2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 2008 North Indian cyclone season was one of the most disastrous tropical cyclone seasons in modern history, with tropical cyclones leaving more than 140,000 people dead and causing more than US$14 billion in damage, making it the costliest season on record in the North Indian Ocean. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November.[1] Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.[2]

2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedApril 27, 2008
Last system dissipatedDecember 8, 2008
Strongest storm
NameNargis
 • Maximum winds165 km/h (105 mph)
(3-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure962 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Depressions10
Deep depressions7
Cyclonic storms4
Severe cyclonic storms1
Very severe cyclonic storms1
Extremely severe cyclonic storms1
Total fatalities138,927 total
(Fifth-deadliest tropical cyclone season on record overall)
Total damage~ $15.4 billion (2008 USD)
(Costliest North Indian Ocean cyclone season on record)
Related articles

During 2008, the IMD monitored a total of ten depressions across the North Indian Ocean, significantly below the average of fifteen. Of these systems, seven developed into deep depressions, four into cyclonic storms, and one into a very severe cyclonic storm.[3] The JTWC unofficially tracked seven systems, with six having one-minute sustained winds greater than 65 km/h (40 mph), slightly above their 32-year average of five.[4] Activity was mostly limited to the Bay of Bengal, with only two depressions developing in the Arabian Sea. Somewhat unusually, no depression developed during the month of July due to the lack of a prominent monsoon. Collectively, there were a total of 30 days of activity in the basin, with no storms existing simultaneously.[3]

The first and most destructive storm of the season, Cyclone Nargis struck the Irrawaddy Delta in southern Myanmar, with a 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) storm surge. Approximately 800,000 homes were severely damaged or destroyed and infrastructure was devastated. An estimated 138,373 people lost their lives and damage reached 11.7 trillion Burmese kyat (US$12.9 billion). Nargis is regarded as the worst disaster in the nation's history as well as the fourth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record. Other storms throughout the season caused significant damage in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Yemen. A depression in October was responsible for 180 deaths and US$1.638 billion in damage across Yemen. Overall, approximately 138,927 people were killed and losses totaled $14.7 billion (2008 USD).

Season summary
Cyclone Nisha (2008)Cyclone Rashmi2008 Yemen cycloneCyclone Nargis

Systems

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationApril 27 – May 3
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (3-min)  962 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Nargis

In late April, the Intertropical Convergence Zone became very active over the Bay of Bengal and later spawned a low-pressure area on April 26. Accompanied by low wind shear, favorable outflow, and over an area of high sea surface temperatures, the system consolidated into a depression the following day. Tracking slowly westward, the depression intensified, becoming Cyclonic Storm Nargis on April 28. That day, steering currents weakened, causing the system to become nearly stationary before a trough influenced more northeasterly, and later easterly, movement. On April 29, the system attained hurricane-force winds. Hours before striking southern Myanmar on May 2, Nargis attained its peak intensity with winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) and an estimated central pressure of 962 mbar (hPa; 28.41 inHg).[5] The JTWC estimated the system to have been somewhat stronger, attaining one-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mph).[6] Once onshore, the system gradually weakened and dissipated early on May 4.[5][6]

Striking the Irrawaddy Delta with unprecedented intensity, Nargis produced a devastating 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) storm surge over the region and a maximum wind speed of 190 km/h was also reported.. Approximately 23,500 km2 (14,600 mi2) of land was inundated by the storm, affecting roughly 11 million people, 2.4 million severely.[5][7] Infrastructural impacts were tremendous, with 450,000 homes, 4,000 schools, and 75 percent of healthcare facilities destroyed and 350,000 homes severely damaged.[7] With approximately 140,000 fatalities taking place in Myanmar, Nargis is regarded as the worst disaster in the country's history and ranks as the fourth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record.[7][8] Damage from the storm amounted to 11.7 trillion Burmese kyat (US$12.9 billion), the majority of which occurred within the private sector.[9]

