Luke Short

Luke L. Short (January 22, 1854 – September 8, 1893) was an American Old West gunfighter, cowboy, U.S. Army scout, dispatch rider, gambler, boxing promoter and saloon owner. He survived numerous gunfights, the most famous of which were against Charlie Storms in Tombstone, Arizona Territory and against Jim Courtright in Fort Worth, Texas. Short had business interests in three of the best known saloons in the Old West: the Oriental in Tombstone, the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City, and the White Elephant in Fort Worth.

Not to be confused with Luke Short (writer).

Luke L. Short
Born	(1854-01-22)January 22, 1854 Polk County, Arkansas
Died	September 8, 1893(1893-09-08) (aged 39) Geuda Springs, Kansas, United States
Cause of death	Bright's disease
Nationality	American
Occupation	Cowboy, gambler, saloon owner, gunfighter, Army scout, boxing promoter
Spouse(s)	Hattie Buck
Parent(s)	Josiah Washington Short and Hetty Brumley

Early life

Short was born in Polk County, Arkansas in January 1854. He was the fifth child of Josiah Washington Short (February 2, 1812 – February 8, 1890) and his wife Hetty Brumley (February 2, 1826 – November 30, 1908).[1] Short had nine siblings. The family soon moved to Montague County, Texas.

In 1862, Luke Short witnessed first-hand his father's being ambushed and attacked by Comanches in their yard. His father was surrounded by the Indians, who wounded him with arrows and lances. Inside the house, Luke, who was a little boy at that time, helped the elder Short by dragging a large rifle to his brother, who then ran and handed it to his father.[2] At the age of 13, Luke was said to have carved the face of a bully when he was still at school, which was a reason why he and his father moved to Forth Worth, Texas.[3]

In 1869, at age 15, Short started work as a cowboy, which he continued through 1875 and during which he made several trips to the Kansas railheads.[4]

Short was reported by Bat Masterson to have killed six drunken Sioux Indians at various times.[5] Later writers have relied on Masterson's story as truthful and added to it, but no documentation of these killings has been found.[4] Nonetheless, Short had been in over thirty engagements fighting Indians while working for the government. His first Indian fight was in 1869.[6] Whilst working as a scout for General George Crook in 1876, he was stationed in the Black Hills during the Sioux insurrection. While conducting one of his usual scouting expeditions for the army a band of fifteen Indians suddenly ambushed and fired at him with rifles.[7] Short managed to draw his pistols and fired back, killing three of them in quick succession. Some of the Indians gave chase on horseback, and Short killed two of them before finally reaching safety.

From October 6 to 8, 1878, Short worked as a dispatch courier from Ogallala for Major Thomas Tipton Thornburgh; Short earned $30 (about $790 in 2019). He then served as a civilian scout for Thornburgh until October 20. He enlisted at Sidney, Nebraska to be paid $100 a month (around $2650 today) but he only served for 12 days, for which he was paid $40.[8] The Fort Worth Daily Gazette later described him as "the bravest scout in the government employ."

In an interview later in his life, Short told researcher George H. Morrison that he moved to the Black Hills in 1876 and to Ogallala, Nebraska the next year.[9] Accounts written in Short's later years stated that he was an outlaw during his time in Nebraska.[10] It was around this time that Short was said to have traded whiskey with Indians around Camp Robinson, Nebraska.[3] According to his nephew Wayne Short, Luke was arrested by the army. They put him to a train destined for Omaha, but Luke managed to escape the army escort and went to the makeshift mining and cowtown of Denver, Colorado, taking up gambling as a profession. He is said to have killed two men on separate occasions due to altercations during their card games.[3]

Gambling days

Short moved to Leadville, Colorado in 1879 where he continued gambling.[11] Bat Masterson later wrote that Short seriously wounded a man during a gambling dispute in Leadville.[5] He was accused of swindling Texan John Jones "out of $280 on Three Card Monte" [12] and jailed on October 5 for six days in Kansas City.[13]

