List of sovereign states by date of formation

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.

This list includes the 195 states which are currently full member states or observer states of the United Nations. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.[note 1] For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements. Micronations are not included in this list.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to the Great Britain in 1707), while France is a Republic founded in 1792 (technically, France currently refers to the French Fifth Republic, formed in 1958).

An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).

Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See also: disputed territories.

Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formation of an ethnic identity. Such dates reflect not the formation of a state (an independent political entity), but of a nation (an ethnic or cultural grouping), terms that are often conflated in the context of nation states.

The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of those events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history please see the main article for each country.

List

Africa

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government	Date of acquisition of sovereignty	Acquisition of sovereignty	Date of territorial modification	Most recent significant territorial modification
Algeria	1963	Adoption of the present constitution.	July 3, 1962	French recognition of Algerian referendum on independence held two days earlier	July 5, 1962	Algeria gains sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France.
Angola	1975		November 11, 1975	Independence from Portugal
Benin			August 1, 1960	Independence from France	January 15, 1894	Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco-Dahomean War
Botswana			September 30, 1966	Independence from the United Kingdom	December 13, 1999	Sedudu ruled to belong to Botswana rather than Namibia by the International Court of Justice.
Burkina Faso			August 5, 1960	Independence from France
Burundi	November 28, 1966	Monarchy replaced by republic	July 1, 1962	Independence from Belgium
Cabo Verde			July 5, 1975	Independence from Portugal
Cameroon			January 1, 1960	Independence from France	October 1, 1961	Merger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon
Central African Republic	September 21, 1979	Monarchy replaced by republic	August 13, 1960	Independence from France
Chad			August 11, 1960	Independence from France	February 3, 1997	Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad
Comoros			July 6, 1975	Independence from France declared
Democratic Republic of Congo	May 17, 1997		June 30, 1960	Independence from Belgium
Republic of Congo			August 15, 1960	Independence from France
Cote d'Ivoire			December 4, 1958	Autonomous republic within French Community
			August 7, 1960	Independence from France
Djibouti			June 27, 1977	Independence from France
Egypt	June 18, 1953	Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared	969	The Fatimid Caliphate conquered Egypt, which became the political, cultural, and religious center of the empire. The Fatimid Caliphate eventually developed a new and indigenous Arabic culture in Egypt.	1925	The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
			February 28, 1922	The UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt
Equatorial Guinea			October 12, 1968	Independence from Spain
Eritrea			May 24, 1993	Independence from Ethiopia declared	April 1, 2002	Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
Eswatini (Swaziland)	February 8, 2006	Constitution of Swaziland	September 6, 1968	Independence from the United Kingdom
Ethiopia	March 21, 1975	Monarchy abolished and replaced by republic	900	Zagwe dynasty	April 1, 2002	Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
Gabon			August 17, 1960	Independence from France
Gambia			February 18, 1965	Independence from the United Kingdom
Ghana			March 6, 1957	Independence from the United Kingdom	December 13, 1956	Union of British Togoland with Gold Coast
Guinea			October 2, 1958	Independence from France
Guinea-Bissau			September 24, 1973	Independence from Portugal declared
			September 10, 1974	Independence from Portugal recognized
Kenya			December 12, 1963	Independence from the United Kingdom
Lesotho			October 4, 1966	Independence from the United Kingdom	March 12, 1868	Area that is now Lesotho placed under British rule
Liberia			July 26, 1847	Independence from American Colonization Society	January 6, 1986	Current constitution came into effect
Libya	August 4, 2014	House of Representatives takes power.[note 2]	December 24, 1951	Independence from UN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947)	February 13, 1984	Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad.
Madagascar			October 14, 1958	The Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community
			June 26, 1960	France recognizes Madagascar's independence
Malawi			July 6, 1964	Independence from the United Kingdom
Mali			November 25, 1958	French Sudan gains autonomy	April 8, 1960	Senegal secedes from Mali Federation
			September 22, 1960	Independence from France
Mauritania			November 28, 1960	Independence from France	August 11, 1979	Mauritania withdraws from Tiris al-Gharbiyya (part of Western Sahara)
Mauritius			March 12, 1968	Independence from the United Kingdom	1965	Separation of Chagos Archipelago
Morocco	February 24, 788	Enthronement of Idriss 1st in Volubilis	1631	Sultanate de Tafilalt	November 18, 1955	Protectorate abolished
Mozambique			June 25, 1975	Independence from Portugal
Namibia			March 21, 1990	Independence from South African rule	March 1, 1997	Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia
Niger			December 4, 1958	Autonomy within French Community
			August 3, 1960	Independence from France
Nigeria			October 1, 1960	Independence from the United Kingdom	January 15, 1970	Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria
					June 1, 1961	Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria
Rwanda			July 1, 1962	Independence from Belgium
São Tomé and Príncipe			July 12, 1975	Independence from Portugal
Senegal			August 20, 1960	Independence from France
Seychelles			June 29, 1976	Independence from the United Kingdom
Sierra Leone			April 27, 1961	Independence from the United Kingdom
Somalia	August 20, 2012	Federal Government of Somalia established.[note 3]	July 1, 1960	Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland)	May 18, 1991 (disputed)	Somaliland declares independence, but is not recognized by any UN state.
South Africa	May 31, 1961	Republic declared	December 11, 1931	Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UK	March 21, 1990	De facto: South West Africa declares independence, forming Namibia
	February 4, 1997	The post-Apartheid Constitution of South Africa comes into effect	May 31, 1910	Creation of the autonomous Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River	April 27, 1994	De jure: Reincorporation of the nominally independent but unrecognised bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa
South Sudan	July 9, 2011	2011 South Sudanese independence referendum	July 9, 2011	Separation of Southern Sudan from Sudan
Sudan	April 15, 2010	First democratic election since the Second Sudanese Civil War	January 1, 1956	Independence from Egyptian and British joint rule	July 9, 2011	South Sudan secedes from Sudan
Tanzania	July 1, 1991	Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania ends status as one-party state	December 9, 1961	Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom	April 26, 1964	Merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania
Togo			August 30, 1958	Autonomy within French Union
			April 27, 1960	Independence from France
Tunisia	January 26, 2014	Constitution of Tunisia following the Tunisian Revolution	March 20, 1956	Independence from France
Uganda			March 1, 1962	Self-government granted
			October 9, 1962	Independence from the United Kingdom
Zambia			October 24, 1964	Independence from the United Kingdom
Zimbabwe	December 22, 1987	Robert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency.[note 4]	November 11, 1965	Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern Rhodesia	1901	BSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia
			April 18, 1980	Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe

