Ezekiel 20

Ezekiel 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. In chapters 20 to 24 there are "further predictions regarding the fall of Jerusalem".[1] In this chapter, Ezekiel speaks on God's behalf to some of the elders of Israel.

Ezekiel 20
Book of Ezekiel 30:13–18 in an English manuscript from the early 13th century, MS. Bodl. Or. 62, fol. 59a. A Latin translation appears in the margins with further interlineations above the Hebrew.
BookBook of Ezekiel
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part7
CategoryLatter Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part26

Text

The original text of this chapter is written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 49 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[2]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[3][lower-alpha 1]

Verse 1
It came to pass in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month,
that certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Lord, and sat before me. (NKJV)[5]

The opening of chapter 8 has similar wording. The recorded date of the occurrence in chapter 20 would fall in July–August 591 BC,[6] calculated to be August 14, 591 BCE, based on an analysis by German theologian Bernhard Lang.[7]

Verse 4
Will you judge them, son of man, will you judge them?
Then make known to them the abominations of their fathers. (NKJV)[8]
  • "Will you judge them?" - a recurrent theme, also seen in Ezekiel 22:2 and 23:36.[9]
  • "Son of man" (Hebrew: בן־אדם ḇen-’ā-ḏām): this phrase is used 93 times to address Ezekiel.[10]
  • "Abomination" (Hebrew plural: תּוֹעֲבֹ֥ת tō-‘ă-ḇōṯ; singular: תּוֹעֵבָה tôʻêbah, to-ay-baw'): something loathsome or objectionable, especially for "Jehovah" (Proverbs 3:32; 21:27), "specially used for things belonging to the worship of idols" or idolatrous practices and objects.[11][12]

Verse 5
“Say to them, ‘Thus says the Lord God: “On the day when I chose Israel and raised My hand in an oath to the descendants of the house of Jacob, and made Myself known to them in the land of Egypt, I raised My hand in an oath to them, saying, ‘I am the Lord your God.’"[13]

The text in the King James Version makes no reference to God's oath in this verse.[14]

Verse 29
Then I said to them, "What is this high place to which you go?" So its name is called Bamah to this day.[15]

"Bamah" means "high place". Theologian Andrew B. Davidson suggests that Ezekiel uses "a punning and contemptuous derivation of the word", using what (mah) and go (ba):

What (mah) is the high place whereunto ye go (ba)?"

Whilst he disagrees with the interpretation, Davidson notes that "some have supposed that “go” has the sense of “go in” (e.g. Genesis 38:2: Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite ... and he married her and went in to her) and that the allusion is to the immoralities practised on the high places".[1]

Verse 35
And I will bring you into the wilderness of the peoples, and there I will plead My case with you face to face.[16]

The "wilderness of the peoples" is alternatively translated as "the wilderness of the nations" (NIV),[17] or "a desert surrounded by nations" (Contemporary English Version).[18] Davidson suggests it refers to "the Syro-Babylonian wilderness, adjoining the peoples among whom they were dispersed",[1] perhaps the modern-day Syrian Desert. Davidson suggests that Ezekiel may have followed Hosea's words here:

Therefore, behold, I will allure her,
Bring her into the wilderness
And speak kindly to her.[19]

Verse 37
“I will make you pass under the rod,
and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant; (NKJV)[20]
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gollark: I mean, if they just submitted their answer as, say, a hexdump of the code page whatever data, would that be okay?
gollark: Why?
gollark: Byte counts would cease to make sense.
gollark: That would allow literally all Unicode.

See also

Notes
  1. Ezekiel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[4]

References
  1. Davidson, A. B. (1893), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Ezekiel 20, accessed 28 November 2019
  2. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35-37.
  3. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73-74.
  4. Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
  5. Ezekiel 20:1
  6. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. pp. 1205-1208 Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0195288810
  7. Lang, Bernhard (1981) Ezechiel. Darmstadt. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesselschaft, cited in Kee et al 2008, p. 209.
  8. Ezekiel 20:4
  9. Cross-references in Jerusalem Bible (1966)
  10. Bromiley 1995, p. 574.
  11. Brown, Briggs & Driver 1994 "תּוֹעֵבָה"
  12. Gesenius 1979 "תּוֹעֵבָה"
  13. Ezekiel 20:4: NKJV
  14. Ezekiel 20:4: KJV
  15. Ezekiel 20:29
  16. Ezekiel 20:35: NKJV
  17. Ezekiel 20:35: NIV
  18. Ezekiel 20:35: CEV
  19. Hosea 2:14: NASB
  20. Ezekiel 20:37
  21. Brown, Briggs & Driver 1994, "מָסֹ֫רֶת"
  22. Gesenius 1979, "מָסֹ֫רֶת"

Bibliography
  • Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z. Eerdmans.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Brown, Francis; Briggs, Charles A.; Driver, S. R. (1994). The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (reprint ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1565632066.
  • Clements, Ronald E (1996). Ezekiel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664252724.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gesenius, H. W. F. (1979). Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index. Translated by Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (7th ed.). Baker Book House.
  • Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kee, Howard Clark; Meyers, Eric M.; Rogerson, John; Levine, Amy-Jill; Saldarini, Anthony J. (2008). Chilton, Bruce (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible (2, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521691406.
  • Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

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