Arts and Industries Building

The Arts and Industries Building is the second oldest of the Smithsonian museums on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Initially named the National Museum, it was built to provide the Smithsonian with its first proper facility for public display of its growing collections.[3] The building, designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, opened in 1881, hosting an inaugural ball for President James A. Garfield. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.[2] After being closed for renovation, the building opened in the spring of 2016 for events and exhibitions.[4][5] Since August 2016, the Director of the Art and Industries Building has been Rachel Goslins.

Arts and Industries Building
Arts and Industries Building
Location900 Jefferson Dr., SW., Washington, D.C.
Coordinates38°53′17.34″N 77°1′28.18″W
Built1879
ArchitectCluss & Schulze; Meigs, Montgomery
Architectural styleRenaissance Revival
NRHP reference No.71000994
Significant dates
Added to NRHPNovember 11, 1971[1]
Designated NHLNovember 11, 1971[2]

Description
Columbia Protecting Science and Industry by sculptor Caspar Buberl.

The Arts and Industries Building was sited slightly farther back from the Mall than the Smithsonian Castle to avoid obscuring the view of the Castle from the Capitol.[6] The building was designed to be symmetrical, composed of a Greek cross with a central rotunda. The exterior was constructed with geometric patterns of polychrome brick, and a sculpture entitled Columbia Protecting Science and Industry by sculptor Caspar Buberl was placed above the main entrance on the north side.[6]

The interior of the building was partially lit through the use of skylights and clerestory windows. An iron truss roof covers the building. In 1883, the exterior was adjusted to use a more vibrant maroon-colored brick.[6]

The building is composed of four pavilions, one at each corner, about 40 feet (12 m) square and three stories tall. These surround a central rotunda. Lower sections or "ranges" were placed outside the pavilions. Pervasive complaints of dampness and the poor health of the building's occupants led to the replacement of the wood floors in the 1890s. Balconies were added in 1896–1902 to increase space after a new Smithsonian Building failed to be authorized by the United States Congress. A tunnel was constructed in 1901 to the Smithsonian Institution Building next door.

History

1800s
Construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1879

According to the Smithsonian Archives, "the Congressional appropriation for the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition contained an interesting proviso. It stated that the appropriation was considered a loan, and if income from the exhibition allowed the loan to be repaid, Congress would then allow part of those funds to be used to construct a new building for the National Museum."[7]

The success of the exhibits allowed the loan to be paid off soon after the event.[7] As promised, then, a bill was introduced in Congress two years later by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian to build a suitable structure.[7] The bill included plans developed by General Montgomery C. Meigs, which were based on the Government Building by James Windrom at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, which was itself inspired by structures at the 1873 Vienna Exposition.[6] Funds were approved in 1879 and the design was executed by Cluss and Schulze, based on the Meigs plan.[8]

During its construction, the materials featured at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition—up to "sixty box cars worth" of donations[7]—were too numerous to fit in the Smithsonian Institution Building and so were temporarily stored in the District Armory Building at the corner of 7th Street SW and Independence Avenue.[7]

According to the aforementioned Smithsonian Archives, "the first event to take place in the new National Museum Building was the Inaugural Ball for President James Garfield and Vice President Chester A. Arthur on March 4, 1881. A temporary wooden floor was laid, two electric lights were placed in the Rotunda, 10,000 bins for hats and coats were erected, 3,000 gas lights were installed, and festive buntings, state flags and seals decorated the halls. A colossal "Statue of America" stood in the Rotundia, illustrative of peace, justice and liberty, grasping in her uplifted hand an electric light "indicative of the skill, genius, progress, and civilization" of America in the 19th century."[9]

Eight months later the museum officially opened to the public.[9] "It contained 80,000 square feet of exhibit space with specially designed mahogany exhibit cases. The exhibit halls contained exhibits on geology, metallurgy, zoology, medicine, anthropology, art, history and technologies such as ceramics, printing, transportation, textiles, fisheries, and agriculture."[9] Under the guidance of George Brown Goode, a historian and ichythyologist, a Division of Arts and Industries and Materia Medica was established that same year[9] and materials from the museum were sent to many late nineteenth century expositions to teach people about the country's political and natural history.[9]

1900s
Interior of the Arts and Industries Building in 1982. In the background is the Santa Cruz Railroad no. 3 locomotive, placed on display as part of 1876: A Centennial Exhibition. The engine was displayed here until 1999, when it was moved across the Mall to the National Museum of American History.

