Frederick Temple

Frederick Temple (30 November 1821 – 23 December 1902) was an English academic, teacher and churchman, who served as Bishop of Exeter (1869-1885), Bishop of London (1885-1896) and Archbishop of Canterbury (1896-1902).

The Most Reverend and Right Honourable Frederick Temple D.D.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Church	Church of England
Diocese	Canterbury
Appointed	1896
Installed	1896
Term ended	23 December 1902
Predecessor	Edward White Benson
Successor	Randall Davidson
Personal details
Born	(1821-11-30)30 November 1821 Santa Maura, Ionian Islands
Died	23 December 1902(1902-12-23) (aged 81) London, England
Buried	Canterbury Cathedral
Nationality	English
Denomination	Anglican
Parents	Octavius Temple & Dorcas Carveth
Spouse	Beatrice Blanche Lascelles

Ordination history of Frederick Temple
History Diaconal ordination Ordained by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford Date 1846 Priestly ordination Ordained by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford Date 1847 Episcopal consecration Principal consecrator John Jackson, Bishop of London Co-consecrators Connop Thirlwall, Bishop of St David's Harold Browne, Bishop of Ely Date 21 December 1869 Place Westminster Abbey
Source(s): DNB1912

Arms of Frederick Temple, Bishop of Exeter. Escutcheon on screen of St Mary the Virgin Church, Washfield, Devon, which church was restored between 1871–4, during his tenure as Bishop.[1] The arms are the See of Exeter impaling Temple (as for Temple baronets and Viscount Cobham of Stowe House, Buckinghamshire): Or, an eagle displayed sable (Temple), quartering: Argent, two bars sable each charged with three martlets or (Temple)

Early life

Temple was born in Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands, the son of Major Octavius Temple, who was subsequently appointed lieutenant-governor of Sierra Leone. On his retirement, Major Temple settled in Devon and contemplated a farming life for his son Frederick, giving him a practical training to that end.[2]

Temple's grandfather was William Johnson Temple, Rector of Mamhead in Devon, who is mentioned several times in James Boswell's Life of Johnson.[3]

Temple was sent to Blundell's School, Tiverton, and soon showed signs of being suited to a different career. He retained a warm affection for the school, where he did well both academically and at physical activities, especially walking. The family was not wealthy, and Temple knew he would have to earn his own living. He took the first step by winning a Blundell scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford,[4] before he was seventeen.[2]

The Tractarian Movement had begun five years earlier, but the memorable Tract 90 had not yet been written. In the intellectual and religious excitement, he drew closer to the camp of "the Oxford Liberal Movement." In 1842 he took a double first and was elected fellow of Balliol, and lecturer in mathematics and logic. Four years later he was ordained, and, with the aim of improving the education of the very poor, he accepted the headship of Kneller Hall, a college founded by the government for the training of masters of workhouses and penal schools. The experiment was not successful, and Temple himself advised its abandonment in 1855. He then accepted a school-inspectorship, which he held until he went to teach at Rugby School in 1858. In the meantime he had attracted the admiration of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and in 1856 he was appointed Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria. In 1857 he was select preacher at his university.[2]

Rugby

At Rugby School, Thomas Arnold had died in 1842 and had been succeeded by Archibald Campbell Tait, who again was followed by Edward Meyrick Goulburn. Upon the resignation of the latter the trustees appointed Temple, who in that year (1858) had taken the degrees of B.D. and D.D. His life at Rugby School was marked by great energy and bold initiative.[2]

Temple strengthened the school's academic reputation in the classics, but also instituted scholarships in natural science, built a laboratory, and recognised the importance of these subjects. He reformed the sporting activities, in spite of all the traditions of the playing fields. His own tremendous powers of work and rough manner intimidated the pupils, but he soon became popular, and raised the school's reputation. His school sermons made a deep impression on the boys, teaching loyalty, faith and duty.[2]