Gunfight with Charlie Storms

Short first met Wyatt Earp, William H. Harris and Bat Masterson in Tombstone. Based on their previous friendship, Harris had no problem convincing his partners to engage Earp as a faro dealer at their Oriental Saloon in Tombstone. On Friday, February 25, 1881, Short was serving as the lookout, seated next to the dealer at a faro game in the Oriental, when he was involved in what became a well-known gunfight. His opponent was Charlie Storms. Bat Masterson, who was in Tombstone at the time, described what happened in a magazine article he wrote in 1907:

Storms did not know Short and, like the bad man in Leadville, had sized him up as an insignificant-looking fellow, whom he could slap in the face without expecting a return. Both were about to pull their pistols when I jumped between them and grabbed Storms, at the same time requesting Luke not to shoot, a request I knew he would respect if it was possible without endangering his own life too much. I had no trouble in getting Storms out of the house, as he knew me to be his friend ... I was just explaining to Luke that Storms was a very decent sort of man when, lo and behold! There he stood before us, without saying a word, he took hold of Luke's arm and pulled him off the sidewalk, where he had been standing, at the same time pulling his pistol, a Colt's cut-off, 45 calibre, single action; but like the Leadvillian, he was too slow, although he succeeded in getting his pistol out. Luke stuck the muzzle of his pistol against Storm's heart and pulled the trigger. The bullet tore the heart asunder and, as he was falling, Luke shot him again. Storms was dead when he hit the ground.[14][notes 1]

Storms' body was taken to the undertaker, where the coroner's jury was convened and testimony was heard. The jury reached a verdict that Storms died from three pistol wounds at the hands of Short, and that Short's actions were justifiable.[15][16] Short was free to go as no further legal action was taken.

Five days after Storms died, the Leadville Democrat wrote about the shooting. It said that Storms approached Short and "catching him by the ear", demanded an apology. According to the account, Storms grabbed Short's ear with his left hand and his right hand contained a pistol aimed at Short. Short drew his weapon and shot Storms, who returned fire but missed. Short then put two more bullets into "the sinking soul of Storms."[16]

Dodge City

Main article: Dodge City War

Chalk Beeson, co-owner with William Harris of the Long Branch Saloon

Short left Tombstone in early 1881, arriving in Dodge City in April 1881. He remained in Dodge City until the final months of 1883, although he made frequent trips to pursue gambling opportunities. During February 1883, Chalk Beeson sold his interest in the Long Branch to Short.[17] In March, Harris was nominated to run for mayor of Dodge City. Within a few days, on March 19, a "law and order" group nominated Lawrence E. Deger to run against Harris. Deger defeated Harris by 214 votes to  43 in the election of April 3. All five of the city council candidates running with Deger were also elected.[18]

On April 23, the Dodge City Council posted two ordinances that were immediately approved by Mayor Deger. Ordinance No. 70 was "An Ordinance for the Suppression of Vice and Immorality Within the City of Dodge City." Ordinance No. 71 was "An Ordinance to Define and Punish Vagrancy." Reports of that time recorded an event where Short beat a man with a pistol which resulted with the man being bedridden and "in despair" for several days.[19] On April 28, three prostitutes employed at the Long Branch were arrested by City Marshal Jack Bridges and policeman Louis C. Hartman. Soon afterward Short and Hartman exchanged gunfire. Neither man was hurt. Short was quickly arrested and released on $2,000 bond. His preliminary examination was set for May 2.[20]

Forced out of town

On April 30, Short was again arrested (along with five other gamblers) and placed in jail. The following day Short and the five others were escorted to the train depot and given their choice of east or west-bound trains.[21] Short went east to Kansas City, Missouri, where he looked up Charles E. Bassett at the Marble Hall Saloon. Bassett and Short had a lot in common, and both had at different times owned an interest in the Long Branch Saloon.[22]

