Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics is the use of statistical methods to analyse books, articles and other publications. Bibliometric methods are frequently used in the field of library and information science. The sub-field of bibliometrics which concerns itself with the analysis of scientific publications is called scientometrics. Citation analysis is a commonly used bibliometric method which is based on constructing the citation graph, a network or graph representation of the citations between documents. Many research fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact of their field, the impact of a set of researchers, the impact of a particular paper, or to identify particularly impactful papers within a specific field of research. Bibliometrics also has a wide range of other applications, such as in descriptive linguistics, the development of thesauri, and evaluation of reader usage. The Research HUB published a full-length freely accessible Bibliometric Analysis video tutorial playlist.

Distribution of corresponding authors of scholarly articles on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 between January and March 2020
Information science
General aspects
Related fields and sub-fields

Usage

Historically, bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations. Citation analysis, which involves examining an item's referring documents, is used in searching for materials and analyzing their merit.[1] Citation indices, such as Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, allow users to search forward in time from a known article to more recent publications which cite the known item.

Data from citation indexes can be analyzed to determine the popularity and impact of specific articles, authors, and publications.[2][3] Using citation analysis to gauge the importance of one's work, for example, is a significant part of the tenure review process.[4][5] Information scientists also use citation analysis to quantitatively assess the core journal titles and watershed publications in particular disciplines; interrelationships between authors from different institutions and schools of thought; and related data about the sociology of academia. Some more pragmatic applications of this information includes the planning of retrospective bibliographies, "giving some indication both of the age of material used in a discipline, and of the extent to which more recent publications supersede the older ones"; indicating through high frequency of citation which documents should be archived; comparing the coverage of secondary services which can help publishers gauge their achievements and competition, and can aid librarians in evaluating "the effectiveness of their stock".[6] There are also some limitations to the value of citation data. They are often incomplete or biased; data has been largely collected by hand (which is expensive), though citation indexes can also be used; incorrect citing of sources occurs continually; thus, further investigation is required to truly understand the rationale behind citing to allow it to be confidently applied.[7]

Bibliometrics are now used in quantitative research assessment exercises of academic output which is starting to threaten practice based research.[8] The UK government has considered using bibliometrics as a possible auxiliary tool in its Research Excellence Framework, a process which will assess the quality of the research output of UK universities and on the basis of the assessment results, allocate research funding.[9] This has met with significant scepticism and, after a pilot study, looks unlikely to replace the current peer review process.[10]

Guidelines have been written on the using of bibliometrics in academic research, in disciplines such as Management,[11] Education[12] and Information Science.[13] Other bibliometrics applications include: creating thesauri; measuring term frequencies; as metrics in scientometric analysis, exploring grammatical and syntactical structures of texts; measuring usage by readers; quantifying value of online media of communication.[14]

In the context of the big deal cancellations by several library systems in the world[15] data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals are used by libraries to assist with big deal cancellations: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant open access via open archives like PubMed Central.[16]

History

The term bibliométrie was first used by Paul Otlet in 1934[17] and defined as "the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents."[18] The anglicised version bibliometrics was first used by Alan Pritchard in a paper published in 1969, titled "Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics?"[19] He defined the term as "the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication".

Citation analysis has a long history, the Science Citation Index began publication in 1961 and Derek J. de Solla Price discussed the citation graph describing the network of citations in his 1965 article "Networks of Scientific Papers".[20] However this was done initially manually until large scale electronic databases and associated computer algorithms were able to cope with the vast numbers of documents in most bibliometric collections. The first such algorithm for automated citation extraction and indexing was by CiteSeer. Google's PageRank is based on the principle of citation analysis. Patent citation maps are also based upon citation analysis (in this case, the citation of one patent by another). However, one has to keep in mind that Humans have been publishing and citing since very early in history with individual works containing citations that date back as far as antiquity.[21]

gollark: It has much better compression ratios *and* speed than gzip. Shame it's not adopted for HTTP.
gollark: Zstandard is a highly cool compression algorithm, too.
gollark: Also, I extended the DNS→comment bridge to also have a function to post in an IRC channel on APIONET. It turns out that when you post a link in Discord a bunch of different nameservers try and resolve it, presumably for embed purposes.
gollark: Cloudflare can *also* give data to the government and probably would if legally forced to.
gollark: (and wastes internet bandwidth somewhat)

