Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna

Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna (Red Donald of Coruna; 9 July 1887 – 13 August 1967), legally Donald MacDonald or Dòmhnall MacDhòmhnaill, was a Scottish Gaelic Bard, North Uist stonemason, and veteran of the First World War. He was also one of Scotland's greatest war poets. Literary historian Ronald Black has called Dòmhnall Ruadh, "The Voice of the Trenches."[1]

Donald MacDonald
Native name	Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna
Born	(1887-07-09)July 9, 1887 Claddach Baleshare, North Uist, Scotland
Died	August 13, 1967(1967-08-13) (aged 80) Lochmaddy, Scotland
Occupation	Stonemason
Language	Scottish Gaelic
Citizenship	United Kingdom
Home town	Corunna, North Uist
Genre	War poetry, Gaelic poetry
Notable works	An Eala Bhàn
Spouse	Annie MacDonald
Children	2

He is best known for the song An Eala Bhàn ("The White Swan") which he composed after being wounded in action on a mission in no man's land during the Battle of the Somme. An Eala Bhàn is a love song addressed to Magaidh NicLeòid of Lochmaddy, the woman whom the Bard hoped to marry. In recent years, it has been recorded by artists as diverse as Calum Kennedy, Donnie Munro, Capercaillie, and Julie Fowlis.

Family background

When the poet was young, he was often told stories about the experiences of his maternal great-grandparents during the Napoleonic Wars.

According to the family's oral tradition, the bard's great-grandmother, Mór Chaimbeul ("Marion Campbell") of Skye, had given a last drink of water to Sir John Moore moments before he was fatally wounded at the Battle of Corunna in 1809. At the moment when Moore was wounded, Marion Campbell was holding the stirrup of his horse, was thrown up into the air, and landed on her back. According to Dòmhnall Ruadh, his great-grandmother never recovered from the ensuing injury and it caused her to die young.[2]

Marion lost her first husband a member of Clan MacLeod of Dunvegan, at the Battle of Corunna as well.[3] She then began living with another soldier who had fought in the Battle named Domhnall mac Mhurchaidh 'ic Iain 'ic Mhurchaidh ("Donald Ferguson") (1780-1845), moved with him to North Uist, and married him there.[4][5]

In later years, a Gaelic rhyme about Marion became popular in North Uist:

"Blàr mòr Chorùna, 1809 -

Chaidh Mòr mhòr Chorùna

A-null dhan an Fhraing"[6]

"The big Battle of Corunna, 1809 -

Big Marion of Corunna

Went over to France."[7]

According to Bill Lawson, the Fergusons of North Uist claim descent from Robert the Bruce, who led the Scottish people during their First War of Independence against Edward I of England and who eventually became King of Scotland. While Lawson says that this is a claim that would normally be treated with skepticism, there is a gap in the Bruce's life around 1306, when he was on the run from the English and may have visited the Outer Hebrides, where the MacRuaris were among his main supporters. The name Robert also appears regularly among the Fergusons of North Uist, so the claim is by no means impossible.[8]

After they arrived in North Uist, the local tacksman of the island's landlord, the Chief of Clan MacDonald of Sleat, granted Donald and Marion Ferguson a croft in the township of Claddach Baleshare. Unfortunately, Donald and Marion Ferguson had only girls, fell into arrears, and were evicted from their croft. The tacksman then moved the Fergusons into another croft in the same district, where Donald built a house that still stands. Due to the Fergusons' many stories about their experiences in the wars, their home became on of the most popular ceilidh houses on the island.[9]

Dòmhnall Ruadh later said of Donald Ferguson, "He was the only soldier on the island except for one other over Sollas way by the name of Aonghas Moireasdan, and he got this place where I am today. So many visitors came to call in the evenings to get the tales of Corunna and India from him and the lads would say to each other, 'Let's go over tonight to Corùna to hear the stories.' And the name Corùna stuck to this day and will continue as long as the sun sails westwards."[10]

In commenting on the Bard's family history, Ronald Black has written, "As Fred Macauley points out, the poet's background thus contained a certain glorification of war which was to expire forever in the mud of France."[11]

Early life

Dòmhnall Ruadh Corùna was born in the house built by his maternal great-grandfather on 9 July 1887. There were three other children in his family, two boys and a girl.[12]