Americas

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government	Date of acquisition of sovereignty	Acquisition of sovereignty	Date of territorial modification	Most recent significant territorial modification
Antigua and Barbuda			November 1, 1981	Independence from the United Kingdom
Argentina	May 1, 1853	The current Constitution of Argentina enters in force	May 25, 1810	May Revolution installs first local government	October 18, 1884	Conquest of the Desert
			July 9, 1816	Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain.
Bahamas			January 7, 1964	Internal self-governance granted
			July 10, 1973	Independence from the United Kingdom
Barbados			November 30, 1966	Independence from the United Kingdom
Belize			September 21, 1981	Independence from the United Kingdom	1859	Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala
			January 1, 1964	Self-governing colony
Bolivia	January 25, 2009	Constitution of Bolivia	August 6, 1825	Bolivian War of Independence from Spain.	November 11, 1903	Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre
			July 21, 1844	Independence recognized by Spain
Brazil	October 5, 1988	Constitution of Brazil established as the third Federative Republic	September 7, 1822	Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves declared	November 11, 1903	Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso
			August 29, 1825	Independence recognized by Portugal
			November 15, 1889	Proclamation of the Federal Republic
Canada	December 11, 1931	Statute of Westminster	July 1, 1867	Granted nominal independence (Dominion status), establishing as a federation	April 1, 1999	Nunavut Territory created as per native land claims act from two thirds of the area of Northwest Territories.
	April 17, 1982	Constitution Act, 1982 established
Chile	August 17, 1989	Amendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorship	September 18, 1810	First Government Junta	July 3, 1929	Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima
			January 1, 1818	Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
			April 25, 1844	Independence recognized by Spain
Colombia	July 4, 1991	Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic.	July 20, 1810	Colombia declares independence from Spain.	July 4, 1991	The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly.
			December 17, 1819	Colombia merged with Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador.
			November 19, 1831	Gran Colombia dissolved creating a pact with Panama as the Republic of New Granada.
			May 22, 1858	The Republic of New Granada was replaced to the Granadine Confederation under the 1858 constitution.
			May 8, 1863	The Granadine Confederation was replaced to the United States of Colombia under the constitutional change of 1864.
			January 30, 1881	Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
			August 8, 1886	Establishment of the current sovereignty of Colombia as a republic.
Costa Rica	November 7, 1949	Constitution of Costa Rica	September 15, 1821	Costa Rica declared independence from Spain	July 25, 1824	Partido de Nicoya
			November 15, 1838	Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
			May 10, 1850	Independence recognized by Spain
Cuba	January 1, 1959	Cuban Revolution	October 10, 1898	Several wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898, ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution.
			December 10, 1898	Spain loses the war against United States and the military occupation of Cuba by USA begins.
			May 20, 1902	United States military occupation ends[1]
Dominica	November 3, 1978	Constitution of Dominica	February 27, 1967	Became an associated state of the United Kingdom
			November 3, 1978	Independence from the United Kingdom
Dominican Republic	November 28, 1966	Civilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War.[note 5]	February 27, 1844	The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti	May 9, 1936	Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
			October 14, 1874	Independence recognized by Spain
Ecuador	September 28, 2008	Constitution of Ecuador established.	August 10, 1809	First declaration of Independence from Spain	February 26, 1942	Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru
			May 24, 1822	Second declaration of independence from Spain of Gran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part of
			May 13, 1830	Dissolution of Gran Colombia
			February 16, 1840	Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
El Salvador	December 16, 1983	Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic	September 15, 1821	El Salvador becomes independent from Spain, and 9 days later becomes province in First Mexican Empire
