EgyptAir Flight 648

EgyptAir Flight 648 was a regularly scheduled international flight between Athens Ellinikon International Airport in Greece and Cairo International Airport in Egypt. On 23 November 1985, a Boeing 737-200[2] airliner, registered SU-AYH, servicing the flight was hijacked by the terrorist organization Abu Nidal. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops resulted in dozens of deaths, making the hijacking of Flight 648 one of the deadliest such incidents in history.

EgyptAir Flight 648

An EgyptAir Boeing 737 similar to the aircraft involved in the hijack
Hijacking
Date	23–24 November 1985
Summary	Hijacking
Site	Luqa Airport, Luqa, Malta 35°51′27″N 014°28′39″E
Aircraft
Aircraft type	Boeing 737–266[1]
Operator	EgyptAir
Registration	SU-AYH
Flight origin	Athens (Ellinikon) Int'l Airport
Destination	Cairo International Airport
Passengers	89 (excluding 3 hijackers)[1]
Crew	6
Fatalities	60 (including 2 hijackers)
Injuries	Several
Survivors	38 (including 1 hijacker)

Hijacking

On 23 November 1985, Flight 648 took off at 8 pm on its Athens-to-Cairo route. Ten minutes after takeoff, three Palestinian members of Abu Nidal hijacked the aircraft, the same group also responsible for the hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 a year later. The terrorists, calling themselves the Egypt Revolution, were heavily armed with guns and grenades. The terrorist leader, Omar Rezaq, proceeded to check all passports. At this point, an Egyptian Security Service agent, Mustafa Kamal,[3] who was aboard, opened fire, killing one terrorist before being wounded along with two flight attendants. In the exchange of fire the fuselage was punctured, causing a rapid depressurization. The aircraft was forced to descend to 14,000 feet (4,300 m) to allow the crew and passengers to breathe.

Libya was the original destination of the hijackers, but due to a lack of fuel and negative publicity, Malta was chosen as a more suitable option. While approaching Malta the aircraft was running dangerously low on fuel, experiencing serious pressurization problems and carrying wounded passengers. However, Maltese authorities did not give permission for the aircraft to land; the Maltese government had previously refused permission to other hijacked aircraft, including on 23 September 1982 when an Alitalia aircraft was hijacked on its way to Italy. The EgyptAir 648 hijackers insisted, and forced the pilot, Hani Galal, to land at Luqa Airport. As a last-ditch attempt to stop the landing, the runway lights were switched off, but the pilot managed to land the damaged aircraft safely.

Nationalities

Nationalities of the passengers included the following:[4]

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
Australia	2	0	2
Belgium	1	0	1
Egypt	40	6	46
Greece	17	0	17
Israel	12	0	12
Philippines	7	0	7
United States	9	0	9
Canada	2	0	2
Mexico[5]	2	0	2
Total	89	6	95

A notable passenger was actress Lupita Pallás.[5]

Standoff

At first, Maltese authorities were optimistic they could solve the crisis. Malta had good relations with the Arab world, and 12 years earlier had successfully resolved a potentially more serious situation when a KLM Boeing 747 landed there under similar circumstances. The Maltese Prime Minister, Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, rushed to the airport's control tower and assumed responsibility for the negotiations.[6][7] Aided by an interpreter, he refused to refuel the aircraft, or to withdraw Maltese armed forces which had surrounded the plane, until all passengers were released. Eleven passengers and two injured flight attendants were allowed off the plane. The hijackers then started shooting hostages, starting with Tamar Artzi, an Israeli woman, whom they shot in the head and back. Artzi survived her wounds. Rezaq, the chief hijacker, threatened to kill a passenger every 15 minutes until his demands were met. His next victim was Nitzan Mendelson, another Israeli woman, who died. He then shot three Americans: Patrick Scott Baker, Scarlett Marie Rogenkamp and Jackie Nink Pflug. Of the five passengers shot, Artzi, Baker and Pflug survived; Mendelson died in a Maltese hospital a week after the hijacking. A British passenger commented that he saw that Rezaq had to raise his gun in order to shoot Baker, who was about 6' 5" tall.