His mother, Flòraidh Fhionnghuala Dhòmhnaill 'ic Mhurchaidh 'ic Iain 'ic Mhurchaidh, worked as a domestic servant. Her father, Dòmhnall mac Ailein 'ic Chaluim, is known to have been both a merchant seaman and a Gaelic poet. Dòmhnall Mac Ailein's sister, Maighread nighean Ailein, was the composer of the Gaelic love song, Ille dhuinn, is toil leam thu ("Brown-Haired Lad, I'm Fond of You"). For this reason, Ronald Black has written, "Poetry was in Dòmhnall Ruadh's blood."[13]

The poet's father, Dòmhnall MacDhòmhnaill, worked as a merchant seaman.[14]

Unlike the population of the nearby islands of South Uist, Eriskay, and Benbecula, the people of North Uist converted from Roman Catholicism to Calvinism during the Scottish Reformation. Today, the islanders are divided between members of the Church of Scotland and the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. On North Uist, Reformed worship in both denominations retains the 16th century practice of singing exclusive psalmody in Scottish Gaelic, in an a cappella form called precenting the line. Towards the end of his life, Dòmhnall wrote a poem called Smuaintean nam Shean Aois ("Thoughts in Old Age"). Dòmhnall recalled that in his youth he had been very irreligious and that the strict observance of the Christian Sabbath on North Uist was extremely difficult for him to get through every week. This was something that he regretted very deeply in later years.[15]

Dòmhnall briefly attended a district school at Carinish, which also contains the ruins of a 13th century Augustinian convent and "college of learning" called Teampull na Trionaid.[16]

However, due to the 1872 Education Act, only English was taught or tolerated in the schools of the Highlands and Islands. Although Dòmhnall would later describe his school days in the poem Òran Nan Sgoilearan ("The Schoolchildren's Song") and how all the students were "hungry, deprived, barefoot, bareheaded,"[17] the Bard would never say whether he experienced what Ronald Black calls the, "familiar Scottish experience of being thrashed for speaking his native language."[18]

As a result of his education, the bard would never learn to read or write in Scottish Gaelic, and always had to compose letters in English.[19] However, he began composing Gaelic poetry at the age of 13. His mother was reportedly impressed with his abilities and made him promise never to compose scurrilous or satirical verse. Dòmhnall had a very deep respect for his mother and it was a promise he always honored. This, and the introspection caused by his experiences in World War I, sets him apart from other Scottish Gaelic poets.[20]

As he later recalled in his war poem Che b' e Gunna mo Nàmhaid ("It Was Not My Enemy's Gun"), a young Dòmhnall was fond of roaming the countryside of North Uist with a muzzle-loading musket, which he used for poaching game birds and red deer, while carefully trying to avoid the Factors[21] of the Anglo-Scottish Campbell-Orde family, who had been the widely hated landlords of North Uist since buying the island in 1855.[22]

In the same poem, however, Dòmhnall recalled,

"Is beag a shaoilinn an uair ud

Gu robh 'n cruas seo gam ionnsaigh.

'S e gaol na mosgaid a dh'fhàg

Fo ghlas-làmh aig a' Chrùn mi,

An gaol a thug mi nam òige

A bhith 'n còmhnaidh ga stiùreadh."[23]

"Little did I guess then

That this hardship was ahead.

It was my love for the musket

That left me fettered to the Crown,

The fascination from my youth

Of aiming it."[24]

World War I

Like many other young men of his time, Dòmhnall Ruadh joined the King's Militia when he was seventeen. On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he joined the King's Own Cameron Highlanders.[25] He was assigned to the regiment's 7th Service Batallion and was sent to the Western Front.

Active service

Unlike more famous war poets like Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, and Charles Sorley, Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna believed himself to be fighting a just war against a truly terrible enemy.