In the immediate aftermath of the cyclone, numerous members of the international community were prepared to provide Myanmar with aid. For several weeks, the State Peace and Development Council (Myanmar's military junta) insisted that the nation could cope with the disaster and refused aid. This was soon determined to be ignorance of the situation and put millions of lives at risk. Some reports indicated that the army even obstructed private relief, setting up check-points, confiscating goods, and arresting those trying to help. In 2009, it was stated that the actions of the government could be condemned as crimes against humanity for "intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health."[10]

Depression ARB 01
Depression (IMD)
 
DurationJune 5 – June 7
Peak intensity45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  994 hPa (mbar)

In early July, the seasonal monsoon over the Arabian Sea strengthened; a trough developing around the same time off the coast of Karnataka increased the local pressure gradient. The interaction of these two systems led to the formation of a low over the southern Arabian Sea on June 4. Situated in a region of low to moderate wind shear, upper-level divergence, and convergence, the low consolidated into a depression the following day while situated roughly 880 km (545 mi) southwest of Mumbai, India. Little intensification occurred over the following day as it moved north-northwestward; the depression attained peak winds of 45 km/h (30 mph) and a pressure of 994 mbar (hPa; 29.36 inHg). Late on June 6 and into the early hours of June 7, interaction with land caused significant weakening, with the system degrading to a remnant low that morning. The remnants of the depression continued westward and brought locally heavy rains to parts of Oman.[11]

Depression BOB 02
Depression (IMD)
 
DurationJune 16 – June 18
Peak intensity45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  988 hPa (mbar)

Early on June 15, an area of low pressure formed within the monsoonal trough over the northern part of the Bay of Bengal.[12] Over the next 24 hours deep convection developed around the low pressure area and thus it was upgraded to Depression BOB 02 early the next day, as it was located about 220 km, (135 miles), southeast of Kolkata, near to the Bangladesh coastline.[12][13] However it as the depression was located within an area of moderate to high vertical wind shear, it did not develop further.[12] Later that morning before the depression made landfall it reached its peak intensity with a central pressure of 988 hPa/mbar. The depression then made landfall on the Bangladesh coast and slowly weakened into an area of low pressure, whilst located over Jharkhand in India.[12][14]

Torrential rains associated with the depression fell across much of Assam, Orissa, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. A maximum of 720 mm (28 in) of rain fell in Kalaikunda Air Force Station in West Bengal in 48 hours between 17 & 18 June of which 530 mm fell on 18 June.[15] Additional rains spread into Himachal, Uttarakhand, and Arunachal pradeshes.[16] In Assam, the Brahmaputra river overtopped its banks and flooded 350 villages, affecting roughly 400,000 people.[17] At least 23 people lost their lives in the region.[18] In nearby Arunachal, a series of landslides near Itanagar killed 19 people and injured 15 others.[17] Flooding around Midnapore, West Bengal, killed at least nine people while 21,000 others were affected.[19] Across northeast India, approximately 8 million people were affected by the floods, of which 2 million were rendered homeless. At least 56 people lost their lives, 31 of which occurred West Bengal.[18][20]

Land Depression BOB 03
Depression (IMD)
 
DurationAugust 9 – August 10
Peak intensity45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  1004 hPa (mbar)

On August 9, a tropical depression formed in the North Indian Ocean, south of Orissa, India.[21] Early the next day, the depression made landfall on the Orissa coast.[22] The IMD did not upgrade it until it was overland near Puri.[23] Consequently, it was designated as a land depression in the end of monsoon season report.[24] Later in the day, the IMD issued its final advisory on the depression as it weakened into a low pressure area.[25] Madanpur Rampur in Orissa received 220 mm of rainfall on 9 August.[15]

Monsoonal rainfall associated with the depression triggered extensive flooding in Andhra Pradesh.[26] Flash flooding occurred on many rivers throughout the state.[27] At least 61 people were killed across the state and 40,000 were displaced from their homes. At 3,000 homes were flooded.[28]

Deep Depression BOB 04
Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 15 – September 19
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  986 hPa (mbar)

