Cognac, France

Cognac (French: [kɔɲak] (listen), Occitan:Conhac) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.

Cognac
Subprefecture and commune
The Saint-Jacques gate in Cognac
Coat of arms
Location of Cognac
Cognac
Cognac
Coordinates: 45°42′N 0°20′W
CountryFrance
RegionNouvelle-Aquitaine
DepartmentCharente
ArrondissementCognac
CantonCognac-1 and 2
Government
 • Mayor (2008–2014) Michel Gourinchas
Area
1
15.5 km2 (6.0 sq mi)
Population
 (2017-01-01)[1]
18,825
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
16102 /16100
Elevation5–53 m (16–174 ft)
(avg. 27 m or 89 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Geography

Cognac is situated on the river Charente between the towns of Angoulême and Saintes. The majority of the town has been built on the river's left bank, with the smaller right bank area known as the Saint Jacques district. The town is situated on one of the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela and is home to the French Air Force training base 709. Cognac is 400 kilometers (250 mi) southwest of Paris.

Climate
Climate data for Cognac, France (1981–2010 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1)		 22.5
(72.5)		 26.2
(79.2)		 31.0
(87.8)		 34.0
(93.2)		 38.2
(100.8)		 40.1
(104.2)		 39.6
(103.3)		 36.4
(97.5)		 30.6
(87.1)		 24.7
(76.5)		 20.5
(68.9)		 40.1
(104.2)
Average high °C (°F) 9.4
(48.9)		 11.0
(51.8)		 14.4
(57.9)		 16.9
(62.4)		 20.8
(69.4)		 24.3
(75.7)		 26.8
(80.2)		 26.7
(80.1)		 23.5
(74.3)		 18.9
(66.0)		 13.0
(55.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 18.0
(64.4)
Average low °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0)		 2.8
(37.0)		 4.9
(40.8)		 6.9
(44.4)		 10.6
(51.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 15.3
(59.5)		 15.0
(59.0)		 12.3
(54.1)		 9.8
(49.6)		 5.5
(41.9)		 3.3
(37.9)		 8.6
(47.5)
Record low °C (°F) −17.5
(0.5)		 −19.4
(−2.9)		 −10.2
(13.6)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 3.0
(37.4)		 6.4
(43.5)		 5.5
(41.9)		 2.2
(36.0)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 −14.5
(5.9)		 −19.4
(−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 71.9
(2.83)		 52.0
(2.05)		 57.7
(2.27)		 71.0
(2.80)		 65.1
(2.56)		 52.3
(2.06)		 48.2
(1.90)		 47.3
(1.86)		 59.8
(2.35)		 81.2
(3.20)		 86.3
(3.40)		 84.3
(3.32)		 777.1
(30.59)
Average precipitation days 11.7 9.2 10.1 11.3 10.7 7.5 7.0 6.6 8.0 11.4 11.7 11.9 117.0
Average relative humidity (%) 87 82 76 74 75 72 69 72 76 83 87 88 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 83.0 111.9 162.4 180.5 215.9 238.4 249.9 244.8 199.2 137.3 91.2 81.4 1,995.9
Source 1: Meteo France[2][3]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, 1961–1990)[4]

History

Unknown prior to the 9th century, the town was subsequently fortified. During the Hundred Years' War, the town changed sides on several occasions as the result of fighting and treaties in the region.

The town gave its name to the 1526 League of Cognac, an anti-Habsburg alliance formed by Francis I, who granted it the lucrative right to trade salt along the river, which led to its later development as a center of wine and brandy.[5]

In November 1651, it was besieged by rebels led by Prince de Condé during the 1648-1653 civil war or "Fronde"; it was relieved in December by a force under Comte d' Harcourt and given additional trading privileges by Louis XIV as a reward for its resistance.[6]

Population
Historical population
YearPop.±%
17932,846—    
18002,827−0.7%
18063,134+10.9%
18212,947−6.0%
18313,409+15.7%
18414,118+20.8%
18464,947+20.1%
18515,835+18.0%
18567,085+21.4%
18618,167+15.3%
18669,412+15.2%
187213,677+45.3%
187614,900+8.9%
188114,087−5.5%
188615,200+7.9%
189117,392+14.4%
189620,228+16.3%
190119,483−3.7%
190619,469−0.1%
191119,188−1.4%
192118,876−1.6%
192617,452−7.5%
193117,404−0.3%
193616,305−6.3%
194617,479+7.2%
195419,026+8.9%
196220,798+9.3%
196822,062+6.1%
197522,237+0.8%
198220,660−7.1%
199019,528−5.5%
199919,525−0.0%
200819,066−2.4%

The inhabitants of the town are known as Cognaçais.