			July 1, 1823	El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America from the First Mexican Empire
			February 2, 1841	Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent nation
			February 18, 1841	El Salvador was internationally recognized.
			June 24, 1865	Independence recognized by Spain
Grenada			February 27, 1967	Associated state of the United Kingdom
			February 7, 1974	Full independence from the United Kingdom
Guatemala	May 31, 1985	Constitution of Guatemala established	September 15, 1821	Guatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
			April 17, 1839	Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared
			May 29, 1863	Independence recognized by Spain
Guyana			May 26, 1966	Independence from the United Kingdom
Haiti	March 1987	Constitution of 1987 (superseded)	January 1, 1804	The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti	February 27, 1844	The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti
					May 9, 1936	Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
Honduras	January 11, 1982	Constitution of Honduras.	September 15, 1821	Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain	September 1, 1972	Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation
			October 26, 1838	Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
			November 17, 1894	Independence from Spain recognized
Jamaica			August 6, 1962	Independence from the United Kingdom
Mexico	February 7, 1917	Constitution of Mexico	September 16, 1810	Independence from Spain declared	December 30, 1853	Gadsden Purchase
			September 27, 1821	Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
			December 28, 1836	Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
Nicaragua	January 9, 1987	Constitution of Nicaragua established	September 15, 1821	Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
			November 5, 1838	Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
			July 24, 1850	Independence recognized by Spain
Panama	October 11, 1972	Constitution of Panama established	November 3, 1903	Independence from Colombia	December 31, 1999	Sovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States
			May 10, 1904	Independence from Spain recognized
Paraguay	June 20, 1992	Democratic Constitution of Paraguay	May 14, 1811	Independence from Spain declared	1938	Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War
			September 10, 1880	Independence from Spain recognized
Peru	December 31, 1993	Constitution of Peru established	July 28, 1821	Independence from Spain declared	February 26, 1942	Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador
			August 14, 1879	Independence from Spain recognized
Saint Kitts and Nevis			February 27, 1967	Associated state of the United Kingdom	December 19, 1980	Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
			September 19, 1983	Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint Lucia			February 27, 1967	Associated statehood
			February 22, 1979	Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines			October 27, 1969	Associated statehood
			October 27, 1979	Independence from the United Kingdom
Suriname			December 15, 1954	Self-government granted
			November 25, 1975	Independence from Netherlands
Trinidad and Tobago			August 31, 1962	Independence from the United Kingdom
United States	March 4, 1789	United States Constitution enters into force, replacing the previous Articles of Confederation and creating a new system of government	July 4, 1776	Independence from Great Britain declared	August 21, 1959	United States territory: Territory of Hawaii joins the US as the State of Hawaii
			September 3, 1783	Independence from Great Britain recognized	September 7, 1981	Insular area: The United States cedes Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to the Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972
Uruguay	December 8, 1996	1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum	August 25, 1825	Independence from Empire of Brazil declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the River Plate (current Argentina).
			August 27, 1828	Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil
			July 19, 1870	Independence recognized by Spain
Venezuela	December 20, 1999	New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic	April 19, 1810[2]	Independence from Spain declared	October 3, 1899	Tribunal of Arbitration awards most of Guayana Esequiba to British Guyana.
			January 13, 1830	Dissolution of Gran Colombia
			March 30, 1845	Independence recognized by Spain

