), in Moscow.[6]

The loss of their father and the sudden move to Moscow caused the children great distress.[7] In her memoirs, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna (the Younger) describes Grand Duke Sergei as a stern disciplinarian, and his wife, Grand Duchess Elizabeth as a cold and unwelcoming presence.[8]

Grand Duke Dimitri was educated at home by private tutors. Like all male members of the Romanov family, he was destined to follow a military career which traditionally began for a Grand Duke at the age of seven.[9] This was delayed in Dimitri case until he was nine years old.[9] In the spring of 1901, his education was entrusted to General George Mikhailovich Laiming.[9] Laiming was a warm affectionate man who became devoted to his charge. He moved into the place with his wife and their four-year-old son Boris.[9] In their apartments, Dimitri and his sister enjoyed a warm family environment.[9] In 1903, at the age of twelve, Dimitri was enrolled in the Chevalier Guard regiment following studies at the Calvary Academy.[10]

On 4 February 1905, Grand Duke Sergei, who had recently resigned from the post of Governor-General of Moscow, was assassinated by Ivan Kalyaev, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.[11] Kalyaev, armed with a homemade bomb, had aborted his first attempt to kill the Grand Duke when he spotted Dmitri and Marie with their uncle in his carriage. His uncle's death was only one of several assassinations that robbed Dimitri of close family members.[12] After Sergei's death, Dimitri's father, Grand Duke Paul was allowed to return to Russia to attend the funeral. He asked Nicholas II to restore the custody of his children but instead, Nicholas named Sergei's widow Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna as the children's guardian. Maria Pavlovna continued to have some feelings of anger toward her aunt, whom she would blame for her overly hasty marriage to Prince Wilhem of Sweden in 1908, but Dmitri formed a very strong bond with Elizabeth and came to admire her personal fortitude.[13]

Formative years
Grand Duke Dimitri and the Imperial Family.

Maria Pavlovna's wedding to Prince William took place at Tsarskoe Selo in 1908, and she departed for Sweden with her husband. Elizabeth Feodorovna stayed on for a time at Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo as guests of the Emperor and the Empress. It was during this period that Dmitri began to form a close bond with Nicholas II, looking upon him as a surrogate father. He would join him on his daily walks and seek to spend as much time with him as possible. Nicholas, in turn, treated Dmitri very kindly. He seems to have loved the young man's free spirit and sense of humor, a welcome diversion from the stresses of his daily life.[14]

In 1909, Dmitri left his aunt's care to move to St Petersburg with his head tutor and companion, General Laiming. He lived at his father's vacant palace and then at the Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, which he had inherited from his uncle Grand Duke Sergei and this would become his principal residence until he left Russia. He prepared to enter the Nikolaevskoe Cavalry School. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a cornet in the Horse Guards Regiment, which his father had once commanded and in which he had been enrolled at birth. He was a very good equestrian, and he competed in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics in the Equestrian Individual and Team Jumping events. He placed ninth in Individual Jumping and fifth in Team Jumping. Disappointed in the performance of the Russian team, Dimitri started the idea of a national Russian sports competition, the very beginning of what under Soviet rule became the Spartakiad.[10]

In Spring 1914, Dimitri's father returned to live in Russia settling with his second wife and new family at Tsarskoye Selo. Around the same time, Dimitri's sister, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, who had divorced her husband, returned to Russia moving with Dimitri. A few months later, World War I began. All members of the family joined the war effort. Dimitri served with the Life Guards Horse Regiment, participating in the campaign in East Prussia. During the first weeks of the war he was awarded the Order of St. George after he rescued a wounded corporal under heavy gunfire.[15]

Killing of Rasputin
Grand Duke Dimitri (on the right) next to his father Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich during the war.