Landmarks
  • The Old Town. The town's medieval quarter "Vieux Cognac" runs from the Tours Saint-Jacques, alongside the river, up to the Saint-Léger church. The area contains many unusual buildings, built between the 15th and 18th centuries, situated on narrow cobbled streets. Many contain sculptures of the salamander, the symbol of King François I, as well as gargoyles and richly decorated façades.
  • The Château des Valois, an important medieval trading post.
  • The Saint-Léger church. Church Exterior[7][8]
  • The musée d'Art et d'Histoire (art and history museum)
  • The musée des arts du Cognac (art museum)
  • The Saint-Gobain glassworks and barrelworks
  • Cognac Public Garden

The area also contains many Romanesque churches as well as several châteaux.

Cognac brandy
Main article: Cognac

The town gives its name to one of the world's best-known types of brandy or eau de vie. Drinks must be made in certain areas around the town of Cognac and must be made according to strictly defined regulations to be granted the name Cognac.

Cognac is a unique spirit in that it is double-distilled. This process can be viewed in one of the many "Grande Marque" Cognac houses which all have visitor centers. Most central in the town are Hennessy, Martell, Otard, Camus and Remy Martin. About 15 km (9 mi) east of Cognac is Jarnac, home to Courvoisier.

There are six vineyard areas around the Cognac area, all of which are within the Appellation Controlee for Cognac, but which are considered to vary in quality from the best growth area of "Grande Champagne" (nothing to do with the Champagne wine region in NE France), through "Petite Champagne" then "Borderies", "Fins Bois", "Bon Bois" and finally "Bois Ordinaire". The best Cognacs are generally only made using Grande and Petite Champagne grapes, but all Cognac is produced by blending a variety of "Eau de Vie" which can be made from grapes from different locations, and from different vintages. It is the cellar master's skill that ensures that a brand's Cognac is recognizable regardless of when it is produced since he can blend multiple eaux de vie to achieve the right taste for his house.

Different qualities of Cognac are produced by all brands, and include VS ("Very Special"); VSOP ("Very Superior [or, more commonly, "Special", though the Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac specifies "Superior"] Old Pale") and XO ("eXtra Old"). (English terms are still used, since in the early days of Cognac production it was the British and Irish who were the main consumers and also became some of the main producers of Cognac, using techniques acquired from the distillation of whiskey, etc.) These are controlled by the length of time the Cognac is allowed to mature in oak barrels, a minimum time being required at each grade level. The longer the Cognac matures in the barrel the smoother it will generally become. Once it is bottled no further development takes place. Most houses still have barrels of Cognac dating back to the 19th century sitting in their cellars waiting for fine blending by the Cellar Master.

Notable people
  • The glassmaker Claude Boucher, inventor of the glass-blowing machine in around 1880, lived and worked in Cognac
  • The car manufacturer Louis Delâge was born in Cognac in 1874
  • Francis I (king of France between 1515 and 1547) was born in the town's castle in 1494. The town's main square is named after him and a statue of the king, on horseback over his enemies, stands at the center
  • Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, born in Cognac in 1838, discovered the elements Gallium in 1875 and Samarium in 1878
  • Jean Monnet, one of the founding fathers of the European Union, was born in Cognac in 1888
  • The French adult film star and model François Sagat was born in Cognac.
  • The French poet Octavien de Saint-Gelais was born in Cognac in 1468

Sport

Twin towns—sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Cognac is twinned with:[9]

  • The Musée des arts du Cognac
  • The Château des Valois
  • The Château des Valois
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See also

References
  1. "Populations légales 2017". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  2. "Données climatiques de la station de Cognac" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  3. "Climat Poitou-Charentes" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  4. "Normes et records 1961-1990: Cognac-Châteaubernard (16) - altitude 30m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  5. Rikard, J. "Second Hapsburg-Valois War or War of the League of Cognac (1526-30)". History of War. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  6. Kenny, Peter Francis (2016). Heroes, Villains, and Conflicts. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1514443781. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2007-05-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. Archived November 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. "Les jumelages". ville-cognac.fr (in French). Cognac. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
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