On September 14 an area of low pressure formed southeast of Kolkata, India.[29] During September 15 the IMD designated this area of low pressure as Depression BOB 04.[30] Later that day the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the tropical depression.[31] During the morning of September 15 the depression intensified into a Deep Depression as it moved closer to the Orissa Coast near Chandbali on 16 September and maximum surface wind of 40 knots (74 km/hr) was reported by Chandbali at 1700 UTC of 16 September.[15][32] Later that day the JTWC issued their first advisory on this system designating it as Tropical Cyclone 02B[33] The Depression then made landfall on the Orissa coast later that day.[34] So the JTWC issued their last advisory on the depression later that day.[35] However the IMD kept issuing advisories on the Deep Depression. The RSMC then downgraded it to a depression on September 18 as it moved further inland.[36] The RSMC issued their final advisory the next day as the depression had weakened into a well marked low pressure area.[37] The track of Deep Depression making inland into Uttar Pradesh after crossing Orissa[38]

Baliguda in Orissa received 430 mm of rainfall in 48 hours between 17 and 18 September.[15] The Deep Depression caused 10 deaths in the state of Orissa.[39] The Depression also caused 15 deaths in Uttar Pradesh, its state capital Lucknow received the heaviest rains for September in the last 10 years.[40] Over 100 fishermen were reported missing as 25 trawlers capsized in the Bay of Bengal off Bangladesh's southern coastal areas as the sea turned rough due to a depression.[41] The Deep Depression also caused storm surge up to 15 to 20 feet high.[42]

Overall, the storm killed at least 25 people in India (10 in Orissa, 15 in Uttar Pradesh), but overall damage was minor.

Deep Depression ARB 02
Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 19 – October 23
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  1000 hPa (mbar)
Main article: 2008 Yemen cyclone

On October 19 the IMD noted that an area of low pressure which located to the south east of Salalah, Oman had intensified into a tropical depression and was assigned the number ARB 02.[43] On October 21 IMD updated the system to a Deep Depression while it lay 700 km south of Salalah, Oman near the east coast of Somalia.[44] It lost its strength while crossing the Gulf of Aden due to entry of dry air and land interaction as it passed close to the northeastern coast of Somalia. It later was downgraded to a Depression,[45] named TC 03B by the JTWC.[46][47]

On October 24 it made landfall on the south-eastern coast of Yemen, leaving at least 26 civilians and six soldiers dead while trapping hundreds of people due to flooding and torrential rainfalls.[48] The latest figure of casualties is of 180 persons dead and 100 others missing, mostly from the region of Hadhramawt, where the storm made landfall.[49][50] 733 houses were destroyed in the governorates of Hadhramawt and Al-Mahrah, while 22,000 people were displaced. The Yemeni Government declared the two aforementioned governorates as disaster zones.[51][52] The most affected areas map released by ReliefWeb.[53]

Overall, this weak storm killed at least 180 people in Yemen. Damage is estimated at about $1.638 billion (US$).[54]

Cyclonic Storm Rashmi
Main article: Cyclone Rashmi
Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 25 – October 27
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (3-min)  996 hPa (mbar)

On October 25, an area of low pressure which was located east of the Andhra Pradesh coast based on satellite, coastal observations, and buoy data intensified into a depression. The depression remained practically stationary and intensified into a deep depression and lay centred as of 0530 hours IST today, the October 26, 2008, about 400 km east-northeast of Visakhapatnam, 250 km south-southeast of Paradip and 550 km south-southwest of Kolkata. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center began issuing advisories on the system a few hours later that early morning, designating it as Tropical Cyclone 04B. The IMD named it cyclonic storm Rashmi. The observed track of Deep Depression making inland into Uttar Pradesh after crossing Orissa The track of cyclonic storm Rashmi making landfall in Bangladesh[55]

The Cyclone crossed the Khulna-Barisal coast at Patharghata, Bangladesh on October 27, 2008. Chatgaon in Bangladesh reported about 50 knots (93 km/hr) winds at the time of landfall.[15] 15 people were killed and thousands of homes were also damaged. Rashmi brought down electrical and telephone poles and uprooted trees, large areas of acres of crops were also destroyed.[56] 5 people were also killed in the state of Meghalaya, India.[57] At least 50 fishermen were reported missing when about 15 fishing trawlers capsized offshore.[58]