In August 1915 when Nicholas II left St. Petersburg to take full command of the Russian armies fighting World War I, his wife Empress Alexandra Feodorovna took on the daily administrative affairs of the government from the capital. Alexandra relyed on Grigori Rasputin, a peasant healer who appeared to have brought her hemophiliac son Alexei, the Tsarevich, back from the brink of death. As Russian defeats mounted during the war, both Rasputin and Alexandra became increasingly unpopular. Eventually, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich joined Felix Yusupov, Vladimir Purishkevich (the leader of the monarchists in the Duma) Dr. Stanislaus de Lazovert and Lieutenant Sergei Mikhailovich Sukhotin, an officer in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, in a conspiracy to kill Grigory Rasputin hoping that ending his influence over the Imperial Family this would have a beneficial effect on the Tsar's policies.

On Friday night 16/17 December (OS), Yusupov, who had visited Rasputin regularly in the past few months for treatment, invited Rasputin to his home. With Stanislaus de Lazovert dressed in a chauffeur uniform, Felix went to Rasputin's home to pick him up. Around 1:30 am, they arrived at Yusupov's Moika Palace where a room in the basement in the east wing had been specially prepared for the killing. For about an hour, Felix entertained the unsuspected Rasputin with red wine until he got him drunk. Then, while both were sitting, Yusupov shot Rasputin at close range using Dimitri's Browning revolver.[16]The bullet entered Rasputin's body from the left side perforating the stomach, liver, and kidney.[17]The wound was lethal, but Rasputin did not die right away bleeding profusely instead. In shock, Yusupov let Rasputin alone to die. He joined his fellow conspirators: Grand Duke Dimitri, politician Vladimir Purishkevich, and army officer Sergei Mikhailovich Sukhotin who were waiting in a ground floor study/drawing-room. Meanwhile, Rasputin, still alive, tried to flee through a side door into a gated courtyard that opened onto the street outside. Alarmed he might escape, Purishkevich then shot Rasputin in the back, on the doorstep.[18] The bullet lodged into the vertebral column. The body was taken inside and Rasputin was shot in the forehead at point-blank range. In a rage, Yusopov kicked Rasputin's corpse with the tip of his military boots smashing the nose, the right eye, and disfiguring the face. Then, the assassins drove to Varshavsky Rail Terminal where they burned Rasputin's clothes and returned to Yusupov's home. At 4.50 a.m. Dimitri drove the men and Rasputin's body, wrapped in a broadcloth, to Petrovskii Bridge that crossed toward Krestovsky Island. About 5 a.m, they threw the body into the Malaya Neva into a hole they made in the ice. All along, Grand Duke Dimitri, who was driving the car, never saw Rasputin.[19]

News of Rasputin's murder spread quickly. That Saturday, an evening newspaper already published details of the assassination correctly identifying the place and some of the details. By Sunday, Dimitri was placed under house arrest. Felix Yusupov, who had tried to flee to Crimea was stopped at the train station. He was then living at his mother-in-law's palace, but on the advice of his uncle by marriage Grand Duke Nicholas Michailovich, he moved to Dimitri's palace for protection as it was only the prerogative of the Tsar to prosecute members of the Imperial family.

Rasputin's body was found on 19 December by a river policeman who was walking on the ice and discovered the frozen body. The post mortem was held the following day. Major-General Popel carried out the investigation of the murder. By this time Dr. Stanislaus de Lazovert and Lieutenant Sergei Mikhailovich Sukhotin had fled from the city. He did interview Grand Duke Dimitri, Felix Yusupov, and Vladimir Purishkevich, but he decided not to charge them with murder.[20]

Exile

Banishement to Persia
Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich in exile, 1921.

As a result of his participation in Rasputin's assassination, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich was banished from the Russian court and was sent to exile to the Persian war front.[21] Pleads for clemency from Romanov relatives on his behalf were dismissed by the Tsar.[22] In the early hours of 6 January  [O.S. 23 December 1916] 1917, Grand Duke Dimitri left Saint Peterburg never to return.[21][23] After four days of travel, he reached Baku on the Caspian sea, sailing the next morning to the southern, Persian shore.[24]

