1995 in science

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The year 1995 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

February – Project Phoenix begins looking for extraterrestrial transmissions using the Parkes Observatory radio telescope in New South Wales, Australia, the largest telescope in the Southern Hemisphere.
February 8 – Asteroid 6349 Acapulco is discovered by Masahiro Koishikawa.
March 22 – Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returns after setting a record for 438 days in space.
July 23 – Comet Hale–Bopp is discovered by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp independently.
October 6 – 51 Pegasi b: Didier Queloz and Michel Mayor of the University of Geneva at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence announce the first definitive detection of an extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main sequence star (51 Pegasi)[1] and the first "hot Jupiter".
The "Big Ear" at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory ends its full-time search for extraterrestrial intelligence radio survey, having run continuously for 22 years, beginning in 1973.
Richard P. Binzel devizes the original of what will become the Torino Scale for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects.[2]
The first brown dwarf – Teide 1 – is discovered.[3]

Biology

The genome of Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced.

Computer science

January 27 – Prodigy (online service) offers access to the World Wide Web.[4]
March 1 – The first Yahoo! Search interface is founded.
March 25 – Ward Cunningham loads the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, in Oregon.
May 23 – The Java programming language is announced to the world.
June 8 – Danish/Greenlandic/Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf releases the first version of the scripting language PHP, which in 15 years will be used as the server-side language on 75% of all Web servers.[5]
July 16 – Amazon.com, incorporated a year earlier by Jeff Bezos in Washington (state) as an online bookstore, sells its first book, Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.[6][7]
Andy Harter and colleagues devise Virtual Network Computing.

Earth sciences

Bruce Luyendyk first proposes the name Zealandia for a southern continent.

Mathematics

May – Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is published in Annals of Mathematics.[8]

Medicine

January 30 – Workers from the National Institutes of Health announce the success of clinical trials testing the first preventive treatment for sickle cell anaemia.

Neuroscience

The RELN gene and Reelin protein are discovered by Gabriella D'Arcangelo and colleagues, solving the mystery behind the formation of "inverted cortical layers" in the brain of reeler mutant mice, and sparking an avalanche of research into the Reelin's role in neurodevelopment.

Physics

March 2 – Top quark discovery announced.[9][10][11]
Spring – M-theory is conjectured by Edward Witten.

Psychology

Elizabeth Loftus describes the "Lost in the mall technique" as a demonstration that confabulations can be created through suggestions to experimental subjects.[12]

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
- Chemistry – Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
- Medicine – Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaus
- Peace – Joseph Rotblat
Turing Award – Manuel Blum
Wollaston Medal for Geology – George P. L. Walker
Enshrinement in the Panthéon, Paris – Pierre and Marie Curie
Spinoza Prize first awarded in the Netherlands.

Births

Deaths

January 30 – Gerald Durrell (b. 1925), British wildlife conservationist.
March 24 – Joseph Needham (b. 1900), English biochemist and writer on the history of science and technology in China.
April 2 – Hannes Alfvén (b. 1908), Swedish astrophysicist.
June 23 – Jonas Salk (b. 1914), American medical researcher.
August 11 – Alonzo Church (b. 1903), American mathematician.
September 13 – A. E. Wilder-Smith (b. 1915), British organic chemist.
December 2 – Mária Telkes (b. 1900), Hungarian-American scientist and inventor
December 14 – Constance Tipper (b. 1894), English metallurgist.
December 18 – Nathan Rosen (b. 1909), American-born Israeli physicist.

gollark: I'm not sure that's accurate, inasmuch as some of the time some sides don't actually appear to be acting according to whatever values are claimed.

gollark: I mean, food waste's not great, but it's not as if we could just conveniently ship it continents away to help people.

gollark: I don't think you can reasonably blame all preventable-with-more-resources-somewhere deaths everywhere on capitalism.

gollark: Because communism has always worked, and it's not like there's been a general increase in standards of living or anything.

gollark: It does seem that way sometimes. With the internet, it's possible to complain about other people who happen to not think identically to you from the comfort of your home.