Asia

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government	Date of acquisition of sovereignty	Acquisition of sovereignty	Date of territorial modification	Most recent significant territorial modification
Afghanistan	January 26, 2004	Constitution of Afghanistan establishes Islamic Republic	1919	Treaty of Rawalpindi ends British control of foreign policy	1747 Durrani Empire	1893 Durand-Line through Pashtunistan, because of the Durand-Treaty
Bahrain			August 15, 1971	End of treaties with the United Kingdom	July 1, 1521	Portuguese conquest of current territory
Bangladesh	November 4, 1972	De jure: Constitution of Bangladesh	March 26, 1971	Independence from Pakistan declared	July 31, 2015	India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves
	February 27, 1991	De facto: First general election since restoration of parliamentary democracy.
Bhutan	March 24, 2008	First elections to the National Assembly	1885	Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan	November 11, 1865	Treaty of Sinchula
Brunei	September 29, 1959	De jure: Constitution of Brunei	January 1, 1984	Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979	August 18, 1841	Kingdom of Sarawak founded
	December 12, 1962	De facto: Martial law declared during the Brunei Revolt, suspending democratic elections indefinitely.
Cambodia	September 21, 1993	Constitution of Cambodia	September 9, 1953	France grants Cambodia independence
			September 26, 1989	Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
China	December 4, 1982	The People's Republic of China adopted its constitution during the 5th National People's Congress on December 4, 1982, with further revisions about every five years	1250 BC	Scholars generally consider the late Shang state at Anyang to be the first verifiable civilization in Chinese history[3]	October 6, 2011	Tajikistan ceded 1158 square kilometers of land to China
India	January 26, 1950	De jure: Constitution of India	600 BC	In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BC, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas	July 31, 2015	India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves
			August 15, 1947	Independence from the British Empire
Iran	February 11, 1979	Iranian Revolution ends monarchism and establishes an Islamic Republic	678 BC (estimate)	Herodotus said that "thus Deioces collected the Medes into a nation, and ruled over them alone"	February 10, 1828	Signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, whereby the territories that now constitute Armenia, Azerbaijan (the remaining part which hadn't been lost by the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), and Igdir are ceded to Russia)
Iraq	October 15, 2005	Constitution of Iraq following the Iraq War[note 6]	762	The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries	February 28, 1991	Kuwait liberated.[note 6]
			October 3, 1932	Kingdom of Iraq
Israel	May 14, 1948	Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel	May 14, 1948	Independence from the British Mandate of Palestine	September 12, 2005	Completion of Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip
Japan	May 3, 1947	Coming into force of the current Constitution of Japan, whereby the emperor was deprived of his powers and a liberal democracy was established	400 (estimate)	During the subsequent Kofun period, most of Japan gradually unified under a single kingdom	May 15, 1972	Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
Jordan	January 1, 1952	Constitution of Jordan	May 25, 1946	End of the British Mandate for Palestine	October 26, 1997	Signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan
	June 12, 2011	The Cabinet of Jordan is made an elected body[4]
North Korea	September 9, 1948	Kim Il-sung declared Premier of North Korea, establishing the still-ruling Kim dynasty. Independence declared from the Soviet Union.	September 9, 1948	Declaration of the creation of North Korea	July 27, 1953	Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the southern border along the Military Demarcation Line
	December 25, 1972	The Constitution of North Korea replaced Communism with Juche as North Korea's governing philosophy.[note 7]
South Korea	October 29, 1987	Current Sixth Republic of South Korea founded, ending military rule	1946	Japanese rule of Korea ends	July 27, 1953	Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line
			August 15, 1948	First Republic of Korea established, Independence declared from the United States.
Kuwait	November 11, 1962	Constitution of Kuwait	1752	Establishment of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait	December 18, 1969	Formal division of Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
Kyrgyzstan	June 10, 2010	Constitution of Kyrgyzstan introduces parliamentary system.	August 31, 1991	Independence from the Soviet Union[5]	December 5, 1936	Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR
Laos	December 2, 1975	Lao PDR formed	October 22, 1953	Independence from France
Lebanon	May 23, 1926	Lebanese Republic formed	November 26, 1941	Independence from France declared	September 1, 1920	France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries
			November 22, 1943	Independence from France recognized
Malaysia	September 16, 1963	Formation of Malaysia[6][7]	August 31, 1957	Malayan Independence[8] from the United Kingdom was declared in Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square)	August 9, 1965	Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia[9][10][11]