In 1910, the natural history collections were moved to the new National Museum of Natural History, and the old National Museum Building was renamed the Arts and Sciences Building.

In 1964 the remaining exhibitions were moved to the National Museum of History and Technology, now known as the National Museum of American History.

In 1976, the rocket and aviation collections were moved to the National Air and Space Museum.[10]

That same year, the Arts and Industries Building reopened with 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, featuring the Philadelphia Exposition artifacts it was originally built to house. Added later were series of temporary exhibitions and a children's theater, known as the Discovery Theater.

2000s
Renovation of the Arts and Industries Building in 2012
A view through a door of the building in 2015

In 2004, the museum was again closed for renovation. Its uncertain future and deteriorating condition led the National Trust for Historic Preservation to name it in 2006 as one of America's Most Endangered Places, an annual list of endangered historic sites. In 2009 it was scheduled to receive $25 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 for renovation work.[11]

The exhibits were removed. Revitalization of the shell alone was solicited in 2010.[12] A complete restoration was projected to cost $200 million ($65 million in structural renovations alone) and last until the year 2014.[13] It has also been discussed as a possible site for a national Latino American museum.[14][15] In January 2014, the Smithsonian announced that the building would remain closed for the foreseeable future, citing funding concerns.[16] But on April 12, 2015, Smithsonian Acting Secretary Albert Horvath said about 40 percent of the building would reopen in fall 2015 for use as a short-term exhibit space. Smithsonian officials said that the building had been architecturally stabilized, and minor refurbishments made to the bathrooms, HVAC system, and interior paint scheme. Horvath said the building would not completely reopen. He said that plans for a proposed National Museum of the American Latino remained in limbo, and that the Smithsonian had purposefully declined to include the Arts and Industries Building in its new master plan because the structure's fate had not yet been clarified or determined.[17]

gollark: What, nothing else?
gollark: Do call/ret just do push/pop but store register state on the stack?
gollark: It seems like I could probably get away with just having the stack as a table of ints stored along with the main execution state (which is currently just memory) and having push/pop.
gollark: I'm not sure exactly what stacks do in assembly, I mostly just know about the... general data structure.
gollark: Also, how can I make it practical to define functions and stuff?

See also

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. "Arts and Industries Building, Smithsonian Institution". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  3. "Baird's Dream: History of the Arts and Industries Building", Institutional History Division, Smithsonian Institution Archive]
  4. "CROSSLINES - Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center".
  5. "Marketplace - Smithsonian Folklife Festival". Archived from the original on 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
  6. Scott, Pamela; Lee, Antoinette J. (1993). "The Mall". Buildings of the District of Columbia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-19-509389-5.
  7. Archives, Smithsonian Institution. "Baird and The Centennial Exposition". Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  8. Norton, W. Brown III (April 6, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution". National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  9. Archives, Smithsonian Institution. "The United States National Museum". Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  10. "Rocket Row Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building/smithsonian-arts-industries-007". The-visitor-center.com. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  11. "Arts & Industries Building of Smithsonian Institution". National Trust for Historic Preservation. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  12. "Smithsonian Institution Arts & Industries Building Revitalization - Shell", accessdate August 25, 2010
  13. "Construction Underway: Arts and Industries Building Gets a Little Love | Around The Mall". Blogs.smithsonianmag.com. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  14. Taylor, Kate (2010-04-14). "Smithsonian Proposes Plan for Art and Industries Building - ArtsBeat Blog - NYTimes.com". Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  15. "Arts and Industries Building in the 21st Century". Smithsonian Institution Archives. 20 June 2013.
  16. Boyle, Katherine (2014-01-28). "Smithsonian will not reopen Arts and Industries Building after renovation - The Washington Post". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  17. McGlone, Peggy (April 13, 2015). "Smithsonian plans to reopen renovated Arts and Industries Building in the fall". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
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