1460s in England
Incumbents
- Monarch – Henry VI (until 4 March 1461), Edward IV (starting 4 March 1461)
- Parliament – 22nd of King Henry VI (starting 7 October 1460, until c. 4 March 1461), 1st of King Edward IV (starting 4 November 1461, until 6 May 1462), 2nd of King Edward IV (starting 29 April 1463, until 28 March 1465), 3rd of King Edward IV (starting 3 June 1467, until 7 June 1468)
Events
- 1460
- 15 January – Wars of the Roses: Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent and capture the royal fleet during the Battle of Sandwich.[1]
- 26 June – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land at Sandwich with an army and march on London. Here the Earl of Salisbury remains and, with the support of the citizens, besieges the Tower of London whose Lancastrian commander, Lord Scales, on 4 July turns its weapons against the city.[2]
- 10 July – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Northampton, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March defeat a Lancastrian army and seize King Henry VI.[3] Queen Margaret escapes with her son, Edward, across Cheshire to Harlech Castle.
- 19 July – Lord Scales surrenders the Tower of London to the Yorkists; he is subsequently murdered by a mob.[2]
- 10 October – Richard of York claims the throne in London.[1]
- 25 October – Parliament passes the Act of Accord, proclaiming Richard of York as the heir to the throne, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.[1]
- 30 December – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Wakefield, a decisive Lancastrian victory under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, is won and Richard of York and his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, are both killed, the latter murdered after the battle,[3] while Warwick's father, the Earl of Salisbury, is beheaded the following day. York's son Edward, Earl of March becomes leader of the Yorkist faction.
- 1461
- 2 February – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, Yorkist troops led by Edward, Earl of March defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper.[1]
- 17 February – Wars of the Roses: At the Second Battle of St Albans, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.[1] The following day, the King's protectors, William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville and Sir Thomas Kyriell, are executed for treason
- 4 March – Edward, Earl of March proclaimed as King Edward IV of England in London.[1]
- 28 March – Wars of the Roses: The indecisive Battle of Ferrybridge is fought.
- 29 March (Palm Sunday) – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Towton, the bloodiest battle ever fought on British soil,[4] the Earl of March defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne.[3] Margaret escapes, initially to Linlithgow Palace near Edinburgh.
- 25 April – Henry VI cedes Berwick upon Tweed to Scotland.[1]
- 28 June – Coronation of King Edward IV.[4]
- Cirencester Grammar School is founded by Lawrence Booth, Prince-bishop of Durham.
- "Warkworth's" Chronicle begins.
- 1462
- April – Queen Margaret, with her son Edward, makes her way from Edinburgh via Bamburgh and Sluis to the court of France, where on 23 June she secretly offers the surrender of Calais in return for aid and on 28 June secures agreement for a French-supported expedition to England.[5]
- 25 October – Queen Margaret leads an invasion of Northumberland with French forces under Pierre de Brézé. Picking up Henry VI in Scotland, they land at Bamburgh and briefly take Alnwick for the Lancastrians before being forced by an advancing Yorkist army and the wrecking of their fleet to take refuge at Berwick Castle, which is itself recaptured by Yorkists by Christmas.[1]
- 1463
- August – Queen Margaret leaves Scotland for France. She will never see her husband again and will not return to England until 1471.
- 8 October – Truce of Hesdin ends French support for the Lancastrians.[1]
- Importation of foreign playing cards banned to protect English manufacturers.[1]
- 1464
- 25 April – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Hedgeley Moor, Yorkist forces under John Neville defeat Lancastrians under Sir Ralph Percy, who is killed.[1]
- 1 May – Edward IV secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville. He keeps the marriage a secret until 14 September.[1]
- 15 May – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Hexham, Neville defeats the Lancastrian army. This marks the end of organized Lancastrian resistance for several years.
- 1 June – Fifteen year-truce with Scotland signed by the Treaty of York.[1]
- 1465
- c. March – Re-foundation of Queens' College, Cambridge by Elizabeth Woodville.[1]
- 26 May – Coronation of Elizabeth Woodville as Queen Consort.[1]
- 13 July – Former King Henry VI is captured by Yorkist forces at Waddington, Lancashire, and imprisoned in the Tower of London.[3]
- Reform of the coinage, including introduction of the Angel and the Rose Noble.[1]
- 1466
- Foundation of St Bartholomew's School, Newbury, Berkshire.
- 1467
- June – Archbishop George Neville dismissed as Chancellor of England.[1]
- 1468
- 3 July – Marriage of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy to Margaret of York, sister of Edward IV.[3]
- 29 July – Hansa merchants expelled from London; Anglo-Hanseatic War breaks out with the Hanseatic League[1] in 1469.
- November – First recorded English use of the rack in torture.[1]
- 1469
- June – A revolt led by 'Robin of Redesdale' spreads from Yorkshire to Lancashire.[1]
- 12 July – Earl of Warwick joins the rebels.[1]
- 26 July – Wars of the Roses: Rebel victory at the Battle of Edgecote Moor.[1]
- 29 July – King Edward arrested and imprisoned after his army abandons him.[1]
- August–October – Caister Castle is besieged by John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk.
- 10 September – Edward released by Warwick following widespread rioting.[1]
Births
- 1460
- 1461
- Nicholas West, bishop and diplomat (died 1533)
- 1462
- Edmund Dudley, minister of Henry VII (died 1510)
- 1465
- William Cornysh, composer (died 1523)
- 1466
- 11 February – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII (died 1503)
- 1467
- January – John Colet, churchman and educational pioneer (died 1519)
- 11 August – Mary of York, daughter of King Edward IV (died 1482)
- John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, translator (died 1553)
- John Yonge, ecclesiastic and diplomatist (died 1516)
- William Latimer, churchman and scholar (died 1545)
- 1469
- 20 March – Cecily of York, princess (died 1507)
Deaths
- 1460
- 10 July (at the Battle of Northampton)
- Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, military leader (born 1402)
- John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (born c. 1413)
- 30 December – Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (killed in battle) (born 1411)
- 31 December
- Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, politician (executed) (born 1400)
- Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (executed) (born 1443)
- Approximate date – Reginald Pecock, deposed Welsh bishop and writer (born c. 1392)
- 10 July (at the Battle of Northampton)
- 1461
- 28 March – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford (in battle) (born 1435)
- 29 March (at the Battle of Towton)
- 6 November – John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (born 1415)
- 1462
- 26 February – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (executed) (born 1408)
- 1464
- 15 May – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (executed) (born 1436)
- 17 May – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, politician (executed) (born 1427)
- 12 August – John Capgrave, historian and theologian (born 1393)
- 1465
- 14 January – Thomas Beckington, statesman and prelate (born c. 1390)
- John Hardyng, chronicler (born 1378)
- 1468
- 14 June – Margaret Beauchamp, Countess (born 1404)
- 30 June – Lady Eleanor Talbot (born 1436)
- 1469
- 12 August – Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers (executed) (born 1405)
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References
- Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 128–131. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- Bennett, Vanora. "London and the Wars of the Roses". Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
- Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 183–185. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. p. 90. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- Dunn, Diana E. S. (2004). "Margaret (1430–1482)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18049. Retrieved 2016-03-16. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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