Rashmi killed at least 28 people. 15 people were killed in Bangladesh and 13 people were killed in India (5 in Meghalaya, 8 in Arunachal Pradesh).[59]

Cyclonic Storm Khai-Muk
Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 13 – November 16
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (3-min)  996 hPa (mbar)

On November 13, a low pressure area identified by the India Meteorological Department over southeast Bay of Bengal and adjoining areas concentrated into a depression east-southeast of Chennai, India. The IMD expected the system to intensify further and move towards north Tamil-Nadu/south Andhra Pradesh coasts. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a tropical cyclone warning on the tropical cyclone early on November 14 naming it as Tropical Cyclone 05B. A few hours later the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression issuing a Cyclone Watch for Andhra Pradesh as intensification into a cyclonic storm was possible. By mid morning the IMD advised the eastern coast of India that the system was expected to cross Andhra Pradesh by noon the next day (local time). Later that morning the deep depression intensified into a cyclonic storm and was named Khai Muk and the cyclone watch was raised to a warning for Andhra Pradesh coast with Khai Muk forecast to intensify even further before it made landfall on November 15 in south Andhra Pradesh coast close to the north of Kavali. However, the system became sheared to the western periphery and the IMD downgraded it back into a deep depression. Khai-Muk headed northwest and then northwards after making landfall in Andhra Pradesh.[60] The name Khai Muk was contributed by Thailand, it means pearl in Thai.

By November 15, all ports in Andhra Pradesh were under cautionary signal number three. All fishermen were advised to remain at port due to rough seas.[61] Residents along the shore were urged to evacuate as waves up to 2 m (6.5 ft) were forecast to impact the coast.[62]

High winds knocked down trees and power lines causing traffic jams throughout the Andhra Pradesh.[63] Boats and fishing nets were washed away by high waves produced by Khai-muk, costing Rs. 2 cores (US$430,000).[64] An average of 53.5 mm (2.1 in) of rain fell throughout the state.[63] The highest rainfall was recorded in Polavaram at 230 mm on 17 November.[15] An estimated 1.2 million hectares of crops were damaged or destroyed by the storm leading to Rs. 10 cores (US$1.9 million) in agricultural losses.[65] A total of 148 homes were destroyed and another 23 were damaged, amounting to Rs. 4 crores (US$780,000) in monetary losses.[66] A 5 km (3.1 mi) stretch of highway was washed out by the storm and damages to the road amounted to Rs. 4 crores (US$780,000).[65]

A state of high alert was declared in Andhra Pradesh following the storm in the state. About 7,500 people were evacuated from several towns to 23 shelters set up by officials. The shelters provided the residents with breakfast and milk on November 16.[63] The following day, a total of 44,949 people had evacuated to 66 relief shelters.[67] The minister of Andhra requested that the government send rice, pulses, oil and other materials to cyclone victims.[64]

Cyclonic Storm Nisha
Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 25 – November 29
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (3-min)  996 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Nisha (2008)

Late in the morning of November 25, India Meteorological Department satellite imageries, including surface observations from Sri Lanka and coastal stations of Tamil Nadu, indicated that a depression had formed over Sri Lanka in southwest Bay of Bengal. The depression remained nearly stationary and intensified into a deep depression three hours later. The IMD posted a cyclone watch for Tamil Nadu region of India noting that the system was likely to intensify into a cyclonic storm and cross Tamil Nadu coast between Pamban and Nagapattinam by tomorrow night. Very late in the day the IMD mentioned that the deep depression would intensify, however the cyclone watch for Tamil Nadu coast was lowered (or not mentioned) in the bulletin issued. Early on November 26, the deep depression close to Tamil Nadu coast intensified into a cyclonic storm and was named "Nisha". It crossed the coast close to the north of Karaikal between 0530 and 0630 hours IST on November 27 and Karaikal reported 35 knots (65 km/hr) at the time of landfall.[15] On November 28, JTWC issued their final warning. Nisha headed northwest towards south Karnataka after making landfall in Tamil Nadu.[68]

