Fugue state

Dissociative fugue, formerly fugue state or psychogenic fugue, is a dissociative disorder[1] and a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality, and other identifying characteristics of individuality. The state can last days, months or longer. Dissociative fugue usually involves unplanned travel or wandering and is sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity. It is a facet of dissociative amnesia, according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

For the New York City-based publisher, see Fugue State Press.
Fugue state
Other namesFugue state, psychogenic fugue
SpecialtyPsychiatry

After recovery from a fugue state, previous memories usually return intact, and further treatment is unnecessary. Additionally, an episode of fugue is not characterized as attributable to a psychiatric disorder if it can be related to the ingestion of psychotropic substances, to physical trauma, to a general medical condition, or to dissociative identity disorder, delirium, or dementia.[2] Fugues are precipitated by a series of long-term traumatic episodes. It is most commonly associated with childhood victims of sexual abuse who learn over time to dissociate memory of the abuse (dissociative amnesia).

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of a dissociative fugue include mild confusion and once the fugue ends, possible depression, grief, shame, and discomfort. People have also experienced a post-fugue anger.[3] Another symptom of the fugue state can consist of loss of one's identity.[4]

Diagnosis

A doctor may suspect dissociative fugue when people seem confused about their identity or are puzzled about their past or when confrontations challenge their new identity or absence of one. The doctor reviews symptoms and does a physical examination to exclude physical disorders that may contribute to or cause memory loss.

Sometimes dissociative fugue cannot be diagnosed until people return to their pre-fugue identity and are distressed to find themselves in unfamiliar circumstances, sometimes with awareness of "lost time". The diagnosis is usually made retroactively when a doctor reviews the history and collects information that documents the circumstances before people left home, the travel itself, and the establishment of an alternative life.

Functional amnesia can also be situation-specific, varying from all forms and variations of traumas or generally violent experiences, with the person experiencing severe memory loss for a particular trauma. Committing homicide; experiencing or committing a violent crime such as rape or torture; experiencing combat violence; attempting suicide; and being in automobile accidents and natural disasters have all induced cases of situation-specific amnesia (Arrigo & Pezdek, 1997; Kopelman, 2002a). As Kopelman (2002a) notes, however, care must be exercised in interpreting cases of psychogenic amnesia when there are compelling motives to feign memory deficits for legal or financial reasons. However, although some fraction of psychogenic amnesia cases can be explained in this fashion, it is generally acknowledged that true cases are not uncommon. Both global and situationally-specific amnesia are often distinguished from the organic amnesic syndrome, in that the capacity to store new memories and experiences remains intact. Given the very delicate and oftentimes dramatic nature of memory loss in such cases, there usually is a concerted effort to help the person recover their identity and history. This will allow the subject to be recovered sometimes spontaneously when particular cures are encountered.

Definition

The cause of the fugue state is related to dissociative amnesia, (DSM-IV Codes 300.12 [5]) which has several other subtypes:[6] selective amnesia, generalised amnesia, continuous amnesia, and systematised amnesia, in addition to the subtype dissociative fugue.[1]

Unlike retrograde amnesia (which is popularly referred to simply as "amnesia", the state where someone forgets events before brain damage), dissociative amnesia is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, DSM-IV Codes 291.1 & 292.83) or a neurological or other general medical condition (e.g., amnestic disorder due to a head trauma, DSM-IV Codes 294.0).[7] It is a complex neuropsychological process.[8]

As the person experiencing a dissociative fugue may have recently suffered the reappearance of an event or person representing an earlier life trauma, the emergence of an armoring or defensive personality seems to be for some, a logical apprehension of the situation.

Therefore, the terminology fugue state may carry a slight linguistic distinction from dissociative fugue, the former implying a greater degree of motion. For the purposes of this article, then, a fugue state occurs while one is acting out a dissociative fugue.

The DSM-IV [1] defines dissociative fugue as:

  • sudden, unexpected travel away from home or one's customary place of work, with inability to recall one's past
  • confusion about personal identity, or the assumption of a new identity
  • significant distress or impairment

The Merck Manual [9] defines dissociative fugue as:

One or more episodes of amnesia in which the inability to recall some or all of one's past and either the loss of one's identity or the formation of a new identity occur with sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home.

In support of this definition, the Merck Manual [9] further defines dissociative amnesia as:

An inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by normal forgetfulness.

Prognosis

The DSM-IV-TR states that the fugue may have a duration from days to months, and recovery is usually rapid. However, some cases may be refractory. An individual usually has only one episode.

