Financial services

Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry, which encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money, including credit unions, banks, credit-card companies, insurance companies, accountancy companies, consumer-finance companies, stock brokerages, investment funds, individual managers and some government-sponsored enterprises.[1] Financial services companies are present in all economically developed geographic locations and tend to cluster in local, national, regional and international financial centers such as London, New York City, and Tokyo.

Finance

History
See also: Global financial system § History of international financial architecture
Change in access to a financial account or services between 2005 and 2014 by country[2]

The term "financial services" became more prevalent in the United States partly as a result of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of the late 1990s, which enabled different types of companies operating in the U.S. financial services industry at that time to merge.[3]

Companies usually have two distinct approaches to this new type of business. One approach would be a bank which simply buys an insurance company or an investment bank, keeps the original brands of the acquired firm, and adds the acquisition to its holding company simply to diversify its earnings. Outside the U.S. (e.g. Japan), non-financial services companies are permitted within the holding company. In this scenario, each company still looks independent, and has its own customers, etc. In the other style, a bank would simply create its own brokerage division or insurance division and attempt to sell those products to its own existing customers, with incentives for combining all things with one company.

Relationship to government

The financial sector is traditionally among those to receive government support in times of widespread economic crisis. Such bailouts, however, enjoy less public support than those for other industries.[4]

Banks
Main article: Bank

Commercial banking services
Main article: Commercial bank

A commercial bank is what is commonly referred to as simply a bank. The term "commercial" is used to distinguish it from an investment bank, a type of financial services entity which instead of lending money directly to a business, helps businesses raise money from other firms in the form of bonds (debt) or stock (equity).

The primary operations of commercial banks include:

  • Keeping money safe while also allowing withdrawals when needed
  • Issuance of chequebooks so that bills can be paid and other kinds of payments can be delivered by the post
  • Provide personal loans, commercial loans, and mortgage loans (typically loans to purchase a home, property or business)
  • Issuance of credit cards and processing of credit card transactions and billing
  • Issuance of debit cards for use as a substitute for cheques
  • Allow financial transactions at branches or by using automatic teller machines (ATMs)
  • Provide wire transfers of funds and electronic fund transfers between banks
  • Facilitation of standing orders and direct debits, so payments for bills can be made automatically
  • Provide overdraft agreements for the temporary advancement of the bank's own money to meet monthly spending commitments of a customer in their current account.
  • Provide internet banking system to facilitate the customers to view and operate their respective accounts through internet.
  • Provide charge card advances of the bank's own money for customers wishing to settle credit advances monthly.
  • Provide a check guaranteed by the bank itself and prepaid by the customer, such as a cashier's check or certified check.
  • Notary service for financial and other documents
  • Accepting the deposits from customer and provide the credit facilities to them.
  • Sell investment products like mutual funds Etc.

The United States is the largest location for commercial banking services.

Investment banking services
Main article: Investment banking
  • Underwriting debt and equity for the private and public sector in order for such entities to raise capital.
  • Mergers and acquisitions - Work to underwrite and advise companies on mergers or takeovers.
  • Structured finance - Develop intricate (typically derivative) products for high net worth individuals and institutions with more intricate financial needs.
  • Restructuring - Assist in financially reorganizing companies
  • Market maker - Provide liquidity to the markets by both buying and selling financial instruments with their own account in hopes of profiting off the Bid–ask spread.
  • Investment management - Management of assets (e.g., real estate) to meet specified investment goals of clients.
  • Proprietary trading - Trade off of their own accounts with a variety of investment, trading and arbitrage strategies in order to profit.
  • Securities research - Maintain their own department that services to assist their traders, clients and maintain a public stance on specific securities and industries.
  • Broker Services - Buy and sell securities on behalf of their clients (sometimes may involve financial consulting as well).
  • Prime Brokerage - An exclusive type of bundled broker service specifically meant to service the needs of hedge funds.
  • Private banking - Private banks provide banking services exclusively to high-net-worth individuals. Many financial services firms require a person or family to have a certain minimum net worth to qualify for private banking service.