France, the United Kingdom and the United States all offered to send anti-hijack forces. Bonnici was under heavy pressure from both the hijackers and from the United States and Egypt, whose ambassadors were at the airport. The non-aligned Maltese government feared that the Americans or the Israelis would arrive and take control of the area, as the U.S. Naval Air Station Sigonella was only 20 minutes away. A U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules with an aeromedical evacuation team from Rhein-Main Air Base (2nd Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron) near Frankfurt, Germany, and rapid-deploying surgical teams from Wiesbaden Air Force Medical Center were on standby at the U.S. Navy Hospital at Naples. When the U.S. told Maltese authorities that Egypt had a special forces counterterrorism team trained by the U.S. Delta Force ready to move in, they were granted permission to come. The Egyptian Unit 777 under the command of Major-General Kamal Attia was flown in, led by four American officers. Negotiations were prolonged as much as possible, and it was agreed that the plane should be attacked on the morning of 25 November when food was to be taken into the aircraft. Soldiers dressed as caterers would jam the door open and attack.

Raid

Without warning Egyptian commandos launched the raid about an hour and a half before it had been originally planned. They blasted open the passenger doors and luggage compartment doors with explosives. Bonnici claimed that these unauthorized explosions caused the internal plastic of the plane to catch fire, causing widespread suffocation. However, the Times of Malta, quoting sources at the airport on the day, held that when the hijackers realized that they were being attacked, they lobbed hand grenades into the passenger area, killing people and starting the fire aboard.[8]

The storming of the aircraft killed 54 of the remaining 87 passengers, as well as two crew members and one hijacker. Only one hijacker — Omar Rezaq, who had survived — remained undetected by the Maltese government. The terrorist leader, who was injured during the storming of the aircraft, had removed his hood and ammunition and pretended to be an injured passenger. Egyptian commandos tracked Rezaq to St. Luke's General Hospital and, holding the doctors and medical staff at gunpoint, entered the casualty ward looking for him. He was arrested when some of the passengers in the hospital recognized him.

58 of the 95 passengers and crew had died, as well as two of the three hijackers, by the time the crisis was over. Maltese medical examiners estimated that eight passengers were shot dead by the commandos.

Rezaq faced trial in Malta, but with no anti-terrorism legislation, he was tried on other charges. There was widespread fear that terrorists would hijack a Maltese plane or carry out a terrorist attack in Malta as an act of retribution. Rezaq received a 25-year sentence, of which he served eight. His release caused a diplomatic incident between Malta and the U.S. because Maltese law strictly prohibited trying a person twice, in any jurisdiction, on charges connected to the same series of events (having wider limitations compared to classic double jeopardy). Following his immediate expulsion on release, he went to Ghana and was jailed there. He was released from there and put on a flight to Nigeria; Nigerian authorities denied him entry into the country and handed him to FBI agents departing for the United States.[9] He was brought before a U.S. court and, on 8 October 1996, sentenced to life imprisonment with a no-parole recommendation.[10]

Aftermath and criticism

In his 1989 book Massacre in Malta, John A. Mizzi wrote:

Malta was faced with a problem it was ill-equipped to meet. The authorities took a firm stand in denying fuel to the hijackers but made no sensible provisions, through political bias and lack of experience, to meet the circumstances that arose from this decision. No proper team was set up at the outset to evaluate or deal progressively with the crisis, although only a few days previously an incident management course had been organized by a team of U.S. experts in Malta at the request of the government.[11]

Mizzi added:

The Egyptian commandos were given too free a hand and they acted out of their mission with little regard for the safety of the passengers. They were determined to get the hijackers at all costs and the Maltese government's initial refusal for U.S. anti-terrorist resources (a team led by a major-general with listening devices and other equipment) offered by the State Department through the U.S. Embassy in Malta – a decision reversed too late – contributed in no small measure to the mismanagement of the entire operation.[11]