At his arrival in Persia, he was welcomed by his officers as his reputation for the Rasputin assassination had made him popular.[22] He served ten weeks under General Nikolai Baratov who headed the 1st Caucasus Cossack Corps on the Caucasus Front in the Persian city of Kazvin.[24] Within two months Nicholas II was forced to abdicate ending the rule of the Romanov dynasty. General Baratov asked Dimitri to leave since there were rumblings from the lower ranks, and his safety could not be guaranteed. Ronald Wingate entertained Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich when he passed through Najaf. The Provisional Government invited him to return to Russia, but he declined.[21] Lacking both friends and money, he lived precariously. In the summer of 1917, Dimitri left the Russian occupation zone moving to Tehran.[25] Dimitri stayed briefly with General Meidel, then the head of the Persian Cossack Division, before being taken in by the British Minister to Tehran, Sir Charles Murray Marling, and his wife, Lucia. Through 1917 and most of 1918 Grand Duke Dimitri lived with the Marlings.[26]

Sir Charles obtained an honorary commission for Dimitri as a liaison officer with the British Mission and eventually persuaded the British Foreign Office in 1918 that Dimitri would become the next Emperor of Russia, gaining his admission to England after many previous rejections. Marling became an important father figure to Grand Duke Dimitri, and the relationship there established between the Grand Duke and the entire Marling family would prove to be close and enduring.[27]

Interlude in England
Dmitri in exile in the 1920s.

Marling and his family took Dimitri with them when they left Tehran for England at the end of 1918.[25] During the long journey to England in a slow steamer, Grand Duke Dimitri fell ill with typhoid fever in Bombay and nearly died.[25] He had to recuperate in Cairo.[22] In January 1919 he arrived in France via Egypt.[28] He crossed the Mediterranean disembarked in Marseilles continuing by land to Paris. He had kept an apartment at the Hotel Georges V and in France, he learned of the tragic end of many of his Romanovs relatives.[29]The Marlings took him to London where he was reunited with his maternal aunt Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna. She provided him with the money from the proceeds from the sale of his St Petersburg palace, which had gone through before the Bolsheviks seized to power. Dimitri took a room at the Ritz and spent most of his time with his aunt. He went to Sussex and visited Natalia Brasova, his youthful crush. She was devastated but the loss of her husband, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, and Dimitri quickly returned to his own life.

Lady Marling went to see the King's assistant private secretary Lord Cromer to inform him of the grand duke's arrival. But George V was horrified at the development and Dimitri was quickly visited by a Foreign Office representative who asked him to leave Britain, suggesting him to go to Malta. He refused unless the order came directly from George V and the matter was dropped. He was the only Romanov Grand Duke permitted to live in England but his presence was an inconvenience to the British government that did not want to upset the new Bolshevik regime and the Tsar's regime had been seen in Britain as brutal and bloody.

In London, Dimitri was finally reunited with his sister Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna who had escaped Revolutioray Russia though Ukraine with her second husband Prince Putiatin.[28] Dimitri moved with his sister and brother in law taking a house together in South Kensington.[30] The Yusupovs had escaped Russia with the Dowager Tsaritsa and they too settled in London.[30]Felix tried to renew their former friendship but Dimitri avoided him, resenting Yusupov breaking off the oath of silence regarding the event of Rasputin's assassination.[30] Relations between Dimitri and Putiatin also soon soured.[31] In spring 1920, Maria Pavlovna returned to Paris to meet with their stepmother, Princess Olga Paley, and their two half-sisters. She decided to stay in the French capital in order to be close to them.[32] Unhappy in England, Dimitri followed his sister to Paris in the summer of 1920.[32]

Exile in Paris
Grand Duke Dimitri and Coco Chanel in the 1920s.

In Paris, Dimitri took rooms at a hotel until he found a modest two-room apartment.[30] The proceeds from the sale of his St Peterburg palace enabled him to live well but they depleted quickly. He had given generously to other emigres in need and to Russian charities.[30] In the summer of 1921, Dimitri accompanied his sister to Denmark to a reunion with her son Prince Lennart.[30] While in Denmark, Dimitri saw the Marling family again and with his sister visited the Dowager Empress, Maria Feodorovna, who had retired to her villa Hvidore.[33]