Short and Bassett, along with William F. Petillon, began conceiving a plan to get Short back to Dodge City. Short went to Topeka, the capital on May 10, where he presented a petition to Governor George W. Glick. Short returned to Kansas City and was joined there by Bat Masterson. Wyatt Earp arrived in Dodge City, along with several gunfighters on May 31. Short, Earp and Petillon met in Kinsley, Kansas on June 3, 1883, and took the afternoon train to Dodge City. Deger issued a proclamation the following day ordering the closing of all gambling places in Dodge City.[23]

The Dodge City Peace Commission on June 10, 1883. Standing (L-R): William H. Harris, Luke Short, Bat Masterson, William F. Petillon. Seated (L-R): Charlie Bassett, Wyatt Earp, Michael Francis "Frank" McLean and Cornelius "Neil" Brown. Photo by Charles Conkling.[24]

Dodge City Peace Commission

Deger's action came during the cattle season and promised ruin for the seasonal boom, and it was economics rather than bloodshed that resolved the "Dodge City War." Additional pressure to resolve the issue had come from the governor as well as the Santa Fe Railroad, which did considerable business in the town. The gambling halls, dance halls and saloons, including the Long Branch, were ordered to be reopened. On June 9, both sides met in a dance hall that opened that night and resolved their differences. The following day eight men gathered and posed for a widely reproduced Wild West history photo. The group was dubbed the Dodge City Peace Commission. The men in the historic photo were William H. Harris, Luke Short, Bat Masterson, William F. Petillon, Charles E. Bassett, Wyatt Earp, Michael Francis "Frank" McLean and Cornelius "Neil" Brown. Shortly after the photo was taken, Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp departed on a westbound train for Colorado.[25]

The Long Branch Saloon had reopened, and the "Dodge City War" had ended without a shot being fired, but Short decided to move on. On November 19, 1883, Short and Harris sold the Long Branch to Roy Drake and Frank Warren. Short moved to San Antonio, Texas, for a brief time before relocating to Fort Worth.[26]

Fort Worth

Partnership in White Elephant Saloon

In December 1884, Jacob Christopher "Jake" Johnson, Short, and James A. "Alex" Reddick became the new owners of the Fort Worth White Elephant Saloon.[27] Jake Johnson was one of the wealthiest men in Texas, and his part ownership of the White Elephant was just one of his many business and real estate enterprises. As a co-owner, Short did not deal cards but had card dealers working for him.[28] On May 9, 1885, in what became a routine element of doing business, Short, Jake Johnson, and M.F. "Frank" McLean and three others pleaded guilty and were each fined $25 for "gaming."[29]

It was also around this time in Forth Worth when Short did one of his amazing acts of marksmanship.[30] While dining in a restaurant, the waiter handed him a glass of milk that had a small fly on the surface. Short calmly threw his milk in the air, jerked his gun out and shot the fly.

Sporting pursuits

Bat Masterson was a boxing enthusiast and tried to interest Short in the sport. At first Short was indifferent, but by June 28, 1885, he found himself acting as the "third man in the ring" when he was called upon to referee a match fought near Weatherford, Texas between the 6-foot-2-inch "Kid Bridges" and the 5-foot-8-inch "St. Joe Kid." The decision of referee Short was that the "St. Joe Kid" won on a foul.[31]

Jake Johnson was responsible for making horse racing a major part of Short's sporting agenda. Johnson and two partners opened the Fort Worth Driving Park in January 1885. Short bought his own race horse named "Tobe," along with some jockey silks for himself, and drove his two-wheeled sulky in a race held on November 13, 1886. Short and "Tobe" came in last in a field of five.[32]

Selling his interest in the White Elephant

1887 began with Short's younger brother, Henry Jenkins Short, killing a man named Charles T. Schuyler at San Angelo, Texas on January 23. San Angelo, 200 miles south-west of Fort Worth, was the town where Short's parents and other family members lived. Initial reports indicated that Schuyler was shot twice, the bullets entering his back and coming out at the front, either one of which would have been fatal. Henry Short fled to Fort Worth, before he could be arrested, to enlist the aid and funds that his brother Luke could provide for his defense. Luke and Henry returned to San Angelo on January 29, and Henry voluntarily surrendered to the sheriff and gave bond for his appearance in the district court.