New York City and London are the largest centers of investment banking services. NYC is dominated by U.S. domestic business, while in London international business and commerce make up a significant portion of investment banking activity.[5]

Foreign exchange services

Foreign exchange services are provided by many banks and specialist foreign exchange brokers around the world. Foreign exchange services include:

  • Currency exchange - where clients can purchase and sell foreign currency banknotes.
  • Wire transfer - where clients can send funds to international banks abroad.
  • Remittance - where clients that are migrant workers send money back to their home country.

London handled 36.7% of global currency transactions in 2009 – an average daily turnover of US$1.85 trillion – with more US dollars traded in London than New York, and more Euros traded than in every other city in Europe combined.[6][7][8][9][10]

Investment services
  • collective investment fund - A fund that acts as an investment pool so investors can put money into a fund that will reinvest it into a variety of securities based upon their common, outlined investment goal.
  • Investment Advisory Offices - Run by Registered Investment Advisors who advises clients in financial planning and invests their money.
  • Hedge fund management - Hedge funds often employ the services of "prime brokerage" divisions at major investment banks to execute their trades.
  • Private equity - Private equity funds are typically closed-end funds, which usually take controlling equity stakes in businesses that are either private, or taken private once acquired. Private equity funds often use leveraged buyouts (LBOs) to acquire the firms in which they invest. The most successful private equity funds can generate returns significantly higher than provided by the equity markets.
  • Venture capital - Private equity capital typically provided by professional, outside investors to new, high-growth-potential companies in the interest of taking the company to an IPO or trade sale of the business. Startup companies are typically fueled by an angel investor.
  • Family office - Investment and wealth management firm that handles a wealthy family or small group of wealthy individuals with financial plans tailored to their needs. Similar to Private Banking.
  • Advisory services - These firms (or departments within a larger entity) service clients with financial advisers who serve as both, a broker as well as a financial consultant.
  • Custody services - the safe-keeping and processing of the world's securities trades and servicing the associated portfolios. Assets under custody in the world are approximately US$100 trillion.[11]

New York City is the largest center of investment services, followed by London.[12]

Insurance
Main article: Insurance
  • Insurance brokerage - Insurance brokers shop for insurance (generally corporate property and casualty insurance) on behalf of customers. Recently a number of websites have been created to give consumers basic price comparisons for services such as insurance, causing controversy within the industry.[13]
  • Insurance underwriting - Personal lines insurance underwriters actually underwrite insurance for individuals, a service still offered primarily through agents, insurance brokers, and stock brokers. Underwriters may also offer similar commercial lines of coverage for businesses. Activities include insurance and annuities, life insurance, retirement insurance, health insurance, and property insurance and casualty insurance.
  • Finance and insurance - a service still offered primarily at asset dealerships. The F&I manager encompasses the financing and insuring of the asset which is sold by the dealer. F&I is often called "the second gross" in dealerships who have adopted the model
  • Reinsurance - Reinsurance is insurance sold to insurers themselves, to protect them from catastrophic losses.

The United States, followed by Japan and the United Kingdom are the largest insurance markets in the world.[14]

Other financial services
  • Angel investment networks - A group of angel investors can create their own network to be the financial foundation for future companies.
  • Credit card networking - Companies that serve as the bridge between the retailers and the banks who issue the bank cards. The four major credit card networks are: Mastercard, Visa Inc., American Express and Discover Financial.
  • Conglomerates - A financial services company, such as a universal bank, that is active in more than one sector of the financial services market e.g. life insurance, general insurance, health insurance, asset management, retail banking, wholesale banking, investment banking, etc. A key rationale for the existence of such businesses is the existence of diversification benefits that are present when different types of businesses are aggregated. As a consequence, economic capital for a conglomerate is usually substantially less than economic capital is for the sum of its parts.
  • Debt resolution - A consumer service that assists individuals that have too much debt to pay off as requested, but do not want to file bankruptcy and wish to pay off their debts owed. This debt can be accrued in various ways including but not limited to personal loans, credit cards or in some cases merchant accounts. Financial market utilities - Organizations that are part of the infrastructure of financial services, such as stock exchanges, clearing houses, derivative and commodity exchanges and payment systems such as real-time gross settlement systems or interbank networks.
  • Payment recovery - Assistance in recovering money inadvertently paid to vendors by businesses, such as by accidental duplicate payment of an invoice or failure to return a deposit.

