Central northeastern Portuguese
The central northeastern dialect of Brazilian Portuguese (Portuguese: dialeto nordestino central) is a dialect spoken in the central part of the Northeast Region, Brazil, in all the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Alagoas and Sergipe, much of the state of Pernambuco (except for the Zona da Mata and the Recife metropolitan area), northern of Bahia, southern of Ceará, southeastern of Piauí and a few regions of Maranhão. It has roughly about 53,078,137 native speakers and varies within the region. This dialect shares similarities between north coast, Baiano and Recifense dialects.
| Central northeastern Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| Dialeto nordestino central | |
| Pronunciation | Portuguese pronunciation: [diaˈlɛtʊ nɔɦdɛʃˈtĩnʊ sẽˈtɾaw] |
| Native to | Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Alagoas, Sergipe, Pernambuco (except Recife metropolitan area and Zona da Mata), Ceará (South and South-Central, region also known popularly as "Cariri"), Bahia (North and North-Central, in the São Francisco River Valley), southeastern of Piauí and southwest of Maranhão |
Native speakers | about 54 million |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-am |
Main features
- Predominant use of voiced (d̪) and voiceless (t̪) dental stops before close front unrounded vowel (i) even in final syllables "de" and "te", like presente Portuguese pronunciation: [pɾɛˈzẽt̪i] ("present") and diário Portuguese pronunciation: [d̪iˈaɾju] ("daily").
- Palatalization predominant (but not always recurring) of fricatives /s/ and /z/ in /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ before voiceless (t̪) and voiced (d̪) alveolar stops, and also, but less often, before the denti-alveolar lateral approximant (l̪) and the denti-alveolar nasal (n̪), like poste Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpɔʃt̪i] ("post"), desde Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈd̪eʒd̪i] ("from", "since"), os navios Portuguese pronunciation: [uʒ ˈn̪aviws] ('the ships"), and dois lados Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈd̪ojʒ ˈlad̪ʊs] ("two sides").
- Debuccalization of syllable-final /s/ and /z/ in colloquial speech (in a number of words and with varying frequency according to the place) to the glottal fricatives [h] and [ɦ] (when in the end of words, this only happens if there's another word following it, but if it doesn't, the pronunciations of these consonants are the standard ones), like mesmo Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmeɦmʊ] ("same") and eu fiz tudo Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈew ˈfih 'tud̪ʊ] (being more common Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈew ˈfiʃ 'tud̪ʊ]).
- Debuccalization of the letter "v" (normally pronounced as [v]) in colloquial speech to the voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], in some of the verbal forms (those starting with "v") of the verbs "Ir" ("to go"), "Vir" ("to come") and "Ver" ("to see"), like Vamo? Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɦɐ̃mʊ̥] or Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɦɐ̃m] ("Let's go?"), Tu vem? Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈt̪u ˈɦẽj̃] ("Are you coming?") and Vai te embora! Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɦaj ˈt̪‿ĩˈbɔɾɐ] ("(You) Go away!").
- In "des", "dis", "tes" or "tis" syllables, there are voiced alveolar sibilant affricate (d͡z) and voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate (t͡s): idades Portuguese pronunciation: [iˈdad͡z] ("ages", "years") and partes Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpaht͡s] ("parts").
- Voiced glottal fricative (ɦ) and voiceless glottal fricative (h) are present in the sound of the letter "r" (the first between syllables, but never with an "r" starting a non-initial syllable alone, because these do /ɾ/, and the second at the beginning of words or digraph "rr"). None of the two phonemes occur at the end of words. Examples: corda Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkɔɦdɐ] ("rope"), rabo Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɦabu] ("tail" - also locally in Brazilian Northeast "buttocks") and barragem Portuguese pronunciation: [baˈɦaʒẽj̃] ("dam"), querer Portuguese pronunciation: [keˈɾe] ("to want").
- Opening of the pre-tonic vowels /e/ and /o/ to /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ most of these syllables with vowels: rebolar Portuguese pronunciation: [hɛbɔˈla] ("throw away").
- Monophthongization of /e/ and /ɛ/ or /o/ and /ɔ/ in some cases.
IPA for Central northeastern Portuguese
This key also serves, for the most part, to the north coast and recifense dialects. But the dialects cited here do not have the phoneme /d͡z/ and /t͡s/, characteristic of the central northeastern dialect. Recifense dialect usually palatalize fricatives in any syllabic consonant meeting (including the end of words) and not only before /d/ and /t/. Moreover, in certain regions of southeastern of Piauí and Maranhão west coast also a greater or lesser palatalization of fricatives may occur under the influence of Amazonian dialects (northern and Amazon Plateau), and even the absence of such palatalization. That is, in some areas the sound is pronounced exactly what is written (/s/ and /z/), and others as /ʃ/ and /ʒ/. In north coast dialect, also virtually no dental stops before /i/, /j/ or /ĩ/, and in its place they use postalveolar affricates (/d͡ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/). In contrast, the central northeastern dialect has almost exclusive predominance of dental stops before /i/, /j/ or /ĩ/. And the postalveolar affricates are used only in the following cases: in words of foreign origin in the Portuguese language, especially English; in words denoting slang and regionalisms; and phonemes are present in the standard variety of Brazilian Portuguese, are also often in television media to replace the dental stops (though never in common parlance).
