ARA Almirante Brown (1880)

ARA Almirante Brown was a central battery ironclad of the Argentine Navy built in the 1880s by Samuda Brothers in London. Almirante Brown displaced 4,200 long tons (4,300 t) and had a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). The ship was protected by a belt of nine-inch (230 mm) steel-faced armor and she carried a main battery of eight breech-loading guns. She was among the first major warships in the world to use steel armor, and remained the largest vessel in the Argentine fleet for over 15 years. Almirante Brown had a peaceful career in the fleet during the 1880s and 1890s. By the 1920s, she was reduced to a coastal defense ship, and remained in service until the early 1930s. She was stricken from the naval register in November 1932 and sold for scrapping.

For other ships with the same name, see ARA Almirante Brown.

History
Argentina
Name: Almirante Brown
Namesake: William Brown
Builder: Samuda Brothers, London
Launched: 6 October 1880
Refit: 1897–98
Stricken: 17 November 1932
Fate: Scrapped, 1932
General characteristics
Type: Central-battery ironclad
Displacement: 4,200 long tons (4,300 t)
Length: 240 ft (73.2 m) (p/p)
Beam: 50 ft (15.2 m)
Draft: 20 ft 6 in (6.2 m) (deep load)
Installed power: 5,400 ihp (4,000 kW)
Propulsion:
Speed: 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Complement: 520
Armament:
  • 8 × 1 – Armstrong 8-inch (203 mm) Rifled breech loaders
  • 6 × 1 – 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns
  • 2 × 1 – 9-pounder guns
  • 2 × 1 – 7-pounder guns
Armor:

Design

General characteristics and machinery
Line-drawing of Almirante Brown

Almirante Brown was 240 feet (73 m) long between perpendiculars, and had a beam of 50 ft (15 m) and a draft of 20 ft 6 in (6.25 m). She displaced up to 4,200 long tons (4,300 t) with a combat load. Her hull was steel-built, with a wood and zinc sheathing. The hull included a double bottom and a ram bow.[1] She was fitted with two pole masts.[2] The ship had a crew of 520 officers and men.[1]

Her propulsion system consisted of two compound steam engines that drove a pair of propellers. Steam for the engines was provided by eight coal-fired, cylindrical water-tube boilers.[1] The boilers were split into four separate, watertight boiler rooms, and both of the steam engines were in individual engine rooms.[2] The engines were rated at 5,400 indicated horsepower (4,000 kW) and produced a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). Almirante Brown had the capacity to store up to 650 metric tons (640 long tons; 720 short tons) of coal for the boilers.[1] In addition to her steam engines, Almirante Brown was fitted with a sailing rig for auxiliary cruising. The sail plan had an area of 10,000 square feet (930 m2).[2]

Armament and armor
Line-drawing showing the sail plan and the firing arcs of the main battery guns

Almirante Brown was equipped with a main battery of eight 8-inch (203 mm) BLR Armstrong guns, all mounted individually in casemates. Six were in a central battery, and the other two were in the bow and stern.[1] These breech-loading guns were a new development, which rendered Almirante Brown a significantly more powerful vessel than even those that had been completed a few years earlier.[3] She also carried six 4.7 in (120 mm) guns, also in single mounts, all on the upper deck. Four were mounted forward, and two were located aft, on either side of the 8-inch stern-chaser. Close-range defense against small craft was provided by a pair of 9-pounder guns and a pair of 7-pounder guns.[1]

The ship was protected with compound armor with a steel face manufactured by the German firm Siemens; the use of steel armor was a new development in naval technology, and permitted significant weight savings.[4] The main armored belt was 9 in (230 mm) thick amidships, and reduced to 7.5 in (190 mm) at the bow and stern. Below the main belt was a strake of armor that was 6 in (150 mm) thick amidships and 1.5 in (38 mm) on either end of the ship. The central battery was protected by 8 in of armor plate in the lower strake, and 6 in of armor in the upper strake. Atop the central battery, the armored deck was .625 in (15.9 mm) thick, while the deck fore and aft of the battery was 1.5 in (38 mm) thick. The conning tower also had 8 in thick sides.[1]