The money that would be needed to defend Henry Short would have to be provided by Luke, who had already put up the money for Henry's bond. In addition, Luke had at the time some unrelated but very expensive legal problems of his own looming in the Dallas court. The amount that would be needed to handle all of these legal issues was more than Luke had on hand. In order to raise the needed funds, Johnson agreed to purchase Luke Short's one-third interest in the White Elephant on February 7, 1887. Jake Johnson was an assured source for the kind of cash Short needed and had no interest in again being a partner in the White Elephant, but Short needed help so Johnson agreed to buy Short's share.[33] The press informed the public that Short had no intention of leaving town "but will continue to call Fort Worth home."[34]

Duel with Jim Courtright

Timothy Isaiah "Jim" Courtright. Photograph taken between April 6, 1876 and April 6, 1879, when Courtright was Town Marshal of Fort Worth, Texas.

On the night of February 8, 1887, another argument broke out between Luke Short and Jim Courtright about the latter's persistence in demanding money from Luke's establishment for 'protection'. An infuriated Courtright stormed from the saloon, but later returned with two pistols visibly holstered in his pockets.[35] He yelled for Luke Short to come out but Jake Johnson, a friend of both men, tried to calm Courtright down. Short met with the two men outside and talked about their dispute as they walked through the street. The group however, suddenly stopped at Ella Blackwell's Shooting Gallery. Luke Short was facing Courtright three to four feet away when the latter suddenly went for his pistol, making the former draw his own in return.[36][37] In the celebrated gunfight that followed, Short was the last man standing.[36][38] In his own words, Short described what happened:

Early in the evening ... I was at the bar with a couple of friends when some one called me. I went out into the vestibule and saw Jim Courtright and Jake Johnson ... I walked out with them upon the sidewalk, and we had some quiet talk on private affairs. I reminded him of some past transactions, not in an abusive or reproachful manner, to which he assented, but not in a very cordial way. I was standing with my thumbs in the armholes of vest and had dropped them in front of me to adjust my clothing, when he remarked 'Well, you needn't reach for your gun,' and immediately put his hand in his hip-pocket and pulled his. When I saw him do that, I pulled my pistol and began shooting, for I knew that his action meant death. He must have misconstrued my intention in dropping my hands before me. I was merely adjusting my clothing, and never carry a pistol in that part of my dress.[39]

The showdown was also witnessed by Bat Masterson who was with Luke Short at the time.[35] In 1907, Masterson published his own account of the events where he stated that it was Jim Courtright, carrying a "brace of pistols", who challenged Luke Short to a duel:

No time was wasted in the exchange of words once the men faced each other. Both drew their pistols at the same time, but, as usual, Short's spoke first and a bullet from a Colt's 45-calibre pistol went crashing through Courtright's body. The shock caused him to reel backward; then he got another and still another, and by the time his lifeless form had reached the floor, Luke had succeeded in shooting him five times.[35]

Investigations of the gunfight concluded that while it was Courtright who went for his pistol first, it was Short who ultimately outdrew and killed him.[40][41] Courtright's inability to fire off a shot was due to a number of possible reasons; one was that his pistol broke when one of Short's bullets struck it and his thumb, or that his pistol got caught on his watch chain for a second as he drew it, which Western historian DeArment considered to be unlikely or a "feeble excuse".[42]

The gunfight became well known due to the notoriety of both men. Courtright's funeral was attended by hundreds of Fort Worth residents. Short was arrested for the shooting and though he was almost lynched after the shootout, he was never brought to trial.[37][38] Finally, Short was able to settle his legal problems with the court in Dallas. All of the cases against him were dismissed with no explanation.[43]