For example, Dòmhnall experienced one of the first uses of poison gas by the Imperial German Army on the Western Front. In his poem Òran a' Phuinnsein ("The Song of the Poison"), he recalled how terrible the effects of the gas were and how he and his fellow soldiers had no defense against it. Dòmhnall concluded the poem by saying that he wished he could summon fire to fall upon the German Empire from heaven to melt it and the German people without mercy.[26]

In his poem Tha Mi Duilich, Cianail, Duilich ("I am Sad, Lamenting, and Full of Sorrow") Dòmhnall expresses grief for his friends who have fallen. He recalls their ceilidhs and how they sang Gaelic songs together. He adds that now they are now torn to pieces, lying in no man's land, or buried beneath crosses. Then, Dòmhnall speaks of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and how one day all the men who fell in the war will also arise and be reunited with their loved ones. Dòmhnall concluded, however, by saying that as long as he lives, the images of his fallen friends and the horrors of war will be forever burned into his heart and his vision.[27]

In the poem Dh'fhalbh na Gillean Grinn ("Off Went the Handsome Lads"), Dòmhnall describes both the exhilaration and the rage of going on an attack against German trenches, the hatred he would feel for the enemy when seeing his friends fall, and the satisfaction he would feel only moments later, while overrunning the enemy's trench and killing many German soldiers in close combat. The poems ends, however, with Dòmhnall and his fellow soldiers being awakened to grief, as their officers take down the name of the enormous number of Cameron Highlanders who were killed during the same attack.[28]

In his poem Aisling an t-Saighdeir ("The Soldier's Dream"), Dòmhnall recalls seeing a full grown red deer stag in the rush-covered glens north of Locheport and how he scrambled over rocks and banks trying to get a clear shot at the animal. Dòmhnall slowly took aim and ignited the gunpowder with a spark, only to find that the stag was gone. He had been replaced by Dòmhnall's Captain shouting retreat, as the Imperial German Army had swept behind the Cameron Highlanders and were about to cut off all opportunity to escape. Dòmhnall recalled that he had awakened not a moment too soon and that he barely escaped "the net" before the Germans "pulled it together." Some members of his unit, however, were not so lucky and were taken away to POW camps in Germany.[29]

In the late autumn of 1916, while serving at the Battle of the Somme, Dòmhnall Ruadh received orders from his Captain to take up a position in no man's land, fifty yards forward of the Cameron Highlanders' trench and twenty yards from a bridge, which was being worked on by a bomb squad commanded by an Irish NCO named Corporal Donnelly.[30]

Soon after taking his place in a shell hole, Dòmhnall found himself in the midst of an artillery barrage. The first shell hit the parapet of the bridge and exploded. The next two shells landed much closer to Dòmhnall's position, blew him up into the air, and knocked him unconscious. One of Dòmhnall's closest friends, Ruairidh MacLeòid from Howmore in South Uist, volunteered to go out in no man's land to look for him, but soon returned in tears, saying that Dòmhnall had been killed in the barrage.[31]

Dòmhnall Ruadh remained unconscious in the shell hole for three hours before he began coming to. Then, as his eyesight began to return, he saw the ruins of the bridge and remembered where he was. He then crawled out of the shell hole and sat down on the edge of it. At that moment, a German sniper opened fire on Dòmhnall from close range.[32]

The sniper's second shot hit its mark and Dòmhnall slid feet first back into the shell hole. As he examined his injuries, Dòmhnall realized that he had been wounded in the side by shrapnel and that the sniper had shot him through his arm, which was hanging limp.[33]

Dòmhnall waited inside the shell hole until he was certain that the sniper had stopped watching him. By then, the sun had risen high.[34]

He later recalled, "Anyway, I was able to crawl, to swim along the ground very cautiously all the way until I came in sight of the boys. And then they then began to shout to me to take it easy and keep down, until I tumbled into the trench where they were, and I was there until they got ahold of stretcher-bearers. My condition improved then and I was reasonably comfortable. I spent a fortnight back at base before they risked sending me back to England, I was so ill."[35]

Dòmhnall would later recall that, soon after his removal from the firing line, his close friend Ruairidh MacLeòid was killed in action.[36]

An Eala Bhàn

While recovering from his injuries, Dòmhnall composed the love song An Eala Bhàn ("The White Swan")[37] which he addressed to Magaidh NicLeòid, who was also called Magaidh Raghnaill Shaighdear,[38] of Lochmaddy in North Uist, the woman whom he hoped to marry. Of all of Dòmhnall's songs and poems, he is best known for An Eala Bhàn,[39] which is a cianalas-style lament for his lover and homeland.[40]

According Fred Macauley, "As happens to many other songs in the oral tradition, it is seldom sung as the Bard composed it. The words have changed over the years, the name is no longer Maggie and even the air is not original. 'They've spoiled it in Harris,' he used to say."[41] In response to how other Gaelic singers rendered his song, Dòmhnall commented "They spoiled that song. There is very little in it today of what I composed. The girl in the song today is called Màiri, but the one I made the song for was Magaidh - Magaidh NicLeòid from Lochmaddy."[42]

