APOBEC

APOBEC ("apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like") is a family of evolutionarily conserved cytidine deaminases.

Example of a member of the APOBEC family, APOBEC-2. A cytidine deaminase from Homo sapiens.[1]
APOBEC-like N-terminal domain
Identifiers
SymbolAPOBEC_N
PfamPF08210
InterProIPR013158
APOBEC-like C-terminal domain
Identifiers
SymbolAPOBEC_C
PfamPF05240
InterProIPR007904

A mechanism of generating protein diversity is mRNA editing. Members of this family are C-to-U editing enzymes. The N-terminal domain of APOBEC like proteins is the catalytic domain, while the C-terminal domain is a pseudocatalytic domain. More specifically, the catalytic domain is a zinc dependent cytidine deaminase domain and is essential for cytidine deamination. RNA editing by APOBEC-1 requires homodimerisation and this complex interacts with RNA binding proteins to form the editosome.[2]

In humans/mammals they help protect from viral infections.[3] These enzymes, when misregulated, are a major source of mutation in numerous cancer types.[3]

A 2013 review discussed the structural and biophysical aspects of APOBEC3 family enzymes.[4] Much of the APOBEC protein features are described in the widely studied APOBEC3G's page.

Family members

Human genes encoding members of the APOBEC protein family include:

gollark: If it's a trade and not a transfer, check your notifications?
gollark: How nebulous.
gollark: Or, say, a million CB golds, as is basically always the case.
gollark: I mean, you *might* be able to swap the 2Gs for other 2Gs you like more.
gollark: "I favor X being Y, so therefore X must be Y, it is right for X to be Y, and X could not be anything *but* Y."

References
  1. PDB: 2NYT​; Prochnow, C.; Bransteitter, R.; Klein, M.G.; Goodman, M.F.; Chen, X.S.; functional implications for the deaminase AID. (2007). "The APOBEC-2 crystal structure". Nature. 445 (7126): 447–451. doi:10.1038/nature05492. PMID 17187054.; rendered using PyMOL.
  2. Wedekind JE, Dance GS, Sowden MP, Smith HC (April 2003). "Messenger RNA editing in mammals: new members of the APOBEC family seeking roles in the family business". Trends Genet. 19 (4): 207–16. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00054-4. PMID 12683974.
  3. "Unexpected DNA-Binding Mechanism Suggests Ways to Block Enzyme Activity in Cancer". Dec 2016. Based on ("Structural Basis for Targeted DNA Cytosine Deamination and Mutagenesis by APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B") online in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.
  4. Jaguva Vasudevan, AA; Smits SH; Höppner A; Häussinger D; Koenig BW; Münk C. (June 2013). "Structural features of antiviral DNA cytidine deaminases" (PDF). Biol. Chem. 394 (11): 1357–1370. doi:10.1515/hsz-2013-0165. PMID 23787464.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR013158


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