Marriage to Hattie Buck

Following the resolution of his legal problems, Short was now financially stable. He traveled to Kansas, where he married Hattie Buck (born October 5, 1863) in Oswego, Kansas, on March 15, 1887.[44] Harriet Beatrice Buck was born in Coles County, Illinois on October 5, 1863. She was the fourth of eight children born between 1858 and 1878. Buck's family later moved to Emporia, Kansas, where her father died a few years prior to her marriage. Short and his wife went to Fort Worth, Texas shortly after their wedding but soon boarded a train "for a brief stay in Hot Springs."[45] A.G. Arkwright later recalled, "Luke Short came there, to the hotel where I was staying, with his wife, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of an Emporia banker, whom he married under romantic circumstances."[46]

Horse racing and the Palais Royal

"Doing the racing circuit" was a large part of Short's career as a sporting man. He and his friend, Jake Johnson, along with their wives, attended the inaugural running of the Futurity Stakes on Labor Day 1888. That event was held in New York at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track on Coney Island. By October 1888, Short and Johnson were back in Fort Worth. Short was no longer connected with the White Elephant, and Johnson had decided to open what the local paper headlined as a "super resort" called the Palais Royal, which was designed to rival the White Elephant.[47] Short may have been part owner but if so remained a silent partner.

Chicago

Boxing promoter

Short spent part of each year, from 1889 until 1893, in Chicago. He usually went there during the summer months to get relief from the Texas heat as well as to attend thoroughbred horse races. Hattie always went with him. By the end of 1889 Chicago was well aware of who Short was. The Daily Inter Ocean reported that Short, "who is numbered as one of the prominent figures of the Richburg battle" had cabled Charles E. "Parson" Davies offering $20,000 to have John L. Sullivan defend his title in a championship fight at Fort Worth.[48]

On February 8, 1890, Short's father, Josiah Washington Short, died in San Angelo, Texas, "at the ripe age of 78 years",[49] although Short only learned of his father's death after the burial. Soon thereafter, Short's youngest brother, William B. Short, was killed at the age of twenty-two "by a herd of stampeding cattle on the Tankersly ranch."[50][51][52]

Robbed

The Shorts were on the move during most of what remained of 1890. Short, Johnson, and a gambler named Charles M. Wright, along with other sporting men, were partners in some Memphis faro games. The partners won significant amounts of cash, reported as "thousands of dollars," which were entrusted to Wright. He was designated as the banker for the group and was supposed to place the winnings in a hotel safe where the group stayed. For some reason, Wright decided to keep the cash in his hotel room and was robbed of the entire amount. Wright wanted Short and his other partners to bear an equal share of the loss but they refused and turned the matter over to the authorities, who decided against Wright. According to a later report, Wright was never satisfied with that decision and had "hard words with several of his ex-partners on the subject since that time, particularly with Short."[53]

The racing circuit

Following the racing circuit occupied much of Short's time during the late spring and early summer of 1890. The presence of the Shorts at Saratoga Springs, New York, was reported in the local press.[54] While he had enormous success at racetracks across the country, boxing promotion remained an unattainable goal for Short. He was destined to be remembered for gunfights rather than prize fights.

The last gunfight

The long-simmering feud between Short and Wright finally reached the boiling point in Fort Worth on December 23, 1890. The gunfight took place at the Bank Saloon on Main Street that was owned by Wright. In testimonies presented by eyewitnesses, Wright was conducting gambling in his house and Short went there to close it down. After Short got all the patrons evicted at gunpoint, Wright suddenly ambushed him with a shotgun, wounding Short in the left hip and leg as well as injuring his left hand.[55] Short retaliated by drawing his pistol and shooting Wright in the right wrist, disarming him. Both men then sluggishly separated ways, with Short going out to meet his friends, while Wright stayed in the building clutching his wound.