With his economic resources depleting, Grand Duke Dimitri found employment serving on the board of a Champagne firm.[34] An American journalist described him around this time as attractive: "He is, in his slender well-groomed person, all that a grand duke should be - especially if you like your grand duke young clean-shaven, and concave at the waistline.[34] He has a figure like Rudolph Valentino".[34] Well known in the Paris scene of the 1920s, Dimitri was then having an affair with opera singer Marthe Davelli.[35] It was through her that Dimitri became close to Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel.[35] "You take him", the singer allegedly offered him to her old friend: "He is too expensive for me".[35] Chanel and Dimitri, who had actually met before in pre-World War I Paris, became lovers.[33] Their relationship lasted around a year. It began in spring 1921 with an off-season stay in Monte Carlo where they tried to live as discreetly as possible.[36][37] Dimitri's sister, Maria Pavlovna, found a niche for herself in the rising Paris fashion industry by founding a business called "Kitmir" that specialized in bead and sequin embroidery and did much work for Chanel.[35] It was Dimitri who introduced Chanel to Ernest Beaux, the perfumer who created Chanel No. 5, her most enduring product.[38] Coco and Dimitri spent a happy summer at a villa near Arcachon.[38] Their romance fizzled out, but they remained friends. Chanel would later comment: " These grand dukes, they are all the same, an admirable face behind which there is nothing, green eyes, broad shoulders, fine hands... the most peaceful people, shyness itself. They drink just not to be afraid. Tall, handsome, superb these Russians are. And behind that is nothing: hollowness and vodka."[39]

As the youngest Grand Duke to have survived the Russian Revolution, Dimitri was a prominent figure of the Russian community in exile. He had been proposed as a potential candidate for the throne by several monarchist groups. During the early 1920s, there was a bitter rivalry between the camps of the supporters of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich and those of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich. While those who supported neither Nicholas nor Kirill advocate for Dimitri's candidacy for the Russian throne.

On 8 August 1922, a makeshift Zemsky Sobor was convened at Priamurye, and Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich was “elected” Emperor. The Grand Duke neither accepted nor refused this empty gesture. Having waited for confirmation of the death of Tsar Nicholas II, his son, and his brother, in 1924 Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich announced (also on August 8) that he would assume “guardianship” of the throne of Russia. Shortly thereafter, on September 13, he issued his manifesto on the assumption of all imperial rights and the title of Emperor. On 25 September 1924, Grand Duke Alexander Michailovich issued an appeal to Russians to stand with Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. It was at this time that Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich, who had no political ambitions for himself, supported instead the claim of his first cousin, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. Grand Duke Dimitri was also active politically. Together with his cousin, Prince Dimitri Alexandrovich, he was very involved in the monarchist youth organizations which sprang up in the years between the wars. By 1923, the largest of these was the “Union of Young Russia” which preached orthodoxy, nationalism, monarchism and peasant collectivism.[40]

Marriage
Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia with his wife Audrey Emery and their son in the 1920s.

In 1923 Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna divorced her second husband and bought a small house at Boulogne-sur-Seine and Dimitri moved with her to the top floor.[33] As he worked at Reims for the champagne company, he was out most of the day but spent the evening with his sister.[33] Invited to a tea party at Versailles with his sister, he met Audrey Emery, a sophisticated and attractive American heiress. Her father was a self-made millionaire and after his death, his mother had married a son of the second Earl of Lichfield.[41] Grand Duke Dmitri had no fortune to offer, but they fell in love and they were married in the Orthodox Church at Biarritz on 21 November 1926.[41] It was a morganatic marriage, and Audrey, who converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Anna Ioannovna in baptism, was granted the title Her Serene Highness, Princess Romanovskaya-Ilyinskaya by his cousin, Grand Duke Kyril. They spent their honeymoon in England where they established their first home.[41] The couple's only child, Paul Romanovsky-Ilyinsky, was born in London in 1928.[41] Paul grew up in France, Britain, and the United States; he served as a US Marine in the Korean War. In 1989, he was elected Mayor of Palm Beach, Florida, and thus became the only Romanov descendant known to have held elected public office. Following the fall of communist Russia in 1991, a delegation of Russian royalists approached him and asked him to assume the title of Tsar, which he declined.[42]

In 1928, the Dowager Empress died, and Grand Duke Kirill was received at the funeral as head of the House of Romanoff by the Royal family of Denmark – it was the last time that the entire Dynasty appeared as a single undivided family and Grand Duke Dmitri was a prominent figure in the proceedings. The youngest of the Grand Dukes, Dimitri Pavlovich frequently represented Grand Duke Kirill at events public, private, and political. He was prominent at the funerals of Constantine I of Greece (1923), Queen Astrid of the Belgians (1935), at the wedding of Grand Duke Kirill’s daughter, Grand Duchess Kira to Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1938), and also at the ceremonies surrounding the accession of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia to the rights of the headship of the Imperial House on the death of his father in 1938.