Cases
  • Shirley Ardell Mason, also known as "Sybil", would disappear and then reappear with no recollection of what happened during the time span. She recalls "being here and then not here" and having no identity of herself; it is claimed she also had dissociative identity disorder.
  • Jody Roberts, a reporter for the Tacoma News Tribune, disappeared in 1985, only to be found 12 years later in Sitka, Alaska, living under the name of "Jane Dee Williams". While there were some initial suspicions that she had been faking amnesia, some experts have come to believe that she genuinely experienced a protracted fugue state.[10]
  • David Fitzpatrick, who had dissociative fugue disorder, was profiled on Five's television series Extraordinary People. He entered a fugue state on December 4, 2005, and is still working on regaining his entire life's memories.[11]
  • Hannah Upp, a teacher originally from Salem, Oregon,[12] was given a diagnosis of dissociative fugue[13] after she had disappeared from her New York home in August 2008 and was rescued from the New York Harbor 20 days later. News coverage at the time focused on her refusal to speak to detectives right after she was found [12] and that she was seen checking her email at Apple Stores while she was missing.[14][15][16] This coverage has since led to criticism of the often "condemning and discrediting"[13] attitude toward dissociative conditions. On September 3, 2013, she went into another fugue, disappearing from her new job as a teacher's assistant [17] at Crossway Community Montessori in Kensington, Maryland. She was found unharmed September 5, 2013, in Wheaton, Maryland.[18] As of September 14, 2017, she is missing again; she was last seen near Sapphire Beach in her home in St. Thomas right before Hurricane Maria.[19] Her mother and a group of friends are currently searching for her in the Virgin Islands and surrounding areas.[20]
  • Jeff Ingram appeared in Denver in 2006 with no memory of his name or where he was from. After his appearance on national television, to appeal for help identifying himself, his fiancée, Penny, called Denver police identifying him. The episode was diagnosed as dissociative fugue. Ingram has experienced three incidents of amnesia: in 1994, 2006, and 2007.[21]
  • Doug Bruce "came to" on a subway train claiming to have no memory of his name or where he was from, nor any identification documents.
  • Bruneri-Canella case
  • Benjaman Kyle
  • Agatha Christie
gollark: Because we do, in fact, need to produce things.
gollark: We could stop COVID-19 from spreading if we forcibly confined everyone to their homes or something. But this would be a terrible idea.
gollark: Though saying "we'll just magically fix everything for Easter" isn't... really good in either way.
gollark: You have to make tradeoffs between saving lives now and keeping the economy from imploding, and can't just go "we'll save one extra life even if it costs a trillion $".
gollark: We use a lot of economic output on stuff like healthcare and education and whatnot which have a large impact on future quality of life.

See also

References
  1. Dissociative Fugue (formerly Psychogenic Fugue) (DSM-IV 300.13, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition)
  2. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. ISBN 9780890425541.
  3. The Merck Manual
  4. "What Is Dissociative Fugue?". WebMD. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  5. "Dissociative Amnesia, DSM-IV Codes 300.12 ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition )". Psychiatryonline.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  6. Dissociative Amnesia, DSM-IV Code 300.12 ( PsychNet-UK.com ) Archived November 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  7. Complete List of DSM-IV Codes ( PsychNet-UK.com ) Archived January 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Background to Dissociation ( The Pottergate Centre for Dissociation & Trauma )". Dissociation.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  9. Merck Manual 1999 section 15 (Psychiatric Disorders), chapter 188 (Dissociative Disorders)
  10. "Experts say that Roberts may indeed have amnesia | Juneau Empire - Alaska's Capital City Online Newspaper". Juneau Empire. 1997-07-17. Archived from the original on 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  11. "Shows". Five.
  12. The Associated Press (2008-09-16). "Update: Missing Oregon teacher rescued from Long Island Sound". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  13. Aviv, Rachel (2018-03-26). "How a Young Woman Lost Her Identity". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  14. "Hannah Upp Updates Her Status, Remembers Little". Gothamist. Archived from the original on 2015-03-22.
  15. "A Life, Interrupted". The New York Times. 2009-03-01.
  16. "Missing New York City School Teacher Spotted in Apple Store". Fox News. 2008-09-09. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  17. Mimica, Mila (2013-09-05). "Md. Woman With Rare Form of Amnesia Located". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  18. "Hannah Upp of Kensington found in Wheaton, Md". wusa9.com. 2013-09-05. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  19. "Community asked to help search for missing teacher Hannah Upp". Virgin Island Daily News. September 19, 2017.
  20. Staff, SUZANNE CARLSON Daily News. "Hannah Upp's mother asks for help in the search for her missing daughter". The Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  21. "For Man With Amnesia, Love Repeats Itself". NPR. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
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