Like other Scottish Gaelic and Welsh poetry from World War I, the song expresses the futility and human destruction inherent in war.[43]

Return to duty

Despite recovering from his injuries, Dòmhnall Ruadh was ruled unfit to return to active service and spent the remainder of the war in the West Riding Field Regiment. Despite what regulations said, however, he continued to wear his Cameron's cap badge. While serving behind the lines during the 1918 Spring Offensive, Dòmhnall had a brief reunion with his old Batallion, which inspired him to compose the poem Na Camshronaich San Fhraing ("The Camerons in France").[44]

Later life

According to John A. Macpherson, "After the war, Dòmhnall Ruadh returned home to Corùna, but although he was thankful to be alive, he was, like most other returning soldiers, disillusioned. The land which they had been promised was as securely held by the landlords as it had ever been, and so were the hunting and fishing rights."[45]

According to Bill Lawson, in some parts of North Uist, land raids took place, as veterans of the Great War attempted to violently seize better crofts from men who had stayed at home. In response, the Campbell-Orde family chose to press full criminal charges against the raiders.[46]

According to Fred Macauley, "despite the love," that Dòmhnall and Magaidh NicLeòid, "had for each other, they never married. He himself never mentioned what came between them, but there is a tradition that Maggie's father disapproved and actually forbade the marriage."[47]

In 1922, Dòmhnall married Annie MacDonald (Anna Ruairidh 'ic Nèill, 1890-1971).[48]

He later recalled, "I was quite as happy and never regretted it. I got Ann MacDonald instead. We have been together for almost 40 years and we are as happy together today as we were the first day, in a lovely little warm home, clean and tidy, needing nothing but what we cannot have - health and youth."[49]

Dòmhnall and Annie had two children, Mary and Calum, both of whom died in 1965.[50]

According to John A. Macpherson, "He took up the craft of a stone-mason, as many crofters were building new houses, and he was a diligent worker and good walker, often walking twenty miles to the site of a new house. Between the two world wars he built more than thirty houses, and there is hardly a township in Uist without evidence of his skills."[51]

Despite this, the years after the Great War were very empty and there was very little work.[52] As a result, the memory of those who emigrated to Canada or the United States is still very present on North Uist.[53]

Many years later, Dòmhnall would express his feelings about those years in the poem, Caochladh Suigheachadh na Duthcha ("Changed Days"). He recalled the poverty of his youth and how he and his fellow Scottish Gaels went to war and frustrated the Kaiser's war aims at a truly unspeakable cost in lives. Meanwhile, the Anglo-Scottish landlords of the Highlands and Islands stayed home and got richer. He recalled how after the war there was no work and how the Gaels emigrated from Scotland to all corners of the world. For those who stayed, there was no food except what was grown and ground by hand and supplemented by occasional discreet defiance of the landlords' bans on hunting and fishing.[54]

Dòmhnall used to often say of those years, "If it weren't for the gun and what I poached, it would have been dire poverty."[55]

In his poem Dhan Gàidhlig ("For Gaelic"), Dòmhnall urged his fellow Gaels to "forget English", saying he had no use for it. He urged his listeners to remember their warrior ancestors, who never gave way while there was still a head on their shoulders. Dòmhmnall compared the Gaelic language to a tree that had lost its branches and leaves. But he said that if people were to dig and weed around its base, the tree would grow again and spread its leaves and branches. Dòmhnall expressed the hope that the descendants of the Gaels who were evicted during the Highland Clearances would return from around the world to hear from those who had stayed how heartlessly the landlords treated their ancestors. Dòmhnall expressed a vision of the Scottish Gaeldom prosperous and teeming with children and how sheep, with which the landlords replaced those whom they evicted, would be replaced with Highland cattle. Dòmhnall concluded by predicting that the women in the milking fold will sing Gaelic songs and recite Gaelic poems as they work.[56]

During the Second World War, Dòmhnall served in the Home Guard, about which he composed the song Òran a' Home Guard ("The Song of the Home Guard"), which pokes fun at an exercise in which a platoon from North Uist was ordered to simulate taking the airfield at Benbecula from the enemy.[57]