Financial exports

A financial export is a financial service provided by a domestic firm (regardless of ownership) to a foreign firm or individual. While financial services such as banking, insurance and investment management are often seen as a domestic service, an increasing proportion of financial services are now being handled abroad, in other financial centres, for a variety of reasons. Some smaller financial centres, such as Bermuda, Luxembourg, and the Cayman Islands, lack sufficient size for a domestic financial services sector and have developed a role providing services to non-residents as offshore financial centres. The increasing competitiveness of financial services has meant that some countries, such as Japan, which were once self-sufficient, have increasingly imported financial services.

The leading financial exporter, in terms of exports less imports, is the United Kingdom, which had $95 billion of financial exports in 2014.[15] The UK's position is helped by both unique institutions (such as Lloyd's of London for insurance, the Baltic Exchange for shipping etc.)[16] and an environment that attracts foreign firms;[17] many international corporations have global or regional headquarters in the London and are listed on the London Stock Exchange, and many banks and other financial institutions operate there or in Edinburgh.[18][19]

gollark: Again, not the problem.
gollark: Anyway, the issue isn't (right now) with those implementations, but the structure of calls.
gollark: Right now I have some highly inelegant caching.
gollark: Publish/subscribe.
gollark: I guess a pub/sub system *would* be better than the utter bees I have now, yes.

See also

References
  1. "Financial Services: Getting the Goods". IMF. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  2. "Access to a financial account or services". Our World in Data. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  3. "Bill Summary & Status 106th Congress (1999 - 2000) S.900 CRS Summary - Thomas (Library of Congress)". Retrieved 2011-02-08.
  4. The Economist, April 4th 2020, page 51.
  5. Roberts, Richard (2008). The City: A Guide to London's Global Financial Centre. Economist. p. 2.
  6. "Research and statistics FAQ". The City of London. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  7. "Triennial Central Bank Survey - Foreign exchange and derivatives market activity in 2004" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. March 2005. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  8. "Key facts Archived 4 June 2012 at Archive.today", Corporation of London. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
  9. European Central Bank (July 2017) "The international role of the euro". European Central Bank. p. 28.
  10. Chatsworth Communications (April 6, 2016) "London's leading position as a USD 2.2 trillion hub for FX trading would be harmed by a Brexit, according to poll of currency market professionals". Chatsworth Communications.
  11. "Prudential: Securities Processing Primer" (PDF). cm1.prusec.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  12. "Asset Management in the UK 2016-2017" (PDF). The Investment Management Association. September 2017. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  13. "Price comparison sites face probe". BBC News. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  14. "UK Insurance & Long Term Savings Key Facts 2015" (PDF). Association of British Insurers. September 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  15. "UK trade surplus in financial services highest ever". TheCityUK. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  16. Clark, David (2003). Urban world/global city. Routledge. pp. 174–176. ISBN 0415320976; Shubik, Martin (1999). The theory of money and financial institutions. MIT Press. p. 8. ISBN 0262693119.
  17. Roberts, Richard (2008). The City: A Guide to London's Global Financial Centre. Economist. pp. 1–22.
  18. "UK's financial services trade surplus biggest in the world, dwarfing its nearest rivals". TheCityUK. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  19. "Special report on services exports" (PDF). EY Item Club. June 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2015.

Further reading
  • Porteous, Bruce T.; Pradip Tapadar (December 2005). Economic Capital and Financial Risk Management for Financial Services Firms and Conglomerates. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-3608-0.
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