Fréjus

Fréjus (French pronunciation: ​[fʁeʒys]; Occitan: Frejús pronounced [fɾeˈʤys]) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

This article is about the place in France. For the road tunnel, see Fréjus Road Tunnel. For the rail tunnel, see Fréjus Rail Tunnel.

Fréjus
Commune
Hôtel de ville
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Fréjus
Fréjus
Fréjus
Coordinates: 43°25′59″N 6°44′13″E
CountryFrance
RegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
DepartmentVar
ArrondissementDraguignan
CantonFréjus and Saint-Raphaël
IntercommunalityVar Estérel Méditerranée
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) David Rachline (RN)
Area
1
102.27 km2 (39.49 sq mi)
Population
 (2017-01-01)[1]
52,672
 • Density520/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
83061 /83600
Elevation0–616 m (0–2,021 ft)
(avg. 8 m or 26 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

It neighbours Saint-Raphaël, effectively forming one town. The north of the commune forms part of the Estérel Massif.

On 2 December 1959, the Malpasset Dam, on the Reyran River above Fréjus, ruptured, killing over 400 people.

History

The origins of Frejus probably lie with the Celto-Ligurian people who settled around the natural harbour of Aegytna. The remains of a defensive wall are still visible on Mont Auriasque and Cap Capelin. The Phocaeans of Marseille later established an outpost on the site.

Foundation

Frejus was strategically situated at an important crossroads formed by the Via Julia Augusta (which ran between Italy and the Rhône) and the via Domitiana. Although there are only few traces of a settlement at that time, it is known that the poet Cornelius Gallus was born there in 67 BC.[2]

Julius Caesar wanted to supplant Massalia and he founded the city as Forum Julii meaning 'market of Julius'; he also named its port Claustra Maris (the sea barrier).

The exact date of the founding of Forum Julii is uncertain, but it was certainly before 43 BC since it appears in the correspondence between Plancus and Cicero and 49 BC is most likely.

Roman city
Amphitheatre
Roman baths: fridarium arch (Porte Dorée)

It was at Forum Julii that Octavius repatriated the galleys taken from Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.[3] Between 29 and 27 BC, it became a colony for his veterans of the 8th legion, adding the suffix Octavanorum Colonia.[4]

Augustus made the city the capital of the new province of Narbonensis in 22 BC, spurring rapid development. It became one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean; its port was the only naval base for the Roman fleet of Gaul and only the second port after Ostia until at least the time of Nero.[5]

Subsequently, under Tiberius, the major monuments and amenities still visible today were constructed: the amphitheatre, the aqueduct, the lighthouse, the baths and the theatre. Forum Julii had impressive walls of 3.7 km length that protected an area of 35 hectares. There were about six thousand inhabitants. The territory of the city, the civitas forojuliensis, extended from Cabasse in the west to Fayence and Mons in the north.

It became an important market town for craft and agricultural production. Agriculture developed with villa rusticas such as at Villepey[6] and St. Raphael. Mining of green sandstone and blue porphyry and fish farming contributed to the thriving economy.

In 40 AD Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who later completed the Roman conquest of Britain, was born in Forum Julii. He was father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, whose biography of Agricola mentions that Forum Julii was an "ancient and illustrious colony".[7] The city was also mentioned several times in the writings of Strabo and Pliny the Elder.

In early 69 the Battle of Forum Julii was fought between the armies of the rival emperors Otho and Vitellius.[8] The exact location of this battle is not known, but afterwards Vitellius retreated to Antipolis.

The 4th century saw the creation of the diocese of Fréjus, France's second largest after that of Lyon; the building of the first church is attested in 374 with the election of a bishop. Saint-Léonce became Bishop of Fréjus in 433 and wrote: "From 374, at the Council of Valencia, a bishop was appointed in Frejus, but he never came. I was the first of the bishops of that city. I was able to build the first Cathedral with its Baptistery."

The decay of Rome led to that of the cities of its empire.

Monuments

The richest architecture belongs to the Roman city whose many buildings make it the richest concentration of this period in France after Arles. The most notable are:

In addition the old town is home to many other impressive remains:

  • city walls
  • the two gates (of Rome, of Reyran)
  • the square of Agricola with the gate of the Gauls
  • an exedra and the platform with a cistern on the Butte Saint-Antoine
  • the paving of the via Aurelia which passed through the city
  • the remains of the ancient harbour with the remains of the north quay, the lighthouse and quay of Augustus
  • a mosaic floor of fighting cocks in a private property
  • the sewers under the present rue Jean Jaures
  • the baptistry in Frejus Cathedral dates from the 5th c. and columns there are from Roman buildings.

