Bright's disease

Bright's disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis.[1] It was characterized by swelling and the presence of albumin in the urine, and was frequently accompanied by high blood pressure and heart disease.

Bright's disease
Diseased kidney from Richard Bright's Reports of Medical Cases Longman, London (1827–1831); Wellcome Library, London
Specialty	Nephrology

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms and signs of Bright's disease were first described in 1827 by the English physician Richard Bright, after whom the disease was named. In his Reports of Medical Cases,[2] he described 25 cases of dropsy (edema) which he attributed to kidney disease. Symptoms and signs included: inflammation of serous membranes, hemorrhages, apoplexy, convulsions, blindness and coma.[3][4] Many of these cases were found to have albumin in their urine (detected by the spoon and candle-heat coagulation), and showed striking morbid changes of the kidneys at autopsy.[5] The triad of dropsy, albumin in the urine and kidney disease came to be regarded as characteristic of Bright's disease.[3]

Subsequent work by Bright and others indicated an association with cardiac hypertrophy, which was attributed by Bright to stimulation of the heart. Subsequent work by Frederick Akbar Mahomed showed that a rise in blood pressure could precede the appearance of albumin in the urine, and the rise in blood pressure and increased resistance to flow was believed to explain the cardiac hypertrophy.[4]

It is now known that Bright's disease is caused by a wide and diverse range of kidney diseases;[1][5][6] thus, the term Bright's disease is retained strictly for historical application.[7] The disease was diagnosed frequently in patients with diabetes;[4] at least some of these cases would probably correspond to a modern diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy.

Treatment

Bright's disease was historically treated with warm baths, blood-letting, squill, digitalis, mercuric compounds, opium, diuretics, laxatives,[2][8] and dietary therapy, including abstinence from alcoholic drinks, cheese and red meat. Arnold Ehret was diagnosed with Bright's disease and pronounced incurable by 24 of Europe's most respected doctors; he designed The Mucusless Diet Healing System, which apparently cured his illness. William Howard Hay, MD had the illness and, it is claimed, cured himself using the Hay diet.[9]

List of people diagnosed with Bright's disease

• British civil engineers Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Robert Stephenson died on 20 September 1859, and 12 October 1859, respectively.[10][11][12]
• Frederick William Faber died on 26 September 1863.
• George-Étienne Cartier, Founding Father of the Confederation of Canada, died on 20 May 1873.
• Rowland Hussey Macy Sr., an American businessman and founder of the department store chain R.H. Macy & Company, died on 29 March 1877 in Paris.
• Tabeguache Ute chief Ouray died of Bright's disease on August 24th, 1880.
• The famous dwarf Commodore Nutt died in New York on 25 May 1881.
• The Impressionist painter Mary Cassatt's sister Lydia died in 1882.[13]
• Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, first wife of Theodore Roosevelt, died on 14 February 1884.[14]
• American tennis pioneer Mary Ewing Outerbridge died at the age of 34, on 3 May 1886.
• Poet Emily Dickinson died 15 May 1886.[15]
• Chester Alan Arthur, 21st President of the United States, died 18 November 1886.[16]
• Swedish-American mechanical engineer John Ericsson, most famous for designing USS Monitor, died on 8 March 1889.[17]
• American Major League Baseball pitcher, Larry Corcoran, died 14 October 1891.
• Paul Anderson, weightlifter, died August 1994
• Charles H. Spurgeon, London pastor known as "The Prince of Preachers", died in 1892 at the age of 57 of Bright's disease.[18]
• Famed gunfighter Luke Short died on 8 September 1893.
• Union general Francis Barlow, who had played an important role in the American Civil War, died on 11 January 1896.
• Federal Judge Isaac Parker died on 17 November 1896, in Fort Smith, Arkansas.[19]
• Soldier and ornithologist Charles Bendire died in 1897.[20]
• Actress Caroline Miskel Hoyt, aged 25, died 2 October 1898, after childbirth.[21]
• Socialite Katherine Jane Chase, daughter of Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, died July 31, 1899 at age 58.
• John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, the Victorian aristocrat and industrial magnate whose vast expenditure on buildings makes him the pre-eminent architectural patron of the 19th century. Diagnosed with Bright's disease and died after multiple strokes on the 9th October 1900.
• American bare-knuckle heavyweight champion Paddy Ryan died on 14 December 1900 in Green Island, New York. Bright's was not an entirely uncommon disease among early boxers who took frequent pounding to the abdomen in their careers.[22]
• Roswell Eaton Goodell, American politician and businessman who died of Bright's disease on October 9, 1903 in Denver, Colorado[23][24]
• Victorian actress Helena Modjeska, died on 8 April 1909.
• North Dakota Senator Martin Nelson Johnson, died on 21 October 1909.
• Old West lawman Bass Reeves' death in 1910 was attributed to this disease.[25]
• Charles Cotton, English footballer who died on 3 January 1910 after a five-week illness
• American illustrator Howard Pyle died 9 November 1911.[26]
• Warren S. Johnson, founder of Johnson Controls, died on 5 December 1911, at the age of 64.
• James S. Sherman, Vice President of the United States from 1909 until his death in 1912.[27]
• Okakura Kakuzo, Japanese scholar, died on 2 September 1913.
• Ellen Axson Wilson, first wife of Woodrow Wilson, died on 6 August 1914.[28]
• Richard Warren Sears, an American businessman and founder of the department store chain Sears, Roebuck and Company, died on 28 September 1914 in Waukesha, Wisconsin.
• Woodsman Louis "French Louie" Seymour died on 28 February 1915.
• John Bunny, comic star of the early motion picture era, died on 26 April 1915.
• Australian cricketer Victor Trumper died at age 37, in June 1915.
• Booker T. Washington, founder of Tuskegee University, died in November 1915.
• Albert Carl "Al" Ringling (1852–1916), eldest of the Ringling brothers, died at the age of 63 in Wisconsin.[29]
• Ellen Axson Wilson, wife of President Woodrow Wilson, died August 1917.
• Charles Sumner Sedgwick, architect based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, died in 1922.
• Baseball Hall of Famer Ross Youngs died on 22 October 1927.
• Science fiction horror author, Howard Phillips “H. P.” Lovecraft, died from a combination of cancer and Bright's disease on 15 March 1937, at the age of 46.
• 19th-century stage actress Alice Harrison died of Bright's disease in 1896[30]
• Spanish composer Isaac Albéniz began suffering from Bright's disease in 1900, and died on May 18, 1909.
• Robert Stroud "the birdman of Alcatraz" was diagnosed with Bright's disease in Leavenworth prison shortly after he began his original sentence