It was two years after he had taken up his work at Rugby that the volume entitled Essays and Reviews caused a controversy. The first essay in the book, "The Education of the World," was by Temple. The authors of the volume were responsible only for their respective articles, but some of these were deemed so destructive that many people banned the whole book, and a noisy demand, led by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, called on the headmaster of Rugby to dissociate himself from his comrades. Temple's essay had dealt with the intellectual and spiritual growth of the race, and had pointed out the contributions made respectively by the Hebrews, the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans, and others. Though accepted as harmless, it was blamed for being in the book. Temple refused to repudiate his associates, and it was only at a much later date (1870) that he decided to withdraw his essay. In the meantime, he printed a volume of his Rugby sermons, to show definitely what his own religious position was.[2]

In politics Temple was a follower of William Ewart Gladstone, and he approved of the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland. He also wrote and spoke in favour of the Elementary Education Act 1870 of William Edward Forster, and was an active member of the Endowed Schools Commission.[2]

In 1869, Gladstone offered him the deanery of Durham, but he declined because he wanted to stay at Rugby School. When later in the same year, however, Henry Phillpotts, bishop of Exeter, died, the prime minister turned again to Temple, and he accepted the bishopric of the city he knew so well.[2]

"He has displayed ability in the free handling of religious subjects, and has nevertheless been made a Bishop"
As Bishop of Exeter, by "Coïdé" (James Tissot) in Vanity Fair, 1869

Bishoprics

The appointment caused a fresh controversy; George Anthony Denison, Archdeacon of Taunton, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and others formed a strong committee of protest, while Edward Pusey declared that "the choice was the most frightful enormity ever perpetrated by a prime minister". At the confirmation of his election, counsel was instructed to object to it, and in the voting the chapter was divided. Gladstone stood firm, and Temple was consecrated on 21 December 1869, by John Jackson, Bishop of London.[5] There were murmurings among his clergy against what they deemed his harsh control, but his real kindness soon made itself felt, and, during the sixteen years of his tenure, he overcame the prejudices against him, so that when, on the death of John Jackson in 1885, he was translated to London, the appointment gave general satisfaction. In 1884 he was Bampton Lecturer, taking for his subject "The Relations between Religion and Science." In 1885 he was elected honorary fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.[2]

Temple's tenancy of the bishopric of London saw him working harder than ever. His normal working day at this time was one of fourteen or fifteen hours, though under the strain blindness was rapidly coming on. Many of his clergy and candidates for ordination thought him a rather terrifying person, enforcing almost impossible standards of diligence, accuracy and preaching efficiency, but his manifest devotion to his work and his zeal for the good of the people won him general confidence. In London he continued as a tireless temperance worker, and the working class instinctively recognised him as their friend. When, in view of his growing blindness, he offered to resign the bishopric, he was urged to reconsider his proposal, and on the sudden death of Edward White Benson in 1896, though now seventy-six years of age, he accepted the see of Canterbury.[6]

Archbishop of Canterbury

As archbishop he presided in 1897 over the decennial Lambeth Conference. In the same year Temple and Archbishop of York William Maclagan issued a joint response to Apostolicae curae, an encyclical of the pope which denied the validity of Anglican orders. In 1899 the archbishops again acted together, when an appeal was addressed to them by the united episcopate, to rule on the use of incense in divine service and on the carrying of lights in liturgical processions. After hearing the arguments the two archbishops decided against both practices.[7] During his archbishopric Temple was deeply distressed by the divisions which were weakening the Anglican Church, and many of his most memorable sermons were calls for unity.[8]

Painting by Sydney Prior Hall depicting Archbishop Temple's collapse in the House of Lords while delivering a speech on the Education Bill, 1902.