			September 16, 1963	Malaysia was formed by the federation of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya.[6][12]
Maldives	November 11, 1968	Declaration of Republic	July 26, 1965	Independence from the United Kingdom
Mongolia	February 12, 1992	Constitution of Mongolia declares the country a parliamentary democracy.	1206	Mongol Empire formed
			December 29, 1911	Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty
Myanmar	March 30, 2011	The military junta is replaced by an elected government	January 4, 1948	Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire	1956	Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China
Nepal	May 28, 2008	Formation of Republic	December 21, 1768	Nepali unification	December 2, 1815	Sugauli Treaty ends the Gurkha War
Oman	June 10, 1749	Beginning of the Al Said dynasty, current absolute monarchical line of Oman.	January 26, 1650	Expulsion of the Portuguese	December 8, 1958	Gwadar sold to Pakistan
	1996	Basic Law of Oman
Pakistan	August 14, 1973	Constitution of Pakistan	August 14, 1947	Independence from British India in the Partition
Palestine​[Asia 1]	May 4, 1994	Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area	November 15, 1988	Palestinian Declaration of Independence	June 15, 2007	Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip
Philippines​[Asia 2]	November 30, 1935	The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established through provisions of the Tydings–McDuffie Act.	June 12, 1898	The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire.[13][14][15]	2012[16][17]	In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to the Benham Rise.[17]
			July 4, 1946	The United States recognises independence under the provisions of the Treaty of Manila (1946). The 1935 Constitution remained in effect until 1973, when the Marcos regime promulgated a newer one, in turn replaced by the present 1987 Constitution.
Qatar			December 18, 1878	Independence from the Ottoman Empire
Saudi Arabia	September 23, 1932	Regions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi Arabia	1744	Establishment of the First Saudi State [18]	June 12, 2000	Border with Yemen finalized by Treaty of Jeddah (2000)
Singapore	August 9, 1965[9]	Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia	June 3, 1959	Self-government under the United Kingdom	August 9, 1965	Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state[11]
			August 9, 1965	separate from and independent of Malaysia[9][10]
Sri Lanka	May 22, 1972	Constitution of Sri Lanka	February 4, 1948	Independence from United Kingdom	February 14, 1815	De jure: The Kandyan Kingdom is annexed by British Ceylon
					May 18, 2009	De facto: The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Syria	February 27, 2012	Constitution of Syria[note 8]	September 28, 1961	End of the United Arab Republic	November 8, 1941	Lebanon declares independence from the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon[note 8]
Taiwan​[Asia 3]	December 7, 1949	De facto: Government relocated from Nanking to Taipei after losing its territory in the Chinese Civil War	June 14, 1661	The Kingdom of Tungning was the first independent island-wide country (government.) In 1661, Koxinga's fleet forced an entry to Lakjemuyse and made landing around Fort Provintia	July 16, 1992	Act Governing Cross-Strait Relations
Tajikistan			September 9, 1991	Independence from the Soviet Union[5]	December 5, 1929	Establishment of the Tajik SSR
Thailand	April 6, 2017	Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2017	November 6, 1767	Salvage independence by Great king Taksin consist of Expulsion of Burmese and Establish a new kingdom together with reunification of Thailand	March 10, 1909	Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Timor-Leste	May 20, 2002	Constitution of East Timor	November 28, 1975	East Timor declares its independence but was suppressed by the Indonesian invasion	1914	The borders of Portuguese Timor are agreed.[19]
			May 20, 2002	Independence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination of 1999
Turkmenistan	September 28, 2008	Constitution of Turkmenistan	October 27, 1991	Independence from the Soviet Union[5]	August 7, 1921	Establishment of the Turkmen SSR
United Arab Emirates			December 2, 1971	End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom	February 11, 1972	Ras al-Khaimah joins the UAE
Uzbekistan			August 31, 1991	Independence from the Soviet Union declared[5]	October 24, 1924	Establishment of the Uzbek SSR
Vietnam	December 31, 1959	North Vietnam declared a socialist republic	September 2, 1945	withdrawal of the Japanese after WWII	July 2, 1976	Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam
	January 1, 2014	Current Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Yemen	May 22, 1990	Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen	November 1, 1918	North Yemen independence from the Ottoman Empire	September 21, 2014	Houthis seized control of the bulk of the former North Yemen territory and its capital Sana'a
			November 30, 1967	South Yemen independence from the United Kingdom	April 26, 2020	Southern Transitional Council declares self-governance of Socotra and some areas controlled by the former PDR Yemen.