No less than five public baths are known in the city, those of the Porte Dorée, the Plate-Forme, les Poiriers, Villeneuve (probably military) and on the Butte Saint-Antoine, three of which are outside the city walls.[9]

A probable military or naval camp was excavated at Aiguières, Villeneuve[10] near the ancient shore line.[11] are incorporated in modern buildings, and also a 4th-century mausoleum at rue de La Tourrache. The remains of a suburban villa are at La Rose des Sables. Roman road bridges still exist at Cantonniers and at Esclapes (with three arches), a fulling mill at Arsenal, and a necropolis in Sainte-Brigitte and fishponds on the coast at Saint-Aygulf.

  • "Lanterne Auguste" - Roman lighthouse
  • Roman road bridge "des Esclapes"
  • Baptistry in the cathedral

Aqueduct

The aqueduct is 42 km long and runs for 1.8 km on bridges and 500m on walls. Large parts of the aqueduct are still well preserved.[12]

Aqueduct bridge at Senequier
Aqueduct bridge over the Gargalon stream
Near the source of the aqueduct at "Roche Taillee"

Roman port

An archaeological campaign in July 2005[13] revealed a portion of ancient rocky coast which showed it was almost one kilometre further inland than current estimates. In the middle of the 1st century AD at the time of the creation of Forum Iulii, this coastline was a narrow band of approximately 100m wide at the south of the Butte Saint-Antoine. Further recent archaeology has revealed much information on the ancient port.[14] A Triton monument was discovered at the entrance to the harbour. This statue and the remains of a Roman building at the end of the eastern quay nearby, shows this site to be a lighthouse. Two lighthouses were constructed on the quays and a third assisted mariners in locating the harbour’s sea entrance. The third, situated on the Île du Lion de Mer, would have been the primary beacon that ships would have navigated toward. As ships approached the harbour, the Triton lighthouse on the northern side of the channel into the harbour and the other lighthouse on the southern side would have marked the entrance and thus provided safe passage into the harbour.

Post-Roman history
Cathédrale Saint-Léonce of Fréjus with its Merovingian baptistery

Between the 7th and the 9th centuries, Muslim invaders repeatedly raided the city. The sea encroached on the land while invasions by the Muslims and pirates left the monuments in ruin. By the 10th century there was very little left of the colony, mostly rubble. Sea-borne silt clogged up the port and led to the formation of a huge swampy plain, which then separated the village from the sea.

Napoleon Bonaparte landed at Frejus on 9 October 1799, returning from Egypt in order to ostensibly defend the French Directory in Paris.

During the First World War Fréjus became the main centre for hivernage (wintering) for the Senegalese Tirailleurs. The town also contained segregated hospitals with images of African village life painted on the walls.[15]

List of mayors
StartEndNameParty
19771997François LéotardUDF–PR
19972014Élie BrunUMP
2014-David RachlineFN

Notable people

Other sights

Fréjus organises several fairs throughout the year, and there is the pottery fair and the Bravade amongst its Roman and Gothic architecture with the 'old tile' roof tops and tinted walls. Everything blends in with the recently developed port and its neo-palladian design and carefully selected Provençal colours. Port Fréjus which has a capacity of 750 moorings, is surrounded by beautiful fine sandy beaches. As a backdrop there is the massif de l'Esterel, the (Esterel hills) and its 'Nature' base situated on the sea edge, as well as protecting the area and its environment. Many sporting events are held here. There's the annual 'Roc d'Azur' mountain bike event.

Transport

The Gare de Fréjus railway station offers connections to Saint Raphael, Les Arcs and Cannes and a few other regional destinations. Long distance destinations are accessible from the nearby Gare de Saint-Raphaël-Valescure. The A8 motorway connects Fréjus with Aix-en-Provence and Nice.

