Corunastylis

Corunastylis is a genus of about 50 species of plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Commonly called midge orchids or pygmy orchids, they are terrestrial, deciduous, perennial, tuberous herbs found in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. They are similar to orchids in the genus Genoplesium and have been included with them in the past.

Midge orchids
Corunastylis nuda, the tiny midge orchid
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Diurideae
Subtribe: Prasophyllinae
Genus: Corunastylis
Fitzg.
Type species
Corunastylis apostasioides
Synonyms[1]
  • Prasophyllum R.Br.
  • Genoplesium R.Br.

Description

Midge orchids are all terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs. A single thin, hollow, cylinder-shaped long surrounds and is fused to the flowering stem with a short, free tip. From a few to up to fifty tiny flowers are crowded along a thin flowering stem. As with leek orchids (genus Prasophyllum), the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The sepals and petals are hairy in some species but glabrous in others, and often have a small gland near their tips. The labellum is attached by a small hinge and in some species vibrates in the slightest breeze.[2][3]

Taxonomy and naming

In 1888, Robert Fitzgerald formally described Corunastylis apostasioides and published the description in Australian Orchids, the first time the name Corunastylis had been used.[1] In 1889, Mueller changed the name to Prasophyllum apostasioides[4] and in 1989, David Jones and Mark Clements placed it and most other species of Prasophyllum into Genoplesium.[5] In 2002 Jones and Clements moved all the species of Genoplesium back into Corunastylis except for the New South Wales species Genoplesium baueri.[6]

Not all authorities have accepted the move from Genoplesium to Corunastylis, including the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families maintained by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[7]

The genus name Corunastylis is derived from Greek words meaning "a thick stick" and "a style".[8][9]

Distribution and habitat

Midge orchids are mainly endemic to eastern Australia, but two (C. nuda and C. pumila) occur in New Zealand and one (Corunastylis caloptera) is endemic to New Caledonia. They often grow in moist places with rushes or sedges, making tham difficult to see.[2]

Ecology

Most species of Corunastylis are pollinated by small vinegar flies attracted by the scent produced by glands on the flowers, but a few are self-pollinating.[2]

Species list

Although the name Corunastylis is not accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, it is used by Australian authorities. The following is a list of Corunastylis species as recognised in Australia. Common names are those used by David Jones.[10]

  • Corunastylis acuminata (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – pointed midge orchid
  • Corunastylis alticola (D.L.Jones & B.Gray) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – tableland midge orchid
  • Corunastylis anthracina D.L.Jones – black midge orchid
  • Corunastylis apostasioides Fitzg. – freak midge orchid
  • Corunastylis archeri (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – elfin midge orchid
  • Corunastylis arrecta D.L.Jones – erect midge orchid
  • Corunastylis bishopii (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Gibraltar Range midge orchid
  • Corunastylis brachystachya (Lindl.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – short spike midge orchid, Rocky Cape midge orchid
  • Corunastylis capparina D.L.Jones
  • Corunastylis carecta D.L.Jones & L.M.Copel.
  • Corunastylis ciliata (Ewart & B.Rees) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – fringed midge orchid
  • Corunastylis citriodora (D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - lemon scented midge orchid
  • Corunastylis clivicola D.L.Jones (NSW, ACT)
  • Corunastylis conferta (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – crowded midge orchid
  • Corunastylis cornuta D.L.Jones
  • Corunastylis cranei (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Blackall Ridge midge orchid
  • Corunastylis cuspidata D.L.Jones & L.M.Copel.
  • Corunastylis densa (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – dense midge orchid
  • Corunastylis despectans (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - sharp midge orchid
  • Corunastylis ectopa (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Brindabella midge orchid
  • Corunastylis eriochila (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Mount Wilson midge orchid
  • Corunastylis filiformis (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – glandular midge orchid
  • Corunastylis fimbriata (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - fringed midge orchid
  • Corunastylis firthii (L.Cady) D.L.Jones – Firth's midge orchid
  • Corunastylis formosa (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Cathcart midge orchid
  • Corunastylis insignis (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – dark midge orchid
  • Corunastylis laminata (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – red midge orchid
  • Corunastylis leptochila D.L.Jones
  • Corunastylis littoralis (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Tuncurry midge orchid
  • Corunastylis morina (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – mulberry midge orchid
  • Corunastylis morrisii (Nicholls) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - bearded midge orchid
  • Corunastylis mucronata (Rupp) D.L.Jones
  • Corunastylis nigricans (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - Kangaroo Island midge orchid
  • Corunastylis nuda (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - tiny midge orchid
  • Corunastylis nudiscapa (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - brownish midge orchid
  • Corunastylis obovata (Rupp) D.L.Jones
  • Corunastylis oligantha (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Mongarlowe midge orchid
  • Corunastylis ostrina (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – purple midge orchid
  • Corunastylis parvicalla (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – mountain-top midge orchid
  • Corunastylis pedersonii (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Pederson's midge orchid
  • Corunastylis plumosa (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - Tallong midge orchid
  • Corunastylis psammophila (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – coastal midge orchid
  • Corunastylis pumila (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - green midge orchid
  • Corunastylis rhyolitica (D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Pambula midge orchid
  • Corunastylis rufa (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - rufous midge orchid
  • Corunastylis ruppii (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Rupp's midge orchid
  • Corunastylis sagittifera (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – horned midge orchid
  • Corunastylis sigmoidea (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Dave's Creek midge orchid
  • Corunastylis simulans (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Blue Mountains midge orchid
  • Corunastylis stephensonii D.L.Jones
  • Corunastylis superba (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – pink midge orchid
  • Corunastylis systena (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Kangarooby midge orchid
  • Corunastylis tasmanica (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Tasmanian midge orchid
  • Corunastylis tecta (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Cardwell midge orchid
  • Corunastylis tenella D.L.Jones & L.M.Copel.
  • Corunastylis tepperi (F.Muell. ex Tepper) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – mallee midge orchid
  • Corunastylis trifida (Rupp) D.L.Jones & L.M.Copel. – blackish midge orchid
  • Corunastylis turfosa (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – alpine midge orchid
  • Corunastylis unica (Rupp) D.L.Jones
  • Corunastylis valida (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – Blackdown midge orchid
  • Corunastylis vernalis (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – spring midge orchid
  • Corunastylis woollsii (F.Muell.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. – dark midge orchid
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References
  1. "Corunastylis apostasioides". APNI. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  2. Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 175. ISBN 1877069124.
  3. Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (2011). Orchids of South-West Australia (3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. pp. 350–351. ISBN 9780646562322.
  4. "Prasophyllum apostasioides". APNI. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  5. "Genoplesium apostasioides". APNI. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  6. Barker, R. M.; Bates, Robert J (2008). "New combinations in Pterostylis and Caladenia and other name changes in the Orchidaceae of South Australia" (PDF). Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. 22: 101–104. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  7. "Corunastylis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  8. Francis Aubie Sharr (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings. Kardinya, Western Australia: Four Gables Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780958034180.
  9. "Corunastylis". APNI. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  10. Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. pp. 175–190. ISBN 1877069124.
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