Anomodont

Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids containing many species from the Permian and Triassic periods,[1] most of which were toothless, possibly endothermic[2][3][4] herbivores.[5] Anomodonts were very diverse during the Middle Permian, including primitive forms like Anomocephalus and Patranomodon and groups like Venyukovioidea, Dromasauria, and Dicynodontia. Of these, only the dicynodonts survived beyond the Middle Permian. Dicynodonts became the most successful and abundant of all herbivores in the Late Permian and Triassic, filling ecological niches ranging from large browsers down to small burrowers. Few dicynodont families survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, but one lineage evolved into large, stocky forms that remained the dominant terrestrial herbivores right until the Late Triassic, when changing conditions caused them to decline.

Anomodonts Temporal range: Middle Permian-Late Triassic, 270–201 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Mounted skeleton of Lystrosaurus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Therapsida
Clade:	Neotherapsida
Suborder:	†Anomodontia Owen, 1859
Subgroups
See text

Anomocephalus

Otsheria

Aulacocephalodon

Kannemeyeria

Classification

Taxonomy

• Order Therapsida
• Suborder Anomodontia
  • Biseridens
  • Patranomodon
  • clade Anomocephaloidea
    • Anomocephalus
    • Tiarajudens
  • Superfamily Venyukovioidea
    • Family Otsheridae
      • Otsheria
      • Suminia
    • Family Venyukoviidae
      • Ulemica
      • Venjukovia
  • Clade Chainosauria
    • Galechirus
    • Galeops
    • Galepus
    • Infraorder Dicynodontia

Phylogeny

Cladogram modified from Liu et al. (2009):[1]

Therapsida	unnamed   Biarmosuchia     Gorgonopsia     unnamed   Dinocephalia    Anomodontia    Biseridens   unnamed   Anomocephalus   unnamed  Venyukovioidea    Otsheria   unnamed   Ulemica     Suminia        Chainosauria    Patranomodon   unnamed   Galeops     Eodicynodon

Below is a cladogram from Kammerer et al. (2013).[6] The data matrix of Kammerer et al. (2013), a list of characteristics that was used in the analysis, was based on that of Kammerer et al. (2011), which followed a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon.[7] Because of this, many of the relationships found by Kammerer et al. (2013) are the same as those found by Kammerer et al. (2011). However, several taxa were added to the analysis, including Tiarajudens Eubrachiosaurus, Shaanbeikannemeyeria, Zambiasaurus and many "outgroup" taxa (positioned outside Anomodontia), while other taxa were re-coded. As in Kammerer et al. (2011), the interrelationships of non-kannemeyeriiform dicynodontoids are weakly supported and thus vary between the analyses.[6]

1

Biseridens         Anomocephalus     Tiarajudens         Patranomodon      2    Suminia       Otsheria     Ulemica        3      Galepus     Galechirus         Galeops    4    "Eodicynodon" oelofseni         Eodicynodon oosthuizeni     Colobodectes         Lanthanostegus       Chelydontops       Endothiodon       Pristerodon    5   6   7    Diictodon       Eosimops       Prosictodon     Robertia          8    Emydops    9   10    Dicynodontoides     Kombuisia         Myosaurus    11    Cistecephalus       Cistecephaloides     Kawingasaurus                  12                            1 Anomodontia, 2 Venyukovioidea, 3 Chainosauria, 4 Dicynodontia, 5 Therochelonia, 6 Diictodontia, 7 Pylaecephalidae, 8 Emydopoidea, 9 Kistecephalia, 10 Kingoriidae, 11 Cistecephalidae, 12 Bidentalia

12

13    Keyseria       Daqingshanodon      14    Oudenodon       Tropidostoma     Australobarbarus             Odontocyclops     Idelesaurus        15    Rhachiocephalus     Kitchinganomodon      16    Syops    17    Aulacocephalodon       Pelanomodon       Geikia elginensis     Geikia locusticeps                      18      Interpresosaurus       Elph     Katumbia           Gordonia         Basilodon     Sintocephalus         Dicynodon lacerticeps       "Dicynodon" huenei         Delectosaurus     Vivaxosaurus           Daptocephalus       Dinanomodon     Peramodon           Jimusaria       Turfanodon      19    Euptychognathus       Lystrosaurus murrayi       "Lystrosaurus" declivus       "Lystrosaurus" curvatus       "Lystrosaurus" maccaigi       "Lystrosaurus" hedini       TSK 2     Kwazulusaurus                    20                        12 Bidentalia, 13 Cryptodontia, 14 Oudenodontidae, 15 Rhachiocephalidae, 16 Geikiidae, 17 Geikiinae, 18 Dicynodontoidea, 19 Lystrosauridae, 20 Kannemeyeriiformes

20

Angonisaurus      21      Tetragonias     Vinceria         Shansiodon     Rhinodicynodon           Dinodontosaurus         Shaanbeikannemeyeria       Kannemeyeria lophorhinus     Kannemeyeria simocephalus             Parakannemeyeria     Xiyukannemeyeria           Dolichuranus       Rechnisaurus     Uralokannemeyeria           Rabidosaurus       Sinokannemeyeria         Rhadiodromus     Wadiasaurus      22   23    Zambiasaurus       Moghreberia     Placerias        24    Stahleckeria         Eubrachiosaurus     Sangusaurus         Jachaleria     Ischigualastia                           20 Kannemeyeriiformes, 21 Shansiodontidae, 22 Stahleckeriidae, 23 Placeriinae, 24 Stahleckeriinae

See also

• Theriodont
• Dinocephalia
• Biarmosuchians
• Evolution of mammals

References

1. Liu, J.; Rubidge, B.; Li, J. (2009). "A new specimen of Biseridens qilianicus indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1679): 285–292. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0883. PMC 2842672. PMID 19640887.
2. Bakker 1975
3. BOTHA-BRINK, Jennifer; ANGIELCZYK, Kenneth D. (2010). "Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (2): 341–365. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00601.x.
4. Bajdek, Piotr; Qvarnström, Martin; Owocki, Krzysztof; Sulej, Tomasz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Golubev, Valeriy K.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2016). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia". Lethaia. 49 (4): 455–477. doi:10.1111/let.12156.
5. Chinsamy-Turan, A. (2011) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation - Histology - Biology, p.39. Indiana University Press, ISBN 0253356970. Retrieved May 2012
6. Kammerer, C. F.; Fröbisch, J. R.; Angielczyk, K. D. (2013). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). "On the Validity and Phylogenetic Position of Eubrachiosaurus browni, a Kannemeyeriiform Dicynodont (Anomodontia) from Triassic North America". PLoS ONE. 8 (5): e64203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064203. PMC 3669350. PMID 23741307.
7. Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (2011). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (Suppl. 1): 1–158. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074.