Calanthe

Calanthe, commonly known as Christmas orchids,[2] is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upright, sometimes arching flowering stems. The sepals and petals are narrow and a similar size to each other and the labellum usually has spreading lobes.

Christmas orchids
Calanthe sylvatica in the Botanical Gardens Berlin - Orchid Exhibition
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Collabieae
Genus: Calanthe
R.Br.[1]
Diversity
about 220 species
Synonyms[1]
  • Alismorkis Thouars
  • Amblyglottis Blume
  • Aulostylis Schltr.
  • Calanthidum Pfitzer
  • Centrosia A.Rich.
  • Centrosis Thouars
  • Ghiesbreghtia A.Rich. & Galeotti
  • Limatodes Blume
  • Paracalanthe Kudô
  • Preptanthe Rchb.f.
  • Styloglossum Breda
  • Zeduba Ham. ex Meisn
  • Zoduba Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

Description

Orchids in the genus Calanthe are terrestrial with small, crowded pseudobulbs with thick roots and a few corrugated or wrinkled leaves with the base tapering to a petiole-like stalk. Some species are evergreen while others are deciduous. The flowers are delicate but showy, white, pink, yellow or orange and crowded near the end of an erect, sometimes arching flowering stem. The sepals and petals are relatively narrow, similar in size and spread widely. The labellum has three or four spreading lobes and in most species there is a spur at the base. Unlike similar orchids, the labellum of Calanthe orchids is fused to the column.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Calanthe was first formally described in 1821 by Robert Brown and his manuscript was published in The Botanical Register.[1][8] The name Calanthe is derived from the Ancient Greek words kallos meaning "beauty"[9]:131 and anthos meaning "flower".[9]:94

Distribution and habitat

Calanthe species are found in all tropical areas, but mostly concentrated in Southeast Asia. Some species also range into subtropical and tropical lands such as China, India, Madagascar, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[1]

List of species

The following is a list of species of Calanthe recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at August 2018:[1]