His first charge as primate on "Disputes in the Church" was felt to be a most powerful plea for a more catholic and a more charitable temper, and again and again during the closing years of his life he came back to this same theme. He was zealous also in the cause of foreign missions, and in a sermon preached at the opening of the new century he urged that a supreme obligation rested upon Britain at this epoch in the world's history to seek to evangelise all nations. In 1900 he presided over the World Temperance Congress in London, and on one occasion preached in the interests of women's education.[8]

On 9 August 1902, he discharged the important duties of his office at the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, and two days later was received in private audience by the King and Queen to be presented with the Royal Victorian Chain, a new decoration founded by the King in honour of his mother.[9] In early October that year he visited St. David's Theological College in Lampeter, Wales, for its 75th anniversary.[10] The strain at his advanced age told upon his health, however. During a speech which he delivered in the House of Lords on 2 December 1902 on the Education Bill of that year, he was taken ill, and, though he revived sufficiently to finish his speech, he never fully recovered, and died on 23 December 1902. He was interred in Canterbury Cathedral four days later, where his grave is located in the cloister garden. His second son, William Temple, became Archbishop of Canterbury thirty-nine years later and is buried close to him.[8]

Science and religion

Temple had a lifelong interest in the relationship between science and religion. In 1860 at the famous meeting of the British Association which saw the debate between Thomas Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce, Temple preached a sermon welcoming the insights of evolution.[11] In his Eight Brampton Lectures on the Relations between Religion and Science (1884) Temple stated clearly that "doctrine of Evolution is in no sense whatever antagonistic to the teachings of Religion".[12] These lectures also addressed the origin and nature of scientific, and of religious belief and the apparent conflicts between science and religion on free will and supernatural power.

Memorials

The Temple Reading Room and Museum at Rugby School is named after him, and contains an 1869 bust of him by Thomas Woolner. There is a fine memorial in Canterbury Cathedral at the east end in the Corona depicting Temple kneeling in prayer. The West Window of Exeter Cathedral also depicts him amongst the great figures of the cathedral's history shown there.

Honors

Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1897.[13]

Notes

1. Smith, p. 5.
2. Chisholm 1911, p. 601.
3. Naylor & Naylor 1916, p. 34.
4. Jones 2014.
5. "Consecration of Dr Temple... (col. 4)". Church Times (#360). 24 December 1869. p. 511. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 26 June 2018 – via UK Press Online archives.
6. Chisholm 1911, pp. 601–602.
7. The archbishops on the lawfulness of the liturgical use of incense and the carrying of lights in procession. Lambeth Palace, 31 July 1899
8. Chisholm 1911, p. 602.
9. "Court Circular". The Times (36844). London. 12 August 1902. p. 8.
10. "The Primate in Wales". The Times (36889). London. 3 October 1902. p. 8.
11. Polkinghorne 1998, p. 7.
12. Temple 1903, Lecture iv.
13. "Members Directory". American Antiquarian Society.

References

• Polkinghorne, John (1998). Science and theology. SPCK/Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-3153-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jones, John (11 August 2014). "Balliol Archives". balliol.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Naylor, Robert; Naylor, John (1916). From John O' Groats to Land's End. London: Caxton.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Smith, Francis, St Mary the Virgin Church, Washfield (church guide booklet ed.), p. 5
• Temple, Frederick (1903), "Lecture IV: The Relations Between Religion and Science", Eight Lectures Preached Before the University of Oxford in the Year 1884

Attribution

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Temple, Frederick" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 601–602.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Endnotes:
  • Sandford, E.G., ed. (1906). Memoirs of Archbishop Temple by "Seven Friends".
  • Sandford, E.G. (1907). Frederick Temple: An Appreciation., with biographical introduction by William Temple

Further reading

• Hinchliff, Peter (1998). Frederick Temple Archbishop of Canterbury. A Life.
• Stephens, Henry Morse (1912). "Temple, Frederick" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• Spooner, H. M.; Chapman, Mark D. "Temple, Frederick (1821–1902)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36451. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

External links

• Works by Frederick Temple at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Frederick Temple at Internet Archive
• Frederick Temple at Find a Grave
• Archbishop Temple's papers are held at Lambeth Palace Library

Church of England titles
Preceded by Henry Phillpotts	Bishop of Exeter 1869–1885	Succeeded by Edward Henry Bickersteth
Preceded by John Jackson	Bishop of London 1885–1896	Succeeded by Mandell Creighton
Preceded by Edward White Benson	Archbishop of Canterbury 1896–1902	Succeeded by Randall Davidson