Continental margin

The continental margin is one of the three major zones of the ocean floor, the other two being deep-ocean basins and mid-ocean ridges. The continental margin is the shallow water area found in proximity to continents.[1] The continental margin consists of three different features: the continental rise, the continental slope, and the continental shelf.[2] Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area.[1]

Profile illustrating the shelf, slope and rise

Zones of the continental margin

The continental shelf is the portion of the continental margin that transitions from the shore out towards to ocean. Continental shelves are believed to make up 7 percent of the sea floor.[3] The width of continental shelves worldwide varies from a 30 meters to 1500 kilometers.[4] The continental shelf is generally flat, and ends at the shelf break, where there is a drastic increase in slope angle. The mean slope of continental shelves worldwide is 0° 07' degrees, and typically steeper closer to the coastline than it is near the shelf break.[5] At the shelf break begins the continental slope, which can be one to five kilometers above the deep-ocean floor. The continental slope often exhibits features called submarine canyons.[4] Submarine canyons often cut into the continental shelves deeply, with near vertical sides, and continue to cut the morphology to the abyssal plain.[5] These canyons are often V-shaped, and can sometime enlarge onto the continental shelf. At the base of the continental slope, there is a sudden decrease in slope, and the sea floor begins to level out towards the abyssal plain. This portion of the seafloor is called the continental rise, and marks the outermost zone of the continental margin.[2]

Types

There are two types of continental margins: active and passive margins.[2]

Active margins are typically associated with lithospheric plate boundaries. These active margins can be convergent or transform margins, and are also places of high tectonic activity, including volcanoes and earthquakes. The West Coast of North America and South America are active margins.[4] Active continental margins are typically narrow from coast to shelf break, with steep descents into trenches.[4] Convergent active margins occur where oceanic plates meet continental plates. The denser oceanic plate subducts below the less dense continental plate. Convergent active margins are the most common type of active margin. Transform active margins are more rare, and occur when an oceanic plate and a continental plate are moving parallel to each other in opposite directions. These transform margins are often characterized by many offshore faults, which causes high degree of relief offshore, marked by islands, shallow banks, and deep basins. This is known as the continental borderland.[2]

Passive margins are often located in the interior of lithospheric plates, away from the plate boundaries, and lack major tectonic activity. They often face mid-ocean ridges.[3] From this, comes a wide variety of features, such as low-relief land extending miles away from the beach, long river systems and piles of sediment accumulating on the continental shelf.[6] The East Coast of the United States is an example of a passive margin. These margins are much wider and less sloped than active margins.

Sediment accumulation
See also: Coastal morphodynamics

As continental crust weathers and erodes, it degrades into mainly sands and clays. Many of these particles end up in streams and rivers that then dump into the ocean. Of all the sediment in the stream load, 80% is then trapped and dispersed on continental margins.[3] While modern river sediment is often still preserved closer to shore, continental shelves show high levels of glacial and relict sediments, deposited when sea level was lower.[3] Often found on passive margins are several kilometers of sediment, consisting of terrigenous and carbonate (biogenous) deposits. These sediment reservoirs are often useful in the study of paleoceanography and the original formation of ocean basins.[3] These deposits are often not well preserved on active margin shelves due to tectonic activity.[4]

Economic significance

The continental shelf is the most economically valuable part of the ocean. It often is the most productive portion of the continental margin, as well as the most studied portion, due to its relatively shallow, accessible depths.[4]

Due to the rise of offshore drilling, mining and the limitations of fisheries off the continental shelf, the United Nations Convention on "Law of the Sea" was established. The edge of the continental margin is one criterion for the boundary of the internationally recognized claims to underwater resources by countries in the definition of the "continental shelf" by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (although in the UN definition the "legal continental shelf" may extend beyond the geomorphological continental shelf and vice versa).[1] Such resources include fishing grounds, oil and gas accumulations, sand, gravel, and some heavy minerals in the shallower areas of the margin. Metallic minerals resources are thought to also be associated with certain active margins, and of great value.[3]

gollark: It is.
gollark: In terms of actual utility, it might be nice to have one of those RSS bots post new changes to the Encyclopaedia Galactica in a channel here, or forum topics or something.
gollark: I don't think they're very good, but they seem popular, possibly because it's an easy feature so lots of bots with useful capabilities have it and nobody bothers to disable that.
gollark: When you interact with a server a lot, it gives you arbitrary "levels".
gollark: I was joking: I don't actually believe that it's impossible for people to not want to use my thing. It's a bot I wrote for mostly personal use which does a few things I find valuable.

See also

References
  1. P. J. Cook, Chris Carleton (2000) "Continental Shelf Limits: The Scientific and Legal Interface", ISBN 0-19-511782-4
  2. V., Thurman, Harold (2014-01-01). Essentials of Oceanography. Pearson. ISBN 9780321668127. OCLC 815043823.
  3. Board., National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Sciences (1979-01-01). Continental margins : geological and geophysical research needs and problems. National Academy of Sciences. ISBN 0309027934.
  4. Grotzinger, Jordan (2007). Understanding Earth. W H Freeman. pp. 491–496. ISBN 978-0716766827.
  5. Gulicher, Andre (1958). Coastal and Submarine Morphology. Great Britain: Butler & Tanner Ltd. pp. 205–215.
  6. http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry26.html
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.