Grand Duke Dimitri was a noted collector of model trains and was at one point considered to have had one of the largest collections in Europe. During the Nazi annexation of Paris, Dimitri's collection vanished, and it has since been theorized that they were seized by Hermann Göring, a model train collector himself.[43]

In the late 1920s, Grand Duke Dimitri became involved with his cousin, Prince Dimitri Alexandrovich Romanoff in the monarchist youth organizations which sprang up in the years between the wars. By 1923, the largest of these was the Union of Young Russians which was renamed the Union of Mladorossi (Cоюз Младороссов) by 1925. It was a Russian nationalist group influenced by Italian fascism, formed with the express purpose of establishing a "Soviet monarchy" in Russia. He joined this group as a stand-in for Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, who, as pretender to the throne, could not affiliate himself directly with any political organization or party. In 1935, Grand Duke Dimitri gave a series of speeches to Young Russia chapters throughout France. Over the course of the next few years, however, he grew very disillusioned with the group, and he ultimately broke with it entirely. He loathed Hitler and National Socialism, and he spoke out publicly against Hitler in January 1939.[44] Grand Duke Dimitri reputedly rebuked later advances from Hitler to lead exiled Russian nobles within the German army against the Bolsheviks with the firm statement that nothing would induce him to fight against fellow Russians.

Last years

Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich and his wife could afford a very opulent lifestyle with homes in London, Biarritz, Neuilly-sur-Seine, and Château de Beaumesnil near Caen, and visits to America.[41] After ten years of marriage, they were divorced in 1937.[45] Dimitri then lived at the Château de Beaumesnil in Beaumesnil, Eure, France, which he had bought in 1927. Over the years, Dimitri became disappointed with the prospects for the restoration of the monarchy in Russia and withdrew from public life. He lived at the Château de Beaumesnil until 1938 when, due to the deterioration of his health, he sold the château.

In 1937, his ex-wife remarried. His son was at school in England, but Dimitri was able to spend the school days holidays with him until 1939 when it was decided to send Paul to America for safety. [45]They saw each other for the last time in Genoa spending three days before Paul embarked to America.[46]

Despite not having strong health, Grand Duke Dimitri was, for most of his life, a very active sportsman, excelling at polo, horse riding, tennis, and bobsledding. His doctors in London and Davos estimated that he first contracted tuberculosis around 1929, which ran a chronic course. He entered the Sanatorium Schatzalp in Davos Switzerland on 2 September 1939, the day after the German invasion of Poland, and remarked in a letter to his sister that he had never before spent a single night in any kind of hospital or medical institution. His health began a steady decline in August 1940. In the autumn of that year, he underwent an unsuccessful operation and was confined to bed for three months afterward.[47] After two more operations, in January and February 1941, the doctors spoke optimistically.[47] From the safety of the sanatorium in Davos, Dimitri followed with great interest the events of World War II writing to a friend on 10 April 1940, on the eve of the collapse of France "everything stars looking petty in comparison with world events".[48]

On 4 March 1942, Grand Duke Dimitri organized a Russian festival to entertained himself with his friend and the staff.[45] The celebration continued until late into the night.[45] The next day in the morning Dimitri suffered a sudden attack of uremia and died at the age of fifty.[45] He was laid to rest in the Waldfriedhof, Davos. After the death of Dimitri's sister Maria Pavlovna in December 1958, his nephew, Prince Lennart Bernadotte, had him buried alongside his sister, in the chapel of his castle on the island of Mainau in Lake Constance, where they now lie beside his sister in the Bernadotte family crypt.[49]


