Rhamnaceae

Rhamnaceae is a large family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs, and some vines, commonly called the buckthorn family.[2] Rhamnaceae is included in the order Rosales.[3]

Buckthorn family
Rhamnus pumila Turra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Juss.
Type genus
Rhamnus
Genera

See text

The range of Rhamnaceae.
Synonyms

Frangulaceae DC.
Phylicaceae J.Agardh
Ziziphaceae Adans. ex Post & Kuntze[1]

The family contains about 55 genera and 950 species.[4] The Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions. The earliest fossil evidence of Rhamnaceae is from the Late Cretaceous. Fossil flowers have been collected from the Upper Cretaceous of Mexico and the Paleocene of Argentina.[5]

Leaves of family Rhamnaceae members are simple, i.e., the leaf blades are not divided into smaller leaflets.[2] Leaves can be either alternate and spiraling, or opposite. Stipules are present. These leaves are modified into spines in many genera, in some (e.g. Paliurus spina-christi and Colletia cruciata) spectacularly so. Colletia stands out by having two axillary buds instead of one, one developing into a thorn, the other one into a shoot.

Flowers of Ceanothus cuneatus
Bisexual flower of Helinus, with five sepals and petals, and a yellow, annular nectary disk. The small, clawed petals embrace the stamens.
Flowers of Ziziphus mucronata
Flowers of Rhamnus saxatilis

The flowers are radially symmetrical. There are 5 (sometimes 4) separate sepals and 5 (sometimes 4 or none) separate petals. The petals may be white, yellowish, greenish, pink or blue, and are small and inconspicuous in most genera, though in some (e.g. Ceanothus) the dense clusters of flowers are conspicuous. The 5 or 4 stamens are opposite the petals.[2] The ovary is mostly superior, with 2 or 3 ovules (or one by abortion).

The fruits are mostly berries, fleshy drupes, or nuts. Some are adapted to wind carriage, but most are dispersed by mammals and birds. Chinese jujube is the fruit of the jujube tree (Ziziphus zizyphus) and is a major fruit in China.

The American genus Ceanothus, which has several showy ornamental species, has nitrogen-fixing root nodules.[6]

Economic uses of the Rhamnaceae are chiefly as ornamental plants and as the source of many brilliant green and yellow dyes. The wood of Rhamnus was also the most favoured species to make charcoal for use in gunpowder before the development of modern propellants.

Genera

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics recommend the following clade-based classification of Rhamnaceae:[9]

 
 

 Elaeagnaceae (outgroup)

 
Rhamnaceae
 
Ampeloziziphoids
 

Ventilago

 
 
 

Bathiorhamnus

 
 
 

Ampelozizyphus

 
 

Doerpfeldia

 
 
 
 
Rhamnoids
 

Maesopsis

 
 
 
 

Scutia

 
 
 

Rhamnus

 
 

Frangula

 
 
 
 
 

Sageretia

 
 
 

Berchemia

 
 
 
 

Rhamnidium

 
 

Rhamnella

 
 
 
 

Reynosia

 
 
 

Krugiodendron

 
 
 

Karwinskia

 
 

Condalia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ziziphoids
 

Schistocarpeia

 
 
 
 
 

Hovenia

 
 
 

Ziziphus

 
 

Paliurus

 
 
 
 
 
 

Gouania

 
 

Helinus

 
 
 
 

Pleuranthodes

 
 
 

Crumenaria

 
 

Reissekia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Lasiodiscus

 
 

Colubrina

 
 
 
 

Emmenosperma

 
 
 
 

Noltea

 
 
 

Trichocephalus

 
 
 

Nesiota

 
 

Phylica

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Granitites

 
 

Alphitonia

 
 
Colletieae
 
 

Adolphia

 
 
 

Trevoa

 
 

Talguenea

 
 
 
 
 

Discaria

 
 

Kentrothamnus

 
 

Colletia

 
 

Retanilla

 
 
 
 
 

Ceanothus

 
Pomaderreae
 

Siegfriedia

 
 

Cryptandra

 
 
 

Stenanthemum

 
 
 

Trymalium

 
 
 

Pomaderris

 
 

Spyridium

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
gollark: But if you only plan to add new functions, programs can also just do `if not(library.thing and library.otherThing) then error "update weird libraries or something" end`
gollark: Maybe also supply a "is version of X greater than" function.
gollark: Also that.
gollark: Although I think versions are mostly unhelpful and you should have some kind of "is feature X supported" function.
gollark: It is a cool and good™ idea.

References
  1. "Family: Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  2. Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, Nancy Dale, 2nd Ed. 2000, p. 166
  3. Walter S. Judd and Richard G. Olmstead (2004). "A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1627–1644. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627. PMID 21652313. (full text )
  4. Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017-05-10). "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia". PLOS One. 12 (5): e0176164. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176164. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5425202. PMID 28489895.
  6. Kummerow, Jochen; Alexander, James V.; Neel, James W.; Fishbeck, Kathleen (January 1978). "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Ceanothus Roots". American Journal of Botany. 65 (1): 63–69. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1978.tb10836.x. JSTOR 2442555.
  7. "Granitites". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
  8. "GRIN Genera of Rhamnaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  9. Sun M, Naeem R, Su J-X, Cao Z-Y, J. Burleigh G, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Chen Z-D. (2016). "Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (4): 363–391. doi:10.1111/jse.12211.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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