Table notes

1. Palestinian National Authority: For some clarification and more detail, see History of the State of Palestine.
2. Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, see Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty and Sovereignty of the Philippines.
3. Republic of China: For some clarification and more detail, see History of the Republic of China, History of Taiwan since 1945 and Political status of Taiwan.

Europe

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government	Date of acquisition of sovereignty	Acquisition of sovereignty	Date of territorial modification	Most recent significant territorial modification
Albania	April 29, 1991	Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania.	1190 c.	Principality of Arbër was established by archon Progon.	1945	Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia
			November 28, 1912	Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire
			November 28, 1944	Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation
Andorra	April 28, 1993	Current Constitution of Andorra entered force	1813	Reversal of annexation of Andorra by the Napoleonic Empire, through the Peninsular War	August 28, 2001	The Andorra–France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge
Austria	November 12, 1918	Declaration of the Republic of German-Austria	May 15, 1955	Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state	December 14, 1921	City of Sopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite
			September 17, 1156	Privilegium Minus: Sovereignty from Duchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire
			August 11, 1804	Proclamation of the Austrian Empire
Belarus	November 28, 1996	Constitutional amendment abolishes the Supreme Soviet and establishes the National Assembly	July 27, 1990	Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic	1945	Western border with Poland: modification of the Curzon Line determined at the 1945 Yalta Conference
			August 25, 1991	Independence recognized by Soviet Union[5]
Belgium	July 21, 1831	King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy	October 4, 1830	Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government	June 28, 1919	Belgian proper: Treaty of Versailles and annexation of the East Cantons
					July 1, 1962	Belgian colonial empire: Ruanda-Urundi declares independence and split within two countries: Rwanda and Burundi.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	March 3, 1992	Independence declared from the SFR Yugoslavia[note 9]	1154	Formation of the Banate of Bosnia	November 25, 1943	Establishment of SR Bosnia in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Bulgaria	November 10, 1989	People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria	632	Formation of Old Great Bulgaria	September 7, 1940	Under the First and Second Vienna Awards, Southern Dobruja was returned to Kingdom of Bulgaria
			681	First Bulgarian Empire formed
			1185	Second Bulgarian Empire formed
			July 13, 1878	Autonomy within Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin
			September 22, 1908	Independence from Ottoman Empire
Croatia	October 8, 1991	Independence from SFR Yugoslavia[note 9]	626	Formation of Duchy of Croatia[20][21][22][23][24]	February 10, 1947	Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties
			925	Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav
Czech Republic	January 1, 1993	Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Czech Republic and Slovakia	895	Independence from Great Moravia
Denmark	June 5, 1953	Constitutional Act of Denmark	777 (or prior)	Various Danish kings are mentioned throughout the 8th century.
					June 15, 1920	Denmark proper: Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany.[note 10]
Estonia	February 24, 1918	Estonian Declaration of Independence, whereby a republic was declared[Europe 1]	February 24, 1918	Independence declared from the Russian Empire	July 1, 1920	De jure: Signing of the Estonia–Latvia Border Treaty whereby Valga proper was ceded to Estonia
			August 20, 1991	Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 11]	January 1, 1945	De facto: Eastern coast of Narva river and most of Petseri County were transferred to Russian SFSR
Finland	March 29, 1809	Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire	December 6, 1917	Independence from Russian Empire declared	January 26, 1956	Porkkala returned from Soviet control
			January 3, 1918	Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body, VTsIK