Climate

Fréjus has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa)

Climate data for Fréjus (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1919–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0)		 23.0
(73.4)		 27.3
(81.1)		 28.3
(82.9)		 32.6
(90.7)		 37.7
(99.9)		 42.5
(108.5)		 41.5
(106.7)		 35.0
(95.0)		 35.9
(96.6)		 26.6
(79.9)		 23.2
(73.8)		 42.5
(108.5)
Average high °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)		 13.8
(56.8)		 16.1
(61.0)		 18.0
(64.4)		 22.0
(71.6)		 25.7
(78.3)		 28.8
(83.8)		 28.9
(84.0)		 25.5
(77.9)		 21.3
(70.3)		 16.7
(62.1)		 13.5
(56.3)		 20.3
(68.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8)		 8.6
(47.5)		 10.8
(51.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 17.0
(62.6)		 20.6
(69.1)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.4
(74.1)		 20.2
(68.4)		 16.6
(61.9)		 12.0
(53.6)		 8.9
(48.0)		 15.3
(59.5)
Average low °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9)		 3.4
(38.1)		 5.6
(42.1)		 8.0
(46.4)		 11.9
(53.4)		 15.4
(59.7)		 17.9
(64.2)		 18.0
(64.4)		 14.8
(58.6)		 11.8
(53.2)		 7.3
(45.1)		 4.3
(39.7)		 10.2
(50.4)
Record low °C (°F) −9.0
(15.8)		 −12.0
(10.4)		 −8.6
(16.5)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 1.1
(34.0)		 5.5
(41.9)		 7.5
(45.5)		 7.7
(45.9)		 4.5
(40.1)		 0.1
(32.2)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −7.0
(19.4)		 −12.0
(10.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 70.6
(2.78)		 41.6
(1.64)		 45.0
(1.77)		 73.9
(2.91)		 45.7
(1.80)		 33.2
(1.31)		 13.1
(0.52)		 35.8
(1.41)		 74.7
(2.94)		 119.5
(4.70)		 99.7
(3.93)		 94.5
(3.72)		 747.3
(29.42)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.9 4.8 4.9 7.2 5.0 3.6 1.4 2.4 4.8 7.4 7.3 6.5 61.2
Average snowy days 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.5
Average relative humidity (%) 75 73 72 73 76 75 73 74 77 78 77 76 74.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.9 166.6 217.7 220.7 264.9 311.1 346.1 313.4 234.2 171.9 141.6 121.2 2,665.2
Source 1: Meteo France[16]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days 1961–1990)[17]

Twin towns - sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Fréjus is twinned with:[18]

gollark: No irßßi.
gollark: No. This is not permitted.
gollark: brb, installing hexchat?
gollark: Esolangs but better and also on IRC???
gollark: probably.

See also

References
  1. "Populations légales 2017". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  2. The Origin of Cornelius Gallus; Ronald Syme; The Classical Quarterly Vol. 32, No. 1
  3. Tacitus Annals IV, 5
  4. Pliny the Elder, Histories, III, 35
  5. Tacitus Histories 2, 14; 3, 43
  6. Donnadieu A. 1930 : « Les fouilles des ruines gallo-romaines de Villepey (Villa Podii). Près Fréjus (Forum Julii) », Institut des fouilles de Provence et des préalpes. Bulletin et Mémoires, 1926-1928,
  7. Tacitus Histories 3, 43
  8. Tacitus: Histories 2.14-15.
  9. La place des thermes dans la ville: les exemples de Fréjus et Cimiez, S. Ardisson, Actes du 8e colloque antique de Frejus, Antibes 2010
  10. Une fouille récente à la périphérie de Forum Julii: le chantier des Aiguières [article] Goudineau, Christiansem; Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 1982 Volume 126
  11. A Donnadieu; Le port militaire de Forum Julii, Paris 1935
  12. http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/frejus/index.html
  13. New data on the ancient littoral of Fréjus. The archaeological evaluation of the "théâtre d’agglomération" (Fréjus, Var); Pierre Excoffon, Benoît Devillers, Stéphane Bonnet et Laurent Bouby; http://archeosciences.revues.org/59
  14. Fréjus (Forum Julii): Le Port Antique / The Ancient Harbour by Chérine Gébara and Christophe Morhange, ISBN 978-1-887829-77-9
  15. Mann, Gregory (April 2005). "Locating Colonial Histories: Between France and West Africa". The American History Journal. 110 (5): 409–434.
  16. "Frejus (83)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  17. "Normes et records 1961-1990: Fréjus - St Raphaël (83) - altitude 2m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  18. "Villes jumelles". ville-frejus.fr (in French). Fréjus. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
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