Eurocontrol

The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as EUROCONTROL, is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe. Founded in 1960, EUROCONTROL currently has 41 member states and is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. It has several local sites as well, including R&D activities in Brétigny-sur-Orge, France, the Institute of Air Navigation Training (IANS) in Luxembourg, and the Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre (MUAC) in Maastricht, the Netherlands. The organisation employs approximately two thousand people, and operates with an annual budget in excess of half a billion Euro.[2]

European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation
Formation1960[1]
HeadquartersBrussels, Belgium
Membership
41 member states
Budget
505.8 million€ (as of 2014)[2]
Employees
1945 (as of 2014)[2]
Website
http://www.eurocontrol.int

Although EUROCONTROL is not an agency of the European Union, the EU has delegated parts of its Single European Sky regulations to EUROCONTROL, making it the central organisation for coordination and planning of air traffic control for all of Europe.[3] The EU itself is a signatory of EUROCONTROL and all EU member states are presently also members of EUROCONTROL.[4] The organisation works with national authorities, air navigation service providers, civil and military airspace users, airports, and other organisations. Its activities involve all gate-to-gate air navigation service operations: strategic and tactical flow management, controller training, regional control of airspace, safety-proofed technologies and procedures, and collection of air navigation charges.

History
Headquarters of EUROCONTROL in Brussels

The EUROCONTROL Convention was signed in 1960 and ratified in 1963. Before the Convention entered into force in 1963, there were already indications that the matter of national sovereignty would complicate the full implementation of the organisation's founding mission. The first European plan for a harmonised air traffic control (ATC) system, proposed in 1962, was beset by the refusal of both France and Britain to comply, largely due to reasons closely linked with their national military airspace control. The other four original members (the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) agreed in 1964 to set up a single international air traffic control centre to manage their upper airspace, settling in the Dutch city of Maastricht.[5]

The European Parliament at the time expressed concern about the lack of clear intergovernmental agreements to ensure common air traffic control services across the continent. In 1979, EUROCONTROL signed a working cooperation agreement with the European Commission, attempting to create a synergy of EUROCONTROL's technical expertise and EU's regulatory authorities. Several initiatives originating in this period become a lasting element of the organisation, such as the EUROCONTROL forecasting service, which became STATFOR, as well as the Aeronautical Information Service. By 1986, the pressures on the European ATC network was so big that a new, wider mandate was already being considered for EUROCONTROL, with much of the initiative coming from ECAC’s Ministers of Transport. Subsequently, ECAC urged all of its member states to join EUROCONTROL.[5]

A meeting of EUROCONTROL members

A revised EUROCONTROL Convention was signed in 1997, renewing the organisation's optimism for greater political support, surpassing the original vision of the 1960 Convention. In June 1998, Eurocontrol, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Commission (EC) also signed an agreement formalising cooperation in the realm of satellite navigation systems and services. In 1999 the European Commission presented its plan for a Single European Sky (SES) to the European Parliament, followed by two High Level Groups (HLG). The HLG reports on SES led to the establishment of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and reinforced the European Commission's role as the sole European aviation safety regulator, while acknowledging EUROCONTROL's technical expertise in the implementation of said regulations.[5]

The early 2000s were marred by several fatal accidents in Europe, such as the 2001 Linate Airport disaster and the 2002 Überlingen mid-air collision, both of which were related to air traffic navigation shortcomings. The pressure was further compounded by the September 11 attacks, increasing the need for a rapid Europe-wide regulatory and coordinating body. By May 2003, EUROCONTROL and NATO had signed a memorandum of cooperation, followed by a similar memorandum with the European Commission in December 2003. In February 2004, EUROCONTROL started work on first mandates from the European Commission and in April 2004, it adopted the Single European Sky Regulations (Package 1). In March 2006, the European Commission's Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Program was launched by the Stakeholder Consultation Group (SCG) under EUROCONTROL's aegis.[5]

Functions and centres

EUROCONTROL provides a set of different services:

  • Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre (MUAC)
  • Network Manager Operations Centre (NMOC) – coordinates flight plans and actual traffic.
  • EAD – centralised access to AIS information.
  • Central Route Charges Office (CRCO) – collects en-route (and aerodrome approach) charges on behalf of Air Navigation Service providers (ANSPs).
  • EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre (EEC) – ATM research, simulations, etc.
  • Institute of Air Navigation Services (IANS) – training and e-learning.
  • EUROCONTROL Safety Regulatory Requirement (ESARRs) – basis requirements for certification and designation according to EC regulation 2096/2005.

Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre

EUROCONTROL's Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre (MUAC), ICAO designator EDYY,[6] located at Maastricht Aachen Airport, provides air traffic control for traffic above 24,500 ft over Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and north-west Germany. In 2017 it became the first multinational, cross-border, civil-military, air navigation service provider since it integrated the military air traffic control of the German and Dutch upper airspace.