In describing Short's leg wound, the local paper said, "the full charge of buckshot passed through the flesh, making a tunnel, the muscles on the outside were torn out." The wound on his left hand resulted in his thumb being "taken off at the joint."[56] Reports of the shooting, along with updates on Short's condition, were published in newspapers in several states. A paper in Hutchinson, Kansas observed that "his wounds are enough to kill a common man but Luke may get well."[57] Short would remain bedridden for months. In 1891, a Chicago newspaper published a lengthy profile of Short. When discussing the gunfight with Wright, the paper reported: "It was supposed at the time that Short was fatally wounded, and his recovery was wholly due to the careful nursing of his wife, who for three months hardly left his bed side."[58] Both Short and Wright were indicted and charged with assault with intent to murder. Both men made bonds without trouble in the sum of $1,000.[59] The trial date was changed more than once, and a final decision was not reached until March 1, 1892.

Nearly killing a man by mistake in Chicago

While awaiting his trial date, Short was free to come and go as he pleased. He was feeling well enough by May 21, 1891 to board a train for Chicago with Johnson, accompanied by his wife.[60] The racing season was about to begin and Johnson and Short both owned a string of horses that would be running at Washington Park Race Track in Chicago.

Short was accosted in the lobby of the Leland Hotel by a drunken attorney named James J. Singleton during late October 1891. According to the report, Short did not have his pistol, but managed to give Singleton a few kicks which knocked him down, and then Short picked him up, and pushed him out "into the frosty night air." Short went upstairs for his gun in case Singleton decided to return. While Short was gone, an actor named William F. Hoey (1854–1897) walked into the hotel lobby. The actor turned out to resemble closely the lawyer Short had just kicked out. Short saw Hoey, thought he was Singleton, and charged at him with his pistol. A quick-thinking hotel clerk named Ed Kennedy jumped between the two men and prevented a homicide. When Short realized his mistake, he apologized to the actor and treated him to drinks and a late supper.[61][62]

Guilty of assault

On March 1, 1892, a decision was reached in the State v Luke Short. Short was found guilty of aggravated assault against Charles Wright, and a fine of $150 was assessed against him.[63]

Final days

Bright's disease

By the start of 1893 it had become apparent that something was seriously wrong with Short's health. Doctors determined that he was suffering from one of the kidney diseases that then went under the now obsolete classification of Bright's disease. These diseases would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. Edema, then called "dropsy", would have contributed to a slight puffiness in his face, as well as the accumulation of fluids in his lower legs that would have made it difficult for Short to stand for prolonged periods of time. Short was in Fort Worth when a Kansas newspaper reported that he was "lying at death's door."[64] Short and a number of friends, and with Hattie beside him, took the north-bound Santa Fe train for Geuda Springs, Kansas. The place offered a change of climate as well as the medicinal qualities of the famous waters, which, it was hoped, would "prolong his life."[65] The move did not have the desired effect.

Death

Short died at the Gilbert House in Geuda Springs on September 8, 1893. The local paper reported that: "Luke Short died at the Gilbert this morning of dropsy."[66] Just two days before Short's death, while Hattie sat at his bedside in Kansas, word arrived that her mother had died in Fort Worth. A Dodge City newspaper belatedly printed a dispatch from Fort Worth which stated that "two days ago his mother-in-law died and the two funerals will take place here at the same time."[67] Hattie found herself a widow at 29 years old. Short was 39 years old at the time of his death.

Short's funeral took place in Fort Worth on September 10, 1893. A line of carriages more than a mile long followed Short's body to Oakwood Cemetery in Fort Worth. Short had purchased a grave stone shortly before his death. It is a plain, upright marker simply inscribed: L. L. SHORT 1854 – 1893.

In popular culture

On February 22, 1955, Short was played by actor Wally Cassell in an episode of the syndicated western TV series Stories of the Century.[68] The part of Jim Courtright was portrayed by actor Robert Knapp (1924–2001).