See also

References
  1. Schaer, Philipp (2013). "Applied Informetrics for Digital Libraries: An Overview of Foundations, Problems and Current Approaches". Historical Social Research. 38 (3): 267–281. doi:10.12759/hsr.38.2013.3.267-281.
  2. Sholinbeck, Michael. "Library Guides: Citation & Research Management: Best Practice: Bibliometrics, Citation Analysis". guides.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  3. Libraries, Science and Engineering. "Research Guides: Bibliometrics and Citation Analysis: Home". researchguides.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  4. Steve Kolowich. Tenure-o-meter in Inside Higher Ed, December 15, 2009. This article refers to the bibliometrics tool now known as Scholarometer
  5. Hoang, D.; Kaur, J.; Menczer, F. (2010), "Crowdsourcing Scholarly Data", Proceedings of the WebSci10: Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line, April 26-27th, 2010, Raleigh, NC: US, archived from the original on 2015-04-17, retrieved 2010-05-25
  6. Nicholas, David and Maureen Ritchie. Literature and Bibliometrics London: Clive Bingley: 1978. (12-28).
  7. Nicholas, David and Maureen Ritchie. Literature and Bibliometrics London: Clive Bingley: 1978. (28-29).
  8. Henderson, Michael; Shurville, Simon; Fernstrom, Ken (2009). "The quantitative crunch". Campus-Wide Information Systems. 26 (3): 149–167. doi:10.1108/10650740910967348.
  9. Higher Education Funding Council for England, http://www.hefce.ac.uk/Research/ref/. Accessed 20 July 2009.
  10. England, Higher Education Funding Council for. "Metrics cannot replace peer review in the next REF". www.hefce.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  11. Linnenluecke, Martina K; Marrone, Mauricio; Singh, Abhay K (May 2020). "Conducting systematic literature reviews and bibliometric analyses". Australian Journal of Management. 45 (2): 175–194. doi:10.1177/0312896219877678. ISSN 0312-8962.
  12. Diem, Andrea; Wolter, Stefan C. (2012-06-06). "The Use of Bibliometrics to Measure Research Performance in Education Sciences". Research in Higher Education. 54 (1): 86–114. doi:10.1007/s11162-012-9264-5. ISSN 0361-0365.
  13. Kurtz, Michael J.; Bollen, Johan (2010). "Usage bibliometrics". Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. 44 (1): 1–64. doi:10.1002/aris.2010.1440440108. ISSN 1550-8382.
  14. Hovden, R. (2013). "Bibliometrics for Internet media: Applying the h-index to YouTube". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64 (11): 2326–2331. arXiv:1303.0766. doi:10.1002/asi.22936.
  15. Fernández-Ramos, Andrés; Rodríguez Bravo, María Blanca; Alvite Díez, María Luisa; Santos de Paz, Lourdes; Morán Suárez, María Antonia; Gallego Lorenzo, Josefa; Olea Merino, Isabel (2019). "Evolution of the big deals use in the public universities of the Castile and Leon region, Spain = Evolución del uso de los big deals en las universidades públicas de Castilla y León". El profesional de la información (in Spanish). 28 (6). doi:10.3145/epi.2019.nov.19.
  16. Denise Wolfe (2020-04-07). "SUNY Negotiates New, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries". library.buffalo.edu. University at Buffalo. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  17. Otlet, P. (1934), Traité De Documentation: Le Livre Sur Le Livre, Théorie Et Pratique, Editiones Mundaneum: Mons, Belgium
  18. Rousseau, Ronald (2014), "Library Science: Forgotten Founder of Bibliometrics.", Nature, 510: 218, doi:10.1038/510218e
  19. Pritchard, Alan (1969). "Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics?". Journal of Documentation. 25 (4): 348–349. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  20. Derek J. de Solla Price (July 30, 1965). "Networks of Scientific Papers" (PDF). Science. 149 (3683): 510–515. Bibcode:1965Sci...149..510D. doi:10.1126/science.149.3683.510. PMID 14325149.
  21. Milos M. Jovanovic (2012). "Eine kleine Frühgeschichte der Bibliometrie". Information - Wissenschaft & Praxis. 63 (2): 510–515. doi:10.1515/iwp-2012-0017.
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