References

1. Cameron, J. S. (14 October 1972). "Bright's Disease Today: The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Glomerulonephritis—I". British Medical Journal. 4 (5832): 87–90. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5832.87. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1786202. PMID 4562073.
2. Bright, R (1827–1831). Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy, vol. I. London: Longmans.
3. Millard, Henry B. (1 January 1884). A treatise on Bright's disease of the kidneys; its pathology, diagnosis, and treatment . New York, W. Wood & Company.
4. "A treatise on Bright's disease and diabetes : with especial reference to pathology and therapeutics". archive.org. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
5. Peitzman, Steven J. (1 January 1989). "From Dropsy to Bright's Disease to End-Stage Renal Disease". The Milbank Quarterly. 67: 16–32. doi:10.2307/3350183. JSTOR 3350183. PMID 2682170.
6. Wolf G (2002). "Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (1819–1885) and Bright's disease". American Journal of Nephrology. 22 (5–6): 596–602. doi:10.1159/000065291. PMID 12381966.
7. Peitzman SJ (1989). "From dropsy to Bright's disease to end-stage renal disease". The Milbank Quarterly. 67 Suppl 1: 16–32. doi:10.2307/3350183. JSTOR 3350183. PMID 2682170.
8. Saundby, Robert (22 October 2013). Lectures on Bright's Disease. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9781483195360.
9. Gilman, Goldwin Smith Professor of Human Studies Sander L.; Gilman, Sander L. (23 January 2008). Diets and Dieting: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9781135870683.
10. Bailey, Michael R., ed. (2003). Robert Stephenson; The Eminent Engineer. Ashgate. p. XXIII. ISBN 978-0-7546-3679-3.
11. Rolt 1984, pp. 318–319. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRolt1984 (help)
12. Ross 2010, pp. 242–243. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoss2010 (help)
13. Mancoff, Debra (1998). Mary Cassatt: Reflections of Women's Lives. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 15.
14. Commire, Anne (1999). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Yorkin Publications.
15. "Emily Dickinson and Death – Emily Dickinson Museum". Emily Dickinson and Death. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
16. "Chester Alan Arthur - Fighting a Hidden Illness | Arizona Health Sciences Library". ahsl.arizona.edu. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
17. Church, W.C. (1892). The Life of John Ericsson. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. pp. 320–323.
18. Nettles, Tom. Living by Revealed Truth: The Life and Pastoral Theology of Charles Haddon Spurgeon (Ross-Shire, Scotland: Mentor Imprint, 2013), 599-600
19. • Leeper, Maranda (2014). Lancaster, Guy (ed.). Arkansas in Ink: Gunslingers, Ghosts, and Other Graphic Tales. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 9781935106739.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
20. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Bird? Common Bird Names and the People They Commemorate. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-300-10359-5. LCCN 2003113608.
21. "Death of Mrs. Caroline Hoyt". The Wilmington Daily Republican. 3 October 1898. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
22. "Paddy Ryan Ill", The Allentown Leader, Allentown, Pennsylvania, pg. 2, 11 December 1900
23. "Col. Roswell Eaton Goodell, One of Lincoln's Democratic Friends". Indianapolis Journal. 53 (293). 20 October 1903. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
24. "HEADS OF THE CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT". ChicagoCop.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
25. "Was the Real Lone Ranger a Black Man?". history.com.
26. Pitz, Henry (1969). The Brandywine Tradition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 162. LCCN 68028457.
27. "James S Sherman - Great American Biographies Series". Constitutional Law Reporter. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
28. "Ellen Wilson Biography :: National First Ladies' Library". www.firstladies.org.
29. "Al. Ringling Dead. Veteran Circus Man Stricken with Bright's Disease In Wisconsin" (PDF). New York Times. 2 January 1916. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
30. "Alice Harrison | Broadway Photographs". www.broadway.cas.sc.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2019.