Consonants
| IPA | Graphemes | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | b | bucho [ˈbuʃu], bloco [ˈblɔku], bruto [ˈbɾutu] | best |
| d | d | dar [ˈda], depósito [dɛˈpɔzitu] | down |
| d̪ 1 | d | dia [ˈd̪iɐ], açude [aˈsud̪i] | dear, dream |
| d͡z 2 | des, dis | idades [iˈdad͡z] | roughly like: minds |
| f | f | feio [ˈfeju] | family |
| g | g, gu | galinha [ɡaˈlĩȷ̃ɐ], guisado [ɡiˈzadu] | get |
| ɦ 3 | r | rei [ˈɦej], corda [ˈkɔɦdɐ], marmota [maɦˈmɔtɐ] | behind |
| h 4 | r, rr | arte [ˈahti], cartão [kahˈtɐ̃w] | hot, high |
| ʒ 5 | g, j, s, z | jumento [ʒuˈmẽtu], gente [ˈʒẽt̪i], desde [ˈdeʒd̪i] | rouge |
| k | c, qu | caju [kaˈʒu], querer [keˈɾe] | keep, call |
| ks6 | x | táxi [ˈtaksi] | excellent, explain |
| l | l | lombo [ˈlõbu] | let |
| ɫ 7 | l | ligar [ɫiˈɡa], lindo [ˈɫĩdu] | feeling |
| ʎ | lh, li | filho [ˈfiʎu], família [fɐˈmiʎɐ] | roughly like: million |
| m | m | macho [ˈmaʃu] | environment |
| n | n | neto [ˈnɛtu] | sonic |
| ɲ ~ ȷ̃ | nh, ni | farinha [faˈɾĩȷ̃ɐ], alumínio [aluˈmĩɲu] | roughly like: canyon |
| p | p | poço [ˈposu] | peace |
| ɾ | r | arengar [aɾẽˈɡa], comprar [kõˈpɾa] | ladder in American English |
| s | c, ç, s, xc, z | sebo [ˈsebu], pensa [ˈpẽsɐ], caça [ˈkasɐ], exceção [ɛsɛˈsɐ̃w̃], cearense [sɪaˈɾẽsi], rapaz [haˈpajs] | sale |
| t | t | tamanco [tɐˈmɐ̃ku], terra [ˈtɛɦɐ] | time |
| t̪ 1 | t | tia [ˈt̪iɐ], noite [ˈn̪ojt̪i] | team |
| t͡s 2 | tes, tis | artes [ˈaht͡s] | roughly like: saints |
| ʃ 8 | ch, s, x, z | caixote [ka[j]ˈʃɔt̪i], chave [ˈʃavi], abestado [abeʃˈtadu] | shop |
| z | z | zangado [zɐ̃ˈɡadu] | zero |
- 1After the vowels /i/ or /ĩ/ and semivowel /j/.
- 2Used in plural words ending in "des", "dis", "tes" and "tis".
- 3Between the end and the beginning of syllables.
- 4At the beginning of words and the digraph "rr".
- 5Also in palatalization of /z/ before /d/.
- 6Phonetic junction between /k/ and /s/.
- 7Allophone of /l/ before /i/ and /ĩ/.
- 8Also in palatalization of /s/ before /t/.
Marginal phonemes
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| dʒ 1 | jeans [ˈd͡ʒĩs], diabo [ˈd͡ʒabu], tédio [ˈtɛd͡ʒu] | change |
| tʃ 1 | tchau [ˈt͡ʃaw], capuccino [kapuˈt͡ʃĩnu], moléstia [mʊˈlɛʃt͡ʃa] | cheese |
- 1 Only in words of foreign origin in the Portuguese language, in words denoting slang, regionalisms and optionally the grapheme "di" and "ti" that are in post-tonic syllables with rising diphthongs (and never in all locations, depending on local state changes to state where it is spoken dialect), and phonemes are present in the standard variety of Brazilian Portuguese, are also often in television media to replace the dental stops (though never in common parlance).
Vowels and semivowels
| IPA | Graphemes | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | arroz [aˈhojs] | car (GA) or time |
| ɐ | a | cama [ˈkɐ̃mɐ] | nut |
| ɐ̃ | a, am, an, ã | manhã [mɐˈj̃ɐ̃], arrumação [ahumaˈsɐ̃w], dança [ˈdɐ̃sɐ], bamba [ˈbɐ̃bɐ] | nasal /ɐ/ |
| e | e, ê | loteria [loteˈɾiɐ], glacê [ɡlaˈse] | says |
| ɛ | e, é | serra [ˈsɛhɐ], pé [ˈpɛ] | set |
| ẽ | e, em, en | pente [ˈpẽ(j)t̪i], exemplo [eˈzẽplu], energia [ẽnɛɦˈʒiɐ] | nasal /e/ |
| i | e, i | repentista [hɛpẽ(j̃)ˈt̪iʃtɐ], país [paˈiz], tarde [ˈtaɦd̪i] | emission or see |
| ɪ 1 | e | segunda [sɪˈɡũdɐ], escola [ɪsˈkɔlɐ], menino [mɪˈnĩnu] | big |
| ĩ | i, im, in | cinto [ˈsĩtu], vinho [ˈvĩɲu] | nasal /i/ |
| o | o, ô | rolinha [hoˈlĩɲɐ], sopro [ˈsopɾu], vô [ˈvo] | sole |
| ɔ | o, ó | rebolar [hɛbɔˈla] | ball or lot |
| õ | om, on, õ | arrombado [ahõˈbadu], cone [ˈkõni] | nasal /o/ |
| u | u, ú | jurubeba [ʒuɾuˈbɛbɐ], juá [ʒuˈa], | food |
| ʊ 1 | o | botão [bʊˈtɐ̃w̃], boneco [bʊˈnɛku] | good |
| ũ | um, un | lundu [lũˈdu], mussum [muˈsũ] | nasal /u/ |
| j | i, nh | jeito [ˈʒejtu], série [ˈsɛɾji] | you or boy |
| w | l, u | pau [ˈpaw], alto [ˈawtu], guarda [ˈɡwaɦdɐ], quase [ˈkwazi] | want or low |
- 1Substitution for unstressed vowels /e/ and /o/.