Service history
Almirante Brown in harbor

In 1878, Argentina made inquiries in Britain to buy a new, ocean-going capital ship for its navy, which to that point, had consisted of only coastal and riverine forces, centered on the two small El Plata-class monitors. Almirante Brown, the first large ironclad of the Argentine Navy, was ordered from the Samuda Brothers shipyard of London.[5] She was launched on 6 October 1880,[6][7] and cost the Argentine government £270,000.[8] On 14 June 1881, she conducted speed trials on the Maplin Mile, and achieved her designed speed of 14 knots at full power.[9] Upon her delivery to Argentina, she was the largest vessel in the Argentine fleet, and remained so until the four Garibaldi-class armored cruisers were acquired in the late 1890s.[10] Almirante Brown was present during the ceremonies for the opening of the south basin in the harbor of Buenos Aires on 28 January 1889.[11]

On 13 July 1892, the ship was thought to be lost in a storm that claimed the torpedo boat Rosales. The protected cruiser Veinticinco de Mayo was also believed to have sunk in the storm,[6] though both survived.[12] In the following year, Almirante Brown, along with most of the heavy units in the Argentine Navy, took part in putting down the naval defections in the revolution of 1893.[13] In 1897, Almirante Brown went into dry dock at the La Seyne shipyard in Toulon for modernization. Her main battery guns were replaced with ten 5.9 in (150 mm) 50-caliber quick-firing Canet guns; six replaced the guns in the central battery, and the other four were mounted in pairs in place of the bow and stern guns. In addition, the old 4.7-inch guns were replaced with new quick-firing models. Her crew was reduced to 380 officers and men.[1] By the 1920s, Almirante Brown had been reduced to a coastal defense and training ship, having long since been rendered obsolete by the dreadnought battleships Moreno and Rivadavia.[14] On 17 December 1921, crewmen from Almirante Brown rowed ashore to defeat a group of about 250 brigands based in Mata Tapera.[15] The ship remained in service until the early 1930s. On 17 November 1932, Almirante Brown was stricken from the naval register and subsequently discarded.[16]

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See also

Footnotes
  1. Gardiner, p. 401
  2. Samuda, p. 174
  3. Pim, pp. 355–356
  4. Samuda, pp. 174–175
  5. Grant, p. 118
  6. "A Warship Foundered" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 July 1892. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  7. Pim, p. 350
  8. Grant, p. 119
  9. Samuda, p. 176
  10. Gardiner, pp. 400–402
  11. Tudsbery, p. 175
  12. Gardiner, pp. 401–402
  13. Scheina, p. 57.
  14. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, p. 412
  15. Scheina, p. 191
  16. Gardiner & Gray, p. 400

References
  • Bulletin of the Pan-American Union. Washington, DC: Union of American Republics. LII.
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.
  • Grant, Jonathan A. (2007). Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02442-7.
  • Pim, Bedford (1881). "The Argentine Armor-Clad Corvette "Almirante Brown"". The United Service. Philadelphia, PA: L. R. Hammersly & Co. IV: 350–357.
  • Samuda, Joseph d'Aguilar (1881). "The Almirante Brown Argentine Cased Corvette, and the Effects of Steel Hulls and Steel-Faced Armor on Future Warships". Navy Scientific Papers. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office (11): 172–183.
  • Scheina, Robert (1987). Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-295-8.
  • Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. London: Institution of Civil Engineers. CXXXVIII.

Further reading
  • Arguindeguy, Pablo (1972). Apuntes sobre los buques de la Armada Argentina (1810–1970) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Comando en Jefe de la Armada.
  • Bóveda, Jorge Rafael (2009). "Las maniobras Navales de 1902. La evolución de las tácticas de la Armada Argentina ante el conflicto con Chile, 1881–1902". Boletín del Centro Naval (in Spanish) (Nº 824).
  • Burzaco, Ricardo and Patricio Ortíz. Acorazados y Cruceros de la Armada Argentina, 1881–1982. Buenos Aires: Eugenio B. Ediciones, 1997. ISBN 987-96764-0-8. OCLC 39297360. (in Spanish)
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