Ancestors

Notes
  1. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 43
  2. Hayter-Menzies, Grand Duke Dimitri Palovich p. 48
  3. Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818–1959, p. 141.
  4. Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818–1959, p. 142.
  5. Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818–1959, p. 166.
  6. Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818–1959, p. 167.
  7. See letter of Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich to Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, 27 October 1939. Dimitri and Maria resented their aunt and uncle, blaming them for the forced separation from their real father, who had abandoned them. The original is in the family archive at Insel Mainau, home of the late Count Lennart Bernadotte
  8. Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna (1931) "Education of a Princess". The Viking Press.
  9. Hall & Beeche, The Romanovs 1818–1959, p. 176.
  10. Hayter-Menzies, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich, p. 51.
  11. Hayter-Menzies, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich, p. 50.
  12. His paternal grandfather, Alexander II, was murdered by revolutionary terrorists in 1881, and his maternal grandfather, George I of Greece, would be shot by an assassin in 1913. His father, Paul, and half-brother Vladimir ("Bodya") Paley would be murdered by the Bolsheviks in January 1919.
  13. "Diaries of Grand Duke Dmitri". Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  14. Dmitri wrote several letters to his sister during his stay with Nicholas and Alexandra, describing how much he was enjoying himself there. The original letters survive in the Bernadotte family archive on the Island of Mainau. His later correspondence with Nicholas II, from 1908-1914, would fall into the hands of the Bolsheviks and be published in 1925 in "Nicholas II and the Grand Dukes" ["Николай II и Великие Князья"], edited by V.P. Semennikov.
  15. Hayter-Menzies, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich, p. 52.
  16. Nelipa, Killing Rasputin, loc 4977
  17. Nelipa, Killing Rasputin, loc 5829
  18. Nelipa, Killing Rasputin, loc 5043
  19. Nelipa, Killing Rasputin, loc 5141
  20. His own letters and diary entries, at times, written under emotional duress as he relived events that would as always disturb him greatly, support the conventional historical account of the assassination. His final break with Yusupov in London in 1920 is documented in letters exchanged between the two men, none of which have ever been published. The originals are all part of the Ilyinsky family collection, along with Pavlovich's diaries. Pavlovich, who, as an adolescent, had envisioned Nicholas II as a 'man of action' and admired him greatly, was disillusioned by the Tsar's attitude and behavior during the war years. Like many other grand dukes, he had unsuccessfully tried to warn Nicholas of what he saw as Russia's imminent peril. The assassination was, in his conception, a patriotic act and one of desperation, but he almost immediately regretted it and would later describe on several occasions in his letters and diaries the disgust and remorse that he felt about his own involvement in the affair. Yusupov was, in 1920, offered a chance to speak about the assassination on a US lecture tour, the profits from which would go to the Red Cross, and it was his interest in pursuing the tour that proved to be the last straw in his relationship with Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich.
  21. Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 175
  22. Hayter-Menzies, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich p. 54
  23. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 136.
  24. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 137.
  25. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 214.
  26. Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 176
  27. See Sir Charles's correspondence with the Foreign Office, preserved at the Public Records Office, Kew, UK. Nikolai Nikolaevich's papers are at the Hoover Institute, Stanford, and Pavlovich's diaries likewise provide a detailed account of his life in Persia, his relationship with the Marlings and his attempts to gain entry to England.
  28. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 256.
  29. The Russian Revolution was disastrous to Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich's family. Prince Vladimir Paley, Dimitri's half-brother was arrested in St. Petersburg on March 26, 1918, along with three sons of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, a grandson of Nicholas I: Prince Ioann, Prince Konstantin, and Prince Igor. On July 18, 1918, the day after the execution of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, Dimitri's half-brother Prince Vladimir Paley, Prince Ioann, Prince Konstantin, Prince Igor, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, Dimitri's aunt and his former guardian, were murdered by the Bolsheviks.
  30. Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 178
  31. Vassiliev, Beauty in Exile, p. 161
  32. Vassiliev, Beauty in Exile, p. 163
  33. Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 179
  34. Hayter-Menzies, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich, p. 55.
  35. Hayter-Menzies, Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich, p. 56.
  36. Diary of Grand Duke Dmitri, March/April 1921
  37. Rumours that Pavlovich was bisexual have never been substantiated, and they are firmly contradicted by his own letters and diaries.
  38. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 262.
  39. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 263.
  40. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 300.
  41. Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 180
  42. Xavier Waterkeyn Assassination: Political murder through the ages New Holland Publishers p. 111 ISBN 978-1-74110-566-7
  43. Carp, Roger (May 2007). "Odyssey in O Gauge" (PDF). Classic Toy Trains.
  44. Unpublished letter of Constantine de Grunwald to Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, 3 June 1939, Mainau.
  45. Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 181
  46. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 310.
  47. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 312.
  48. Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 311.
  49. There is no cause listed on his death certificate, and all of Schatzalp's medical records were destroyed after the conversion of the sanatorium into a hotel in the 1950s. His son believed he had died of tuberculosis, and his cousin Prince Michael Feodorovich of Russia cited uremia, and his New York Times obituary cited uremia as well. Rumors of murder sprang up locally but have never been substantiated, and there was no police investigation.William Lee, "Leben und Sterben in Davos," in Davoser Revue, 2000.
gollark: Go has its own *assembly language* because of course.
gollark: When someone asked for monotonic time to be exposed properly, GUESS WHAT, they decided to "fix" the whole thing in the most Go way possible by "transparently" adding monotonic time to the existing time handling, in some bizarre convoluted way which was a breaking change for lots of code and which limited the range time structs could represent rather a lot.
gollark: Rust, which is COOL™, has monotonic time and system time and such as separate types. Go did *not* have monotonic time for ages, but *did* have an internal function for it which wasn't exposed because of course.
gollark: That article describes, among other things, somewhat poor filesystem interaction handling, and a really stupid way monotonic time was handled.
gollark: https://fasterthanli.me/articles/i-want-off-mr-golangs-wild-ride