It is the third busiest upper area Area Control Centre (ACC) in Europe after the London Area Control Centre and Karlsruhe ACC in terms of traffic numbers, but the first in terms of flight hours and distance.

MUAC has put in operation innovative technology and productivity enhancements: a new generation Flight Data Processing System,[7] Integrated Flow Management Position,[8] the Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA), Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) and stripless controller working positions.

Typically, air traffic control sectors at MUAC can handle 55 or more flights per hour. The average flight duration is approximately 21 minutes and typically 80% of the traffic is climbing from or descending to the major European airports of London, Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Berlin. Maastricht UAC has undoubtedly one of the most complex airspace structures in the world and the traffic flow (up to 5,670 aircraft a day) can be disrupted by the many surrounding military airspaces.

Membership criteria
Current member states of EUROCONTROL
Overlap of organisational memberships among EUROCONTROL members - EUROCONTROL members shown in shades of blue.
  ECAC, EUROCONTROL, ECAA, EU
  ECAC, EUROCONTROL, ECAA
  ECAC, EUROCONTROL
  ECAC, ECAA
  ECAC

To be considered for membership of EUROCONTROL, a country must meet all of the following criteria:[9]

List of members
Member Since Notes
 Belgium 1960 EU Member
 France 1960 EU Member
 Germany 1960 EU Member
 Luxembourg 1960 EU Member
 Netherlands 1960 EU Member
 United Kingdom 1960 Former EU Member
 Ireland 1965 EU Member
 Portugal 1986 EU Member
 Greece 1988 EU Member
 Malta 1989 EU Member
 Turkey 1989 EU Candidate
 Cyprus 1991 EU Member
 Hungary 1992 EU Member
  Switzerland 1992 Has bilateral treaties with EU, including Schengen and enforcement of EU passenger rights.
 Austria 1993 EU Member
 Denmark 1994 EU Member
 Norway 1994 EEA member
 Slovenia 1995 EU Member
 Sweden 1995 EU Member
 Czech Republic 1996 EU Member
 Romania 1996 EU Member
 Italy 1996 EU Member
 Slovakia 1997 EU Member
 Spain 1997 EU Member
 Monaco 1997
 Bulgaria 1997 EU Member
 Croatia 1997 EU Member
 North Macedonia 1998 EU Candidate
 Moldova 2000
 Finland 2001 EU Member
 European Union 2002 In parallel with member states
 Albania 2002 EU Candidate
 Ukraine 2004
 Poland 2004 EU Member
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2004
 Serbia 2005 EU Candidate
 Lithuania 2006 EU Member
 Armenia 2006
 Montenegro 2007 EU Candidate
 Latvia 2011 EU Member
 Georgia[10] 2012
 Estonia[11] 2015 EU Member

Comprehensive Agreement States

In addition to membership, EUROCONTROL also concludes the so-called Comprehensive Agreements, which enhances the organisation's cooperation with non-European countries that are closely tied to the continent's aviation network.[12]

Member Since Notes
 Morocco April 29, 2016
 Israel June 2, 2016
gollark: Anyway, yes, stuff in C tends to be unsafe. You can run valgrind and -fsanitize and whatever over it, but it still seems like *tons* of C projects have memory-related bugs.
gollark: I've written C before, and it was very safe and excellent and exhibited no undefined behaviour or warnings.
gollark: Why do you want it?
gollark: Okay, pushed.
gollark: Working on it.

See also

References
  1. member states by accession date Eurocontrol.int.
  2. Eurocontrol: Annual Report 2014, p. 67
  3. EUROCONTROL, SES mandate on Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA) implementing rule for airspace – Part A - COMPLETED, 31 January 2011
  4. EUROCONTROL, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on EUROCONTROL, Retrieved: 4 May 2016
  5. McInally, John (December 2010). "EUROCONTROL History Book" (PDF). EUROCONTROL. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2016.
  6. "Controller-Pilot Data-Link Communications at Maastricht UAC". EUROCONTROL. EUROCONTROL. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  7. "MUAC'S New generation FDPS". www.eurocontrol.int.
  8. Integrated flow management position - Enhancing air traffic flow and capacity management. Eurocontrol, 22 February 2017
  9. Peter Tannhäuser, Head of Legal Service, EUROCONTROL: Models for future cooperation, p. 3, Published: 27 November 2013, Retrieved: 4 May 2016
  10. "Georgia became a member of EUROCONTROL". gcaa.ge. Civil Aviation Agency of Georgia. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  11. "Estonia set to join EUROCONTROL". www.eurocontrol.int.
  12. "Comprehensive Agreement States". eurocontrol.int. EUROCONTROL website. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
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