At the same time, Dòmhnall's son Calum MacDonald served in the Merchant navy, and regularly sailed within sight of North Uist on his travels between the port of Glasgow and the United States. With this in mind, the Bard composed the poem Am Fianais Uibhist ("In Sight of Uist").[58]

According to Ronald Black, "Experiencing a degree of prosperity for the first time in his life after the Second World War, the Voice of the Trenches, as we may call him, became a prolific poet once more, but subsequently suffered a great deal from illness."[59]

In his poem Òran an H-Bomb ("The Song of the H-Bomb"), Dòmhnall criticized the threat of nuclear weapons. He commented how, after attacks during World War I, stretcher bearers would come by sunset to pick up the wounded. Due to weapons like the hydrogen bomb, he continued, nothing would be spared, neither man nor beast, neither the beaches nor the mountaintops. Only one or two such bombs would suffice, he said, to completely wipe out the islands where Gaelic is spoken and everyone and everything in them. But Dòmhnall urged his listeners to trust that Jesus Christ, who died on the Cross out of love for the human race, would never permit such a terrible destruction to fall on those whose sins he redeemed through his blood and the wounds in his hands and his side.[60]

On March 28, 1956, when BBC Scotland played a recording of a Gaelic-language ceilidh by the soldiers of the Cameron Highlanders during the Korean War, Dòmhnall Ruadh was listening. He later composed the poem Gillean Chorea ("The Lads in Korea"), in which he declared that the recording had brought back his youth.[61]

In one of his last poems, Chuala Mi 'n Damh Donn sa Mhòintich ("I Heard the Brown Stag on the Moor"), Dòmhnall relates how, old and blind, he heard the cry of a red deer stag. The Bard then looked back on his past hunting exploits and struggled to accept both his present inability to hunt and the fact that his final departure from his beloved island was going to be very soon.[62]

As he grew ever closer to the end, Dòmhnall Ruadh also composed many poems in which he expressed contrition for his sins, expressed the hope for God's forgiveness, and prepared to face the Divine judgment seat. He often expressed hope in these poems that, instead of being consigned to Hell, he would be received into Heaven and reunited with his deceased friends and loved ones.[63]

When Dòmhnall was dying in the hospital in Lochmaddy, Rev. Iain Mac a' Ghobhainn, the Church of Scotland minister of that town, wrote a tribute to the poet:

"Bu phrionnsa measg nam bàrd thu

Bha iomraiteach bad chuairt;

Do ghibtean bha neo-àbhaisteach,

'S neo-bhàsmhor bidh do dhuain.

Am feadh 's a bhios a' Ghàidhlig

Mar chànan aig an t-sluagh

An Uibhist, eilean d'àraich,

Bidh cuimhn' ort, a Dhòmhnall Ruaidh."[64]

"You were a prince among the bards,

Renowned in your lifetime,

Unusually gifted,

And your poetry will ensure.

While Gaelic remains

The language of the people

In Uist, your native island,

You, Dòmhnall Ruaidh, will always be remembered."[65]

According to Fred Macauley, "He not only had an artist's eye for detail but he had an understanding and sympathy for his fellow man which attracted people to his poetry and moved them in harmony with his themes. He was proud of his heritage as a Gael, he loved his language, and his roots were deep in the miracle of creation. His was a life of much sorrow, yet it ended in happiness and contentment without a trace of fear."[66]

Death

Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna died at Lochmaddy on 13 August 1967.[67]

Like the 18th century North Uist Bard John MacCodrum,[68] Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna lies buried in Kilmuir cemetery,[69] which stands on the site of a Pre-Reformation parish church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Dòmhnall Ruadh rests underneath a gravestone that bears a carving of a swan and a quotation from the second verse of his love song An Eala Bhàn:

"'Chan eil sinn uileadh ach air chuairt

Mar dhíthein buaile fás

Bheir siantannan na bliadhna síos

'S Nach tog a'ghrian an áird."[70]

"We are all of us on a brief journey,

Like the field flower that grows

And succumbs to the changing season,

The sun no longer able to revive it."[71]