References
  • Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia. Once a Grand Duke. Cassell, London, 1932, ASIN: B000J3ZFL2
  • Chavchavadze, David. The Grand Dukes, Atlantic, 1989, ISBN 0-938311-11-5
  • Crawford, Rosemary and Donald, Michael and Natasha. Scribner, 1997. ISBN 978-0684834306
  • Hall, Coryne & Beeche, Arturo. The Romanovs: An Imperial Tragedy. Royal Collections Volume II. Eurohistory, 2017. ISBN 978-1-944207-07-6.
  • Hayter-Menzies, Grant. Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich. Published in The Other Grand Dukes. Eurohistory, 2012. ISBN 9780985460396
  • King, Greg. The Court of the Last Tsar. Wiley, 2006. ISBN 978-0-471-72763-7.
  • King, Greg & Wilson, Penny. The Romanovs Adrift: The Russian Imperial Family in 1913–1919. Eurohistory and Kensington House Books. 2018. ISBN 978-1944207106
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  • Grand Duchess Marie of Russia, A Princess in Exile, 1932, ASIN: B000TG41CS
  • Nelipa, Margarita. Killing Rasputin: The Murder that Ended the Russian Empire. WildBlue Press, 2017, ASIN: B0716TZ41H
  • Perry, John and Pleshakov, Constantine. The Flight of the Romanovs. Basic Books, 1999, ISBN 0-465-02462-9.
  • Van der Kiste, John. The Romanovs 1818–1959. Sutton Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-7509-2275-3.
  • Vassiliev, Alexandre. Beauty in Exile: The artist, models and nobility who fled the Russian revolution and influenced the world of Fashion. Harry N. Abrams, 2001. ISBN 0-8109-5701-9
  • Warwick, Christopher. Ella: Princess, Saint and Martyr, Wiley, 2007 ISBN 0-470-87063-X
  • Youssoupoff, Prince Félix, Mémoires. Paris 1990 (reprint).
  • Zeepvat, Charlotte. The Camera and the Tsars. Sutton Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-7509-3049-7.
  • Zeepvat, Charlotte. Romanov Autumn: stories from the last century of Imperial Russia. Sutton Publishing, 2000. ISBN 9780750923378
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