On February 25, 1958, Grant Richards played Short in the episode "Wyatt Fights" of the ABC/Desilu western series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp. In the story line, deputy Wyatt Earp (Hugh O'Brian) is caught in the middle when two saloon owners want to take over a third establishment, the Long Branch Saloon. Paul Brinegar played the role of James H. "Dog " Kelley, the mayor of Dodge City.[69]

On January 7, 1960, an episode called "The Pied Piper of Dodge City" (Season 2, episode 13) was broadcast on the Bat Masterson TV series which starred Gene Barry as Masterson. In that episode an actor named Donald "Red" Barry, who was no relation to Gene Barry, portrayed Short. That episode concluded with Gene Barry, Don Barry, and other actors posing for the television version of the Dodge City Peace Commission photo.[70]

Guy Madison portrayed Short as the operator of the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City in the 1960 episode "Extra Guns" on the syndicated anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews.[71]

On January 5, 1960, Bob Steele played Short in the episode "The Terrified Town" on the CBS western television series The Texan, starring Rory Calhoun.[72]

Notes

1. The original magazine article on Short, along with Masterson's Human Life articles on other gunfighters are very rare. The entire series was compiled in book form as The 75th Anniversary Edition of Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier by W.B. (Bat) Masterson. Annotated and Illustrated by Jack DeMattos. Monroe, WA: Weatherford Press, 1982. ISBN 0-9604078-1-2

References

1. The National Police Gazette published a profile of Luke in their issue of March 15, 1890. This article was published while Short was still alive, and was based upon information provided to the publication by Short himself.
2. (DeMattos, 2015) p.9
3. "Luke Short, The Undertakers' Friend". Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
4. DeMattos, Jack and Parsons, Chuck. The Notorious Luke Short: Sporting Man of the Wild West. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-57441 594-0
5. Masterson, W.B. "Bat". "Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier: Luke Short." Human Life Magazine, April 1907
6. (DeMattos, 2015) p.10
7. (DeMattos, 2015) p.6
8. "Reports of Persons and Articles Employed and Hired at Sidney Barracks, Nebraska During the Month of October, 1878." Old Military Records Division, National Archives
9. Morrison, "Luke Short Dictation," March 19, 1886. Hubert Howe Bancroft Texas Dictations, Manuscript P-033, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
10. DeMattos, Jack. The Notorious Luke Short: Sporting Man of the Wild West. University of North Texas Press (May 18, 2015). pp. 15–23. ISBN 978-1574415940.
11. Morrison, "Luke Short Dictation, March 19, 1886"
12. Kansas City Star— October 7, 1880
13. Kansas City Star—October 11, 1880
14. Masterson, W.B. "Bat." "Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier: Luke Short, Human Life Magazine (Vol. 5, No 1) April 1907
15. Arizona Weekly Citizen (Tucson), February 27, 1881
16. Leadville Democrat, March 2, 1881
17. Ford County Globe, Dodge City—February 6, 1883
18. Dodge City Times, April 5, 1883.
19. (DeMattos, 2015) p.60
20. Ford County Globe May 1, 1883
21. Dodge City Times, May 3, 1883.
22. Note: Charles E. Bassett and Alfred J. Peacock opened the Long Branch Saloon in late 1872.
23. Leavenworth Times June 5, 1883
24. Luke Short in Dodge City Peace Commission Archived August 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine; 1883; original photograph; Ford County Historical Society; retrieved October 2014
25. Dodge City Times June 14, 1883
26. Ford County Globe (Dodge City), January 1, 1884.
27. Fort Worth Daily Gazette December 16, 1884
28. The White Elephant was described in The Fort Worth Daily Gazette of December 12, 1884, as the "pride of the city" and "the largest and most magnificent establishment in the state." The paper detailed the various games of chance, in the "club rooms" of which Short was in charge. That large gambling section also included a dozen billiard tables. Short maintained an office at the White Elephant and greeted customers.
29. Fort Worth Daily Gazette May 9, 1885
30. (DeMattos, 2015) p.217
31. Fort Worth Daily Gazette, June 29, 1885.