Legacy

According to Ronald Black, "Fortunately, at the instigation of Fred MacAuley of the BBC, most of Dòmhnall Ruadh's poems and songs had been written down from his dictation shortly before his death by John Alick MacPherson, who was at that time a teacher at Paible. They were first published by Gairm Publications in 1969 in an all-Gaelic edition prepared by MacPherson, Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna. This edition contains 12 poems and songs from 1914-1920, 17 from 1920-1945, and 28 from 1945-1966, 57 items in all, although the later poems are, on average, much shorter than the earlier ones."[72]

When it was first published in 1969, Dòmhnall Ruadh's verse proved very popular and all copies sold out in a very short time. Also, in a sign of how much things had changed since the Bard's childhood, his poetry collection was adopted as a textbook for teaching the Scottish Gaelic language in the schools of the Hebrides. This, however, increased the book's scarcity.[73]

Also according to Ronald Black, "[The first edition] was followed in 1995 by an illustrated bilingual edition, again titled Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna, this time edited by MacAuley himself and published by Comann Eachdraidh Uibhist a-Tuath. Thanks to the excellent memory of poet's cousin, Maggie Boyd (Mrs. John MacQuarrie, who died in 1994), to whom Dòmhnall liked to sing each new composition as soon as it was made, the new edition contains 61 items along with extra fragments."[74]

Since its author's death, An Eala Bhàn has been overwhelmingly voted as the greatest Gaelic song of all time in a poll by the BBC.[75] It has also been both sung and recorded by artists as diverse as Calum Kennedy, Donnie Munro, and Capercaillie.

As of 1999, the poet's heirs and the guardians of his copyrights were Mary Campbell, Neil Campbell, and Mrs. Fay Buesnel of Jersey in the Channel Islands, all of whom are the children of Mrs. Maggie Campbell, the niece of Dòmhnall's wife.[76]

On 1 July 2016, following a brief introduction by actress Joely Richardson, Scottish folk singer and North Uist native Julie Fowlis, who is best known for singing Touch the Sky in Disney's Brave, performed An Eala Bhàn in Gaelic before a large audience at the Thiepval Memorial on the hundredth anniversary of the Battle of the Somme. The performance was broadcast live. Three senior members of the British Royal Family, Prince William, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, and Prince Harry were in attendance.[77]

The South Uist poet Dòmhnall Iain MacDòmhnaill, who was a cousin of Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna, wrote the following eulogy for him:

Mhol thu 'n eala bhàn gu ciatach Ann am briathran brèagha bàidheil, Dh'inn's thu dhuinn mu 'liuthad deuchainn Tron deach thu ri beulaibh nàmhaid Mhol thu 'n tìr a dh'àraich òg thu, Uibhist bhòidheach bheag a' chrà-gheoidh...

"You praised the White Swan with elegance In splendid, loving words, You told us of how many trials You survived in going against the foe: You praised the land that reared you young, Lovely little sheldraked Uist..."[78]

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1. An Tuil, page 740.
2. Dòmhnall Ruadh Choruna Comann Eachdraidh Uibhist a Tuath, 1995. Pages 18-19.
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50. An Tuil, page 740.
51. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page xvii.
52. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page xxxv.
53. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 174-175.
54. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna (1995), page 174-177.
55. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page xxxv.
56. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 88-91.
57. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 102-105.
58. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 96-99.
59. An Tuil, page 740.
60. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 154-155.
61. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 142-143.
62. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page 188-189.
63. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 178-185, 190-193.
64. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page 199.
65. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page 199.
66. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page xli.
67. An Tuil, page 740.
68. Bill Lawson (2011), North Uist in History and Legend, page 32.
69. Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages 196-197.
70. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page 198.
71. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), page 58-59.
72. An Tuil, page 740.
73. Domhnall Ruadh Choruna, Edited by Fred Macauley (1995), pages x-xi.
74. An Tuil, page 740.
75. Heijnsbergen, Theo van; Sassi, Carla (2014). Within and Without Empire: Scotland Across the (Post)colonial Borderline. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4438-5567-9.
76. Ronald Black (1999), An Tuil: Anthology of 20th Century Scottish Gaelic Verse, page 741.
77. Julie Honoured to Perform at the Somme Centenary Commemoration Service
78. An Tuil, page 740.

Further reading

• Ronald Black, An Tuil: Anthology of 20th Century Scottish Gaelic Verse, Polygon Press, 1999.
• Fred MacAulay (editor), Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna, Comann Eachdraidh Uibhist a Tuath, 1995.