Frankia

Frankia is a genus of nitrogen-fixing, bacteria that live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the Rhizobium bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes in the family Fabaceae. Frankia also initiate the forming of root nodules.

This article is about the filamentous bacteria. For the Frankish empire, see Francia. For the plant, see Phyllanthus.

Frankia
An alder root nodule.
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Frankiales
Family: Frankiaceae
Genus: Frankia
Brunchorst, 1886[1]
Species
  • F. alni (Woronin 1866) Von Tubeuf 1895
  • F. asymbiotica
  • Ca. F. californiensis Normand et al. 2017[2]
  • F. canadensis Normand et al. 2018[3]
  • F. casuarinae
  • F. coriariae
  • Ca. F. datiscae Persson et al. 2011
  • F. discariae
  • F. elaeagni
  • F. inefficax
Synonyms

Frankiella Maire and Tison 1909

This genus was originally named by Jørgen Brunchorst, in 1886 to honor the German biologist Albert Bernhard Frank.[4] Brunchorst considered the organism he had identified to be a filamentous fungus. Becking redefined the genus in 1970 as containing prokaryotic actinomycetes and created the family Frankiaceae within the Actinomycetales. He retained the original name of Frankia for the genus.[5]

A section through an alder root nodule

Overview

Most Frankia strains are specific to different plant species. The bacteria are filamentous and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia via the enzyme nitrogenase, a process known as nitrogen fixation. They do this while living in root nodules on actinorhizal plants. The bacteria can supply most or all of the nitrogen requirements of the host plant. As a result, actinorhizal plants colonise and often thrive in soils that are low in plant nutrients.[6]

Several Frankia genomes are now available which may help clarify how the symbiosis between prokaryote and plant evolved, how the environmental and geographical adaptations occurred, the metabolic diversity, and the horizontal gene flow among the symbiotic prokaryotes.[6]

Frankia can resist low concentration of heavy metals such as, Cu, Co, and Zn.[7]Frankia may be an advantage for degraded soil. Degraded soil is known as soil that is heavy metal rich or nutrient depleted due to a drought. Frankia is a nitrogen-fixed organism, explaining why it is able to resist heavy metals.[8]

Frankia is a gram-positive Bacteria that is found on the roots of plants. The fact that Frankia is gram-positive means that the bacteria is made up of thick cell walls made out of protein called peptidologlycan. This helps with the resistance of the heavy metals that may be in the degraded soil.[9]

Frankia tolerates a narrow temperature and soil pH range. It grows best at around 30 degrees Celsius with an environment pH between 6.5 and 7.[10] These facts shows that Frankia is very sensitive to its environment. Though Frankia would not be suitable for all agriculture it does demonstrate possibilities in select areas, or in temperature controlled environments.

Symbiont plants
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gollark: The master password isn't the one for the wallet.
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gollark: Sure?
gollark: Well, your private key is whatever is set as the password for your wallet. Though sometimes it's in the KWallet format, which is hashed and has bits appended or whatever.

References
  1. Brunchorst, J. "Uber einige Wurzelanschwellungen, besonders diejenigen von Alnus und den Elaegnaceen." Botanische Institut Tubingen (1886) 2:151-177.
  2. Normand P, Nguyen TV, Battenberg K, Berry AM, Heuvel BV, Fernandez MP, Pawlowski K. (2017). "Proposal of 'Candidatus Frankia californiensis', the uncultured symbiont in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of a phylogenetically broad group of hosts endemic to western North America". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 67 (10): 3706–3715. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002147. PMID 28884663. S2CID 41316476.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. Normand P, Nouioui I, Pujic P, Fournier P, Dubost A, Schwob G, Klenk HP, Nguyen A, Abrouk D, Herrera-Belaroussi A, Pothier JF, Pflüger V, Fernandez MP. (2018). "Frankia canadensis sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of Alnus incana subspecies rugosa". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 68 (9): 3001–3011. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002939. PMID 30059001.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. Pawlowski, Katharina (2009-06-17). Prokaryotic Symbionts in Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 107. ISBN 9783540754602.
  5. Frankia taxonomy
  6. Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants
  7. Abdel‐lateif, Khalid Salah El dein; Mansour, Samira R.; El‐Badawy, Mohamed F.; Shohayeb, Mohamed M. (2018). "Isolation and molecular characterization of Frankia strains resistant to some heavy metals". Journal of Basic Microbiology. 58 (9): 720–729. doi:10.1002/jobm.201800122. ISSN 1521-4028. PMID 29962068.
  8. El dein Abdel-lateif, Khalid Salah; Mansour, Samira R.; El-Badawy, Mohamed F.; Shohayeb, Mohamed M. (September 2018). "Isolation and molecular characterization of Frankia strains resistant to some heavy metals". Journal of Basic Microbiology. 58 (9): 720–729. doi:10.1002/jobm.201800122. PMID 29962068.
  9. Nouioui, Imen; Ghodhbane-Gtari, Faten; del Carmen Montero-Calasanz, Maria; Rohde, Manfred; Tisa, Louis S.; Gtari, Maher; Klenk, Hans-Peter (2017-03-01). "Frankia inefficax sp. nov., an actinobacterial endophyte inducing ineffective, non nitrogen-fixing, root nodules on its actinorhizal host plants". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 110 (3): 313–320. doi:10.1007/s10482-016-0801-7. ISSN 1572-9699. PMID 27830471.
  10. Srivastava, Amrita; Singh, Anumeha; Singh, Satya S.; Mishra, Arun K. (2017-04-16). "Salt stress–induced changes in antioxidative defense system and proteome profiles of salt-tolerant and sensitive Frankia strains". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 52 (5): 420–428. doi:10.1080/10934529.2016.1270672. ISSN 1093-4529. PMID 28085556.
  11. Schwintzer & Tjepkema 1990
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