Clupea

Clupea is genus of planktivorous bony fish belonging to the family Clupeidae, commonly known as herrings. They are found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, including the Baltic Sea. Three species of Clupea are recognized. The main taxa, the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) may each be divided into subspecies. Herrings are forage fish moving in vast schools, coming in spring to the shores of Europe and America, where they form important commercial fisheries.

This article is about the species of fish. For other uses, see Clupea (disambiguation).

Clupea
Temporal range: 55–0 Ma Early Eocene to Present.[1]
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Clupeiformes
Family: Clupeidae
Subfamily: Clupeinae
Genus: Clupea
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

see text

Morphology

The species of Clupea belong to the larger family Clupeidae (herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens), which comprises some 200 species that share similar features. They are silvery-colored fish that have a single dorsal fin, which is soft, without spines. They have no lateral line and have a protruding lower jaw. Their size varies between subspecies: the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) is small, 14 to 18 centimeters; the proper Atlantic herring (C. h. harengus) can grow to about 45.72 cm (18.00 in) and weigh up 680 g (1.50 lb); and Pacific herring grow to about 38 cm (15 in).

Species
Clupea species
Common name Scientific name Maximum
length		 Common
length		 Maximum
weight		 Maximum
age		 Trophic
level		 Fish
Base		 FAO ITIS IUCN status
Araucanian herring Clupea bentincki Norman, 1936 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 [2] [3] [4] Not assessed
Atlantic herring Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 45.0 cm 30.0 cm 1.1 kg 22 years 3.23 [5] [6] [7] Least concern[8]
    - Atlantic herring     - C. h. harengus Linnaeus, 1758 [9]
    - Baltic herring     - C. h. membras Valenciennes, 1847 [10]
Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 46.0 cm 25.0 cm 19 years 3.15 [11] [12] [13] Not assessed
    - Pacific herring     - C. p. pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 46.0 cm 25.0 cm [11] -
    - White Sea herring     - C. p. marisalbi L. S. Berg, 1923 34.0 cm [14] -[15]
    - Chosa herring     - C. p. suworowi Rabinerson, 1927 31.5 cm [16] -
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)

Ecology

See Atlantic herring for videos of juvenile herring feeding by catching copepods.

Video loop of a school of Atlantic herring migrating to their spawning grounds in the Baltic Sea

Predators of herring include humans, seabirds, dolphins, porpoises, striped bass, seals, sea lions, whales, sharks, dog fish, tuna, cod, salmon, and halibut. Other large fish also feed on adult herring.

Young herring feed on phytoplankton and as they mature they start to consume larger organisms. Adult herring feed on zooplankton, tiny animals that are found in oceanic surface waters, and small fish and fish larvae. Copepods and other tiny crustaceans are the most common zooplankton eaten by herring. During daylight herring stay in the safety of deep water, feeding at the surface only at night when there is less chance of being seen by predators. They swim along with their mouths open, filtering the plankton from the water as it passes through their gills.

Fisheries
Commercial herring catch

Adult herring are harvested for their meat and eggs, and they are often used as baitfish. The trade in herring is an important sector of many national economies. In Europe the fish has been called the "silver of the sea", and its trade has been so significant to many countries that it has been regarded as the most commercially important fishery in history.[17] Environmental Defense have suggested that the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) fishery is one of the more environmentally responsible fisheries.[18]

Medieval herring fishing in Scania, 1555

Sources
  • Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). Species of Clupea in FishBase. January 2006 version.
  • O'Clair, Rita M. and O'Clair, Charles E., "Pacific herring," Southeast Alaska's Rocky Shores: Animals. pg. 343-346. Plant Press: Auke Bay, Alaska (1998). ISBN 0-9664245-0-6

References
  1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  2. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). "Clupea bentincki" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  3. Clupea bentincki (Norman, 1936) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  4. "Clupea bentincki". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). "Clupea harengus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  6. Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  7. "Clupea harengus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. Herdson D, Priede I (2011). "Clupea harengus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  9. "Clupea harengus harengus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. "Clupea harengus membras". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  11. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Clupea pallasii pallasii" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  12. Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes, 1847) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  13. "Clupea pallasii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Clupea pallasii marisalbi" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  15. "Clupea pallasii marisalbi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Clupea pallasii suworowi" in FishBase. April 2012 version.: "Status needs confirmation."
  17. Herring Archived 2010-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, from Census of Marine Life Archived 2010-08-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2010.
  18. Eco-Best Fish - Safe for the environment, from Environmental Defense Fund, 2010.
gollark: Of CC programs, that is.
gollark: We shall have to see how it runs in actual performance tests.
gollark: I'm sure the performance will be great and you definitely won't have vast reams of code spawning processes all over the place.
gollark: `termion` for Rust has support for it, I think, but you're using only lua.
gollark: Well, there's probably a lua library for it.
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