Mizzi also mentioned how Maltese soldiers positioned in the vicinity of the aircraft were equipped with rifles but were not issued ammunition. An Italian secret service report on the incident showed how the fire inside the aircraft was caused by the Egyptian commandos who placed explosives in the aircraft cargo hold, the most vulnerable part of the aircraft, as it held the oxygen tanks which blew up. During the hijacking, only the Socialist Party media and state-controlled television were given information on the incident. Such was the censorship of the media, that the Maltese people first heard of the disaster through RAI TV, when its correspondent Enrico Mentana spoke live on the air via a direct phone call: "Parlo da Malta. Qui c'è stato un massacro ..." ("I'm speaking from Malta. Here there's just been a massacre ...") Shortly before this broadcast, a news bulletin on the Maltese national television had erroneously stated that all passengers had been released and were safe.

Decisions taken by the Maltese government drew criticism from overseas. The United States protested to Malta about U.S. personnel sent to resolve the issue having been confined to Air Squadron HQ and the U.S. Embassy in Floriana. The United States had seen the situation as so ‘hot’ that it had ordered naval ships, including an aircraft carrier, to move toward Malta for contingency purposes.

EgyptAir still flies the Athens–Cairo route, now assigned flight numbers 748 and 750 and flown by Boeing 737-800. The flight number 648 is now on its Riyadh–Cairo route.

In popular culture

The events of the hijacking were related in an account by American survivor Jackie Nink Pflug, who had been shot in the head, on the Biography Channel television program I Survived..., which was broadcast on 13 April 2009. Laurence Zrinzo, the neurologist and neurosurgeon who established neurosurgery as a sub-speciality in the Maltese islands, performed Ms Pflug's neurosurgical procedure. Ms Pflug also related details about the flight and the attack in her 2001 book, Miles to Go Before I Sleep.[12] The incident was chronicled and reenacted in an Interpol Investigates episode, "Terror in the Skies", broadcast by the National Geographic Channel.

The hijacking is also the subject of the book Valinda, Our Daughter, written by Canadian author Gladys Taylor.

The events of the hijacking are described in and used to further the plot in Brad Thor's novel Path of the Assassin.

See also

• List of aircraft hijackings
• EgyptAir Flight 181 – EgyptAir flight hijacked in 2016
• EgyptAir Flight 321 – EgyptAir flight hijacked in 1976

References

1. "EgyptAir Flight 648." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on December 24, 2008.
2. "Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 11241985". Airdisaster.com. November 24, 1985. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
3. http://www.newdominion.com/2012/03/03/interpol-investigates-terror-in-the-skies.html Interpol Investigates – Terror in the Skies
4. "Victims of Hijack Return to Egypt". Associated Press. December 1, 1985. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
5. "Espectáculos – Recuerda Ortiz de Pinedo a su madre a l5 años de su muerte". El Universal. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
6. "Anniversary of a massacre – The EgyptAir hijack in Malta". Times of Malta. November 23, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
7. "10 Most Terrifying Airplane Hijackings of All Time". Criminal Justice Degrees Guide. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
8. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737–266 SU-AYH Malta-Luqa Airport (MLA)". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
9. Engelberg, Steven (July 17, 1993). "HIJACKER'S ARREST LAID TO DIPLOMACY". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
10. Johnston, David (October 8, 1996). "Terrorist Sentenced to Life in Prison for Deadly 1985 Hijacking". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
11. Mizzi, J.A. (1989). Massacre in Malta : The Hijack of Egyptair MS 648, 72 p:ill. J.A. Mizzi – Valletta : Technografica, 1989. DDC : 364.162
12. Jackie Nink Pflug; Peter Kizilos (2001). Miles to Go Before I Sleep: A Survivor's Story of Life After a Terrorist Hijacking. Hazelden Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-56838-837-3.

External links

• BBC News – On This Day: Commandoes storm hijacked plane