References

Mayor, Michael; Queloz, Didier (1995). "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star". Nature. 378 (6555): 355–359. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..355M. doi:10.1038/378355a0.
"A Near-Earth Object Hazard Index" presented at a United Nations conference and published in its proceedings, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 822 (1997).
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2009-174
https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/31/business/company-news-prodigy-sees-quick-growth-from-internet-web-service.html
Lerdorf, Rasmus (1995-06-08). "Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". Newsgroup: comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
"History & Timeline". Retrieved 2012-07-02.
Byers, Ann (2006). Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon.com. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9781404207172.
Wiles, Andrew (1995). "Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics. 141 (3): 443–551. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.169.9076. doi:10.2307/2118559. ISSN 0003-486X. JSTOR 2118559. OCLC 37032255. Zbl 0823.11029.; Taylor, Richard; Wiles, Andrew (1995). "Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics. 141 (3): 553–572. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.128.531. doi:10.2307/2118560. JSTOR 2118560. OCLC 37032255. Zbl 0823.11030.
Abe, F. et al (CDF Collaboration) (1995). "Observation of Top Quark Production in
p

p
Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab". Physical Review Letters. 74 (14): 2626–2631. arXiv:hep-ex/9503002. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2626A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626. PMID 10057978.
Abachi, S. et al (DØ Collaboration) (1995). "Search for High Mass Top Quark Production in
p

p
Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeV". Physical Review Letters. 74 (13): 2422–2426. arXiv:hep-ex/9411001. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2422A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2422. PMID 10057924.
Liss, T. M.; Tipton, P. L. (1997). "The Discovery of the Top Quark" (PDF). Scientific American. 277 (3): 54–59. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-54.
Loftus, E. F.; Pickrell, J. E. (1995). "The formation of false memories" (PDF). Psychiatric Annals. 25 (12): 720–725. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2011-02-27.

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[1] Mayor, Michael; Queloz, Didier (1995). "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star". Nature. 378 (6555): 355–359. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..355M. doi:10.1038/378355a0.

[2] "A Near-Earth Object Hazard Index" presented at a United Nations conference and published in its proceedings, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 822 (1997).

[3] ttp://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2009-174

[4] ttps://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/31/business/company-news-prodigy-sees-quick-growth-from-internet-web-service.html

[5] Lerdorf, Rasmus (1995-06-08). "Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". Newsgroup: comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi. Retrieved 2012-06-08.

[6] "History & Timeline". Retrieved 2012-07-02.

[7] Byers, Ann (2006). Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon.com. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9781404207172.

[8] Wiles, Andrew (1995). "Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics. 141 (3): 443–551. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.169.9076. doi:10.2307/2118559. ISSN 0003-486X. JSTOR 2118559. OCLC 37032255. Zbl 0823.11029.; Taylor, Richard; Wiles, Andrew (1995). "Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics. 141 (3): 553–572. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.128.531. doi:10.2307/2118560. JSTOR 2118560. OCLC 37032255. Zbl 0823.11030.

[9] Abe, F. et al (CDF Collaboration) (1995). "Observation of Top Quark Production in
p

p
Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab". Physical Review Letters. 74 (14): 2626–2631. arXiv:hep-ex/9503002. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2626A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626. PMID 10057978.

[10] Abachi, S. et al (DØ Collaboration) (1995). "Search for High Mass Top Quark Production in
p

p
Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeV". Physical Review Letters. 74 (13): 2422–2426. arXiv:hep-ex/9411001. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2422A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2422. PMID 10057924.

[11] Liss, T. M.; Tipton, P. L. (1997). "The Discovery of the Top Quark" (PDF). Scientific American. 277 (3): 54–59. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-54.

[12] Loftus, E. F.; Pickrell, J. E. (1995). "The formation of false memories" (PDF). Psychiatric Annals. 25 (12): 720–725. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2011-02-27.