  • Calanthe abbreviata (Blume) Lindl.
  • Calanthe aceras Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
  • Calanthe alba W.Suarez & Cootes
  • Calanthe albolutea Ridl.
  • Calanthe alismifolia Lindl.
  • Calanthe alleizettei Gagnep.
  • Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl.
  • Calanthe alta Rchb.f.
  • Calanthe angustifolia (Blume) Lindl.
  • Calanthe aquamarina Schuit. & de Vogel
  • Calanthe arcuata Rolfe
  • Calanthe arfakana J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe argenteostriata C.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng
  • Calanthe arisanensis Hayata
  • Calanthe aristulifera Rchb.f.
  • Calanthe aruank P.Royen
  • Calanthe aurantiaca Ridl.
  • Calanthe aureiflora J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe balansae Finet
  • Calanthe baliensis J.J.Wood & J.B.Comber
  • Calanthe beamanii P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe beleensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe bicalcarata J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe biloba Lindl.
  • Calanthe bingtaoi J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
  • Calanthe bivalvis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
  • Calanthe brassii Ormerod
  • Calanthe brevicornu Lindl.
  • Calanthe burkei P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe calanthoides (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Hamer & Garay in F.Hamer
  • Calanthe camptoceras Schltr.
  • Calanthe cardioglossa Schltr.
  • Calanthe carrii Govaerts
  • Calanthe caulescens J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe caulodes J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe ceciliae Rchb.f.
  • Calanthe celebica Rolfe
  • Calanthe chevalieri Gagnep.
  • Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl.
  • Calanthe chrysoglossoides J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe clavata Lindl.
  • Calanthe clavicalcar J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe claytonii P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe coiloglossa Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
  • Calanthe conspicua Lindl.
  • Calanthe coodei P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe cootesii Naive
  • Calanthe coreana Nakai – Korean calanthe[10]
  • Calanthe cremeoviridis J.J.Wood
  • Calanthe crenulata J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe crispifolia Ormerod
  • Calanthe cruciata Schltr.
  • Calanthe crumenata Ridl.
  • Calanthe crystallina P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe davaensis Ames
  • Calanthe davidii Franch.
  • Calanthe daymanensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe delavayi Finet
  • Calanthe densiflora Lindl.
  • Calanthe devogelii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
  • Calanthe discolor Lindl.
  • Calanthe dulongensis H.Li, R.Li & Z.L.Dao
  • Calanthe duyana Aver.
  • Calanthe ecallosa J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe ecarinata Rolfe ex Hemsl.
  • Calanthe emeishanica K.Y.Lang & Z.H.Tsi
  • Calanthe engleriana Kraenzl. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
  • Calanthe epiphytica Carr
  • Calanthe fargesii Finet
  • Calanthe finisterrae Schltr.
  • Calanthe fissa L.O.Williams
  • Calanthe flava (Blume) C.Morren
  • Calanthe floresana P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe forbesii Ridl.
  • Calanthe formosana Rolfe
  • Calanthe fragrans P.Royen
  • Calanthe fugongensis X.H.Jin & S.C.Chen
  • Calanthe geelvinkensis J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe gibbsiae Rolfe
  • Calanthe goodenoughiana Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe graciliflora Hayata
  • Calanthe graciliscapa Schltr.
  • Calanthe griffithii Lindl.
  • Calanthe habbemensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe halconensis Ames
  • Calanthe hancockii Rolfe
  • Calanthe hattorii Schltr.
  • Calanthe henryi Rolfe
  • Calanthe herbacea Lindl.
  • Calanthe hirsuta Seidenf.
  • Calanthe hololeuca Rchb.f. in B.Seemann
  • Calanthe hoshii S.Kobay.
  • Calanthe hyacinthina Schltr.
  • Calanthe imthurnii Kores
  • Calanthe inflata Schltr.
  • Calanthe insularis S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
  • Calanthe izu-insularis (Satomi) Ohwi & Satomi in J.Ohwi
  • Calanthe johorensis Holttum
  • Calanthe judithiae P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe jusnerii Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco
  • Calanthe kaniensis Schltr.
  • Calanthe kemulensis J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe keshabii Lucksom
  • Calanthe kinabaluensis Rolfe
  • Calanthe labrosa (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
  • Calanthe lacerata Ames
  • Calanthe lambii P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe lamellosa Rolfe
  • Calanthe lancilabris Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe lechangensis Z.H.Tsi & Tang
  • Calanthe leonidii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
  • Calanthe leucosceptrum Schltr.
  • Calanthe leuseri P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe ligo P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe limprichtii Schltr.
  • Calanthe longgangensis Y.S.Huang & Yan Liu
  • Calanthe longibracteata Ridl.
  • Calanthe longifolia Schltr.
  • Calanthe lyroglossa Rchb.f.
  • Calanthe madagascariensis Rolfe ex Hook.f.
  • Calanthe mannii Hook.f.
  • Calanthe maquilingensis Ames
  • Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl.
  • Calanthe maxii P.O'Byrne
  • Calanthe mcgregorii Ames
  • Calanthe metoensis Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
  • Calanthe micrantha Schltr.
  • Calanthe microglossa Ridl.
  • Calanthe millikenii P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe millotae Ursch & Genoud ex Bosser
  • Calanthe mindorensis Ames, Philipp. J. Sci.
  • Calanthe moluccensis J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe monophylla Ridl.
  • Calanthe muelleri Kraenzl.
  • Calanthe musa-amanii J.J.Wood
  • Calanthe nankunensis Z.H.Tsi
  • Calanthe nicolae P.O'Byrne
  • Calanthe nipponica Makino
  • Calanthe nivalis Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco
  • Calanthe obreniformis J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe odora Griff.
  • Calanthe okinawensis Hayata
  • Calanthe oreadum Rendle
  • Calanthe otuhanica C.L.Chan & T.J.Barkman
  • Calanthe ovalifolia Ridl.
  • Calanthe ovata Ridl.
  • Calanthe papuana (Schltr.) J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe parvilabris Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
  • Calanthe pauciverrucosa J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe pavairiensis Ormerod
  • Calanthe perrottetii A.Rich.
  • Calanthe petelotiana Gagnep.
  • Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.
  • Calanthe poiformis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
  • Calanthe polyantha Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien
  • Calanthe puberula Lindl.
  • Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl.
  • Calanthe pullei J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe punctata Kurzweil
  • Calanthe purpurea Lindl.
  • Calanthe reflexilabris J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe rhodochila Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
  • Calanthe rigida Carr
  • Calanthe rosea (Lindl.) Benth.
  • Calanthe rubens Ridl.
  • Calanthe rubra S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
  • Calanthe ruttenii J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe saccata J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe sacculata Schltr.
  • Calanthe salaccensis J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe sandsii P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe scaposa Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
  • Calanthe secunda P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe seranica J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe simplex Seidenf.
  • Calanthe sinica Z.H.Tsi
  • Calanthe solomonensis P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
  • Calanthe spathoglottoides Schltr.
  • Calanthe speciosa (Blume) Lindl.
  • Calanthe stella P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe striata R.Br. ex Spreng.
  • Calanthe succedanea Gagnep.
  • Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl.
  • Calanthe taenioides J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe tahitensis Nadeaud
  • Calanthe takeuchii Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe tenuis Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames
  • Calanthe torricellensis Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
  • Calanthe transiens J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe tricarinata Lindl.
  • Calanthe trifida Tang & F.T.Wang
  • Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames
  • Calanthe trulliformis King & Pantl.
  • Calanthe truncata J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe truncicola Schltr.
  • Calanthe tsoongiana Tang & F.T.Wang
  • Calanthe tsoongiana var. guizhouensis Z.H.Tsi
  • Calanthe uncata Lindl.
  • Calanthe undulata J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe unifolia Ridl.
  • Calanthe velutina Ridl.
  • Calanthe ventilabrum Rchb.f. in B.Seemann
  • Calanthe versteegii J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe vestita Wall. ex Lindl.
  • Calanthe villosa J.J.Sm.
  • Calanthe wenshanensis J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
  • Calanthe whistleri P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
  • Calanthe whiteana King & Pantl.
  • Calanthe womersleyi P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
  • Calanthe woodii P.J.Cribb
  • Calanthe yaoshanensis Z.X.Ren & H.Wang
  • Calanthe yueana Tang & F.T.Wang
  • Calanthe yuksomnensis Lucksom
  • Calanthe zollingeri Rchb.f.
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References
  1. "Calanthe". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 353. ISBN 1877069124.
  3. La Croix, Isobyl F. (2008). The new encyclopedia of orchids : 1500 species in cultivation. Timber Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780881928761.
  4. Sasaki, Sanmi (2005). Chado the Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac. Translated by Shaun McCabe; Iwasaki Satoko. Tuttle. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-8048-3716-3.
  5. Soon, Teoh Eng (2005). Orchids of Asia (3rdition ed.). Times Editions- Marshall Cavendish. p. 146. ISBN 9812610154.
  6. "Calanthe". Trin keys. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  7. Chen, Xinqi; Cribb, Phillip J.; Gale, Stephan W. "Calanthe". Flora of China. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  8. Ridgway, James (1821). The Botanical Register (Volume 7). London: Ridgways. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  9. Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  10. English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 382. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
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