15 people have been killed when Nisha hit northern Sri Lanka on November 25, 2008, causing heavy rains and flooding that reportedly displaced between 60,000 and 70,000 people in Vanni and 20,000 people in Jaffna district.[69] Jaffna recorded the highest rainfall since 1918, of 520.1 mm of rain in last week, with Wednesday's reading of 389.8 mm, being the highest in nine decades. [70]

189 people were killed by the heavy rains and floods caused by the cyclone in Tamil Nadu and the death toll is expected to rise.[71][72] Some places have recorded extreme rainfall, notably Orathanadu, Thanjavur District where over 660 mm of rain fell within a period of 24 hours and broke the 65-year-old record of highest rainfall registered in 24 hours in Tamil Nadu. Previously the highest amount of rainfall in a day was 570 mm registered by Cuddalore on May 18, 1943.[73] In two days, Orathanadu registered 990 mm of rainfall. Overall in 4 days between 25 and 28 November, Orathanadu got 1280 mm making it as the 4th wettest Cylone in India. The most affected areas map released by ReliefWeb.[74]

Nisha killed 204 people making it the 4th deadliest storm in 2008 after Cyclone Nargis, Typhoon Fengshen and Hurricane Hanna. Damage is estimated at about 3789 crores i.e. $800 million (US$).[75]

Deep Depression BOB 08
Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationDecember 4 – December 7
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  1004 hPa (mbar)

On December 3, an area of low pressure formed over the southern Bay of Bengal within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The system was well organized with good convection present from the previous 48 hours. On December 4, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded the area of low pressure to a depression giving it the designation "BOB 08". At that time it was located approximately 650 kilometres (400 mi) south-southwest of Port Blair.[76] That day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 07B.[77] Early on December 5, the IMD upgraded Depression BOB 08 to a deep depression.[78] On December 7, the IMD reported that BOB 08 weakened into a depression.[79] The depression continued to weaken until it decayed into a remnant low late on the same day.[80] Puducherry got 90 mm of rainfall on 9 December.[15]

Season effects

This table lists all the Depressions that developed in the North Indian Ocean during the 2008 season. The meteorological data is taken all from RSMC New Delhi and is rated using their intensity scale.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
NargisApril 27 – May 3Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm165 km/h (105 mph)962 hPa (28.41 inHg)Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Yunnan$12.9 billion138,373[5][9][81]
ARB 01June 5 – 7Depression45 km/h (30 mph)994 hPa (29.36 inHg)OmanNone0[12]
BOB 02June 16 – 18Depression45 km/h (30 mph)988 hPa (29.18 inHg)India, BangladeshUnknown54[12]
BOB 03August 9–10Land Depression45 km/h (30 mph)1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)India (Orissa, West Bengal)Unknown61[12]
BOB 04September 14 – 19Deep Depression55 km/h (35 mph)986 hPa (29.12 inHg)IndiaUnknown25[12]
ARB 02October 19 – 23Deep Depression55 km/h (35 mph)1000 hPa (29.68 inHg)Yemen$1.64 billion180[12]
RashmiOctober 25 – 27Cyclonic Storm85 km/h (50 mph)984 hPa (29.06 inHg)India, BangladeshUnknown28[59]
Khai MukNovember 13–16Cyclonic Storm65 km/h (40 mph)996 hPa (29.42 inHg)India (Andhra Pradesh)$314 million0[12]
NishaNovember 25–29Cyclonic Storm85 km/h (50 mph)996 hPa (29.42 inHg)Sri Lanka, India (Tamil Nadu)$594 million204[12]
BOB 08December 4–8Deep Depression55 km/h (35 mph)996 hPa (29.42 inHg)Sri Lanka, IndiaNone0[12]
Season aggregates
10 systemsApril 27 – December 8165 km/h (105 mph)962 hPa (28.41 inHg)$15.3 billion138,927
gollark: Just ignore the rare state transitions and make them segfault.
gollark: <:bees:724389994663247974> apioid.
gollark: ++delete non-outdated Esobot instances
gollark: Your denial has been sent to our /dev/null-as-a-service service.
gollark: ++delete <@319753218592866315> from all apiobeespace

See also

References
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