32. Dallas Morning News November 14, 1886
33. Fort Worth Daily Gazette, February 8, 1887.
34. Fort Worth Daily Gazette February 8, 1887
35. Luke Short – A Dandy Gunfighter by W.R. (Bat) Masterson in 1907 Archived May 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
36. "Tarrant County Historical Journal—Bad Blood". Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
37. DeArment, Robert K. Jim Courtright of Fort Worth: His Life and Legend . Texas Christian University Press; First edition (August 4, 2004). pp.226–227. ISBN 978-0875652924
38. Tarrant County Historical Journal—Edition 01 Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Jim Buel
39. Fort Worth Daily Gazette February 9, 1887
40. Petzal, David. "Five Greatest Gunfights of the Old West". Field and Stream. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
41. "Gunfighters Part 4". Legends of America. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
42. DeArment, Robert K. Jim Courtright of Fort Worth: His Life and Legend. Texas Christian University Press; First edition (August 4, 2004). p. 234. ISBN 978-0875652924
43. Dallas Morning News February 26, 1887
44. Kansas Marriages 1840–1935. "Lee [sic] Short and Hattie Buck: 15 March 1887." Indexing batch # M73625-8. GS Film # 1433395. The Church of Latter Day Saints
45. Fort Worth Daily Gazette March 25, 1887
46. New York Sun July 25, 1897
47. Fort Worth Daily Gazette October 21, 1888
48. Chicago Daily Inter Ocean December 18, 1889
49. Dallas Morning News February 11, 1890
50. Dallas Morning News April 4, 1890
51. Fort Worth Daily Gazette April 2, 1890
52. Note: There is some confusion over the date of Will Short's death. A Fort Worth paper stated that he was killed on March 31, yet the Texas Death Records, as well as his tombstone, give the date as March 29, 1890.
53. Louisville (Kentucky) Courier-Journal December 30, 1890
54. Daily Saratogan June 17, 1890
55. DeArment, Robert K. Jim Courtright of Fort Worth: His Life and Legend. Texas Christian University Press; First edition (August 4, 2004). p. 226-227. ISBN 978-0875652924
56. Fort Worth Daily Gazette December 24, 1890
57. Hutchinson News January 7, 1891
58. Chicago Daily Inter Ocean September 7, 1891
59. Dallas Morning News February 1, 1891
60. Fort Worth Gazette May 22, 1891
61. Chicago Tribune October 29, 1891
62. Chicago Inter Ocean October 29, 1891
63. Dallas Morning News March 1, 1892
64. Wichita Daily Eagle August 4, 1893
65. Fort Worth Gazette August 23, 1893
66. Geuda Springs Herald September 8, 1893
67. Dodge City Globe-Republican September 22, 1893
68. (Season 2, Episode 10 – "Jim Courtright ")
69. ""Wyatt Fights ", The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, February 25, 1958". Internet Movie Data Base. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
70. IMDb: Bat Masterson TV series "The Pied Piper of Dodge City." Broadcast on January 7, 1960, NBC Television network. 30 minutes. ZIV Television Productions.
71. "Extra Guns on Death Valley Days". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
72. "The Texan". Classic Television Archive. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2013.

Bibliography

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• DeMattos, Jack. "The Dodge City Peace Commission Revealed," Wild West History Association Journal, (Vol. VI, No. 2), April 2013.
• DeMattos, Jack and Parsons, Chuck. The Notorious Luke Short: Sporting Man of the Wild West, Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2015 ISBN 978-1-57441 594-0
• Masterson, W.B. (Bat). "Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier: Luke Short," Human Life Magazine (Vol. 5, No. 1), April 1907.
• Masterson, W.B. (Bat) The 75th Anniversary Edition of Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier (Annotated and Illustrated by Jack DeMattos), Monroe, WA: Weatherford Press, 1982 ISBN 0-9604078-1-2
• Miller, Nyle H., and Snell, Joseph W. Why the West Was Wild. Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1963.
• Ryall, William. "The Luck of Luke," True Western Adventures, April 1961.
• Short, Wayne. Luke Short: A Biography of one of the Old West's Most Colorful Gamblers and Gunfighters, Tombstone, AZ: Devil's Thumb Press, 1997. ISBN 0-9644980-7-3
• Walker, Wayne T. "Killer in Fancy Pants," True West, October 1956.