France	October 4, 1958	Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic	481 then 843	First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks Creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun	February 10, 1947	Metropolitan France: Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[note 12][note 13]
					July 5, 1962	Overseas France: Loss of the French departments in Algeria following the latter's independence.
Germany	May 23, 1949	The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect.	843 then 962	Creation of East Francia East Francia becomes the Holy Roman Empire (with the Kingdom of Germany as a main part of the empire)	October 3, 1990	Reunification of West Germany and East Germany
			1815	German Confederation founded
			January 18, 1871	German Empire founded
			1954	German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to at the time as East Germany) declared fully sovereign
			May 5, 1955	Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time as West Germany) declared fully sovereign
			May 15, 1991	Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ends the Four Power occupation.
Greece	June 11, 1975	Third Hellenic Republic	March 25, 1821 (Traditional) February 23, 1821 (Actual)	Greek Revolution starts, various regional administrations established during 1821	February 10, 1947	Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece
			January 1, 1822	First Hellenic Republic proclaimed
			February 3, 1830	Independence recognised by the London Protocol as Kingdom of Greece.
Hungary	October 23, 1989	People's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary.	895	Principality of Hungary formed	February 10, 1947	With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia).
	January 1, 2012	The Basic Law of Hungary comes into effect.	1000	Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary.
Iceland	930	The Icelandic Commonwealth established and first meeting held of the Althingi (Parliament).	December 1, 1918	Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as the Kingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark.	September 1, 1972	No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
	July 1, 1845	The Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799.	June 17, 1944	Kingdom of Iceland becomes a Republic.
Ireland	January 21, 1919	Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom	1542	Foundation of the Kingdom of Ireland
			December 6, 1922	Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British Empire	December 8, 1922	De facto: Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922
			December 11, 1931	Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United Kingdom
	December 29, 1937	Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles of Taoiseach and President, and replaces the Irish Free State (or Saorstat Eireann in Irish language) with a new state named Ireland (or Éire in Irish language).	April 18, 1949	Republic of Ireland Act 1948 terminates the functions of the British King in Ireland's diplomatic relations; domestic United Kingdom law purports that Ireland was one of the King's dominions until this date; Irish law does not accept this interpretation.	December 2, 1999	De jure: Amendment to the Irish constitution removes irredentist claims to Northern Ireland.[note 14]
Italy	January 1, 1948	Constitution of Italy creating the Italian Republic	March 17, 1861	Italian unification
			August 23, 476	Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, an independent successor state created after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
			January 2, 888 c.	Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy, an independent successor state of the dissolved Carolingian Empire
			April 25, 1945	Disestablishment of the German-backed Italian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored	January 1, 1948	The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117.
Latvia	November 7, 1922	Constitution of Latvia enforced[Europe 1]	November 18, 1918	Independence declared from Russia	1944	Abrene district ceded to Russian SFSR (modern Russia)
			May 4, 1990	Independence (from Soviet Union) reasserted[note 11]
Liechtenstein	March 16, 2003	The 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum increases the Prince's powers and makes the country an absolute monarchy[26]	October 19, 1813	Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine	January 23, 1719	Purchase of Vaduz
Lithuania	March 11, 1990	Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 11][Europe 1]	1253	Coronation of King Mindaugas (state established some time earlier, perhaps in the 1230s)	October 27, 1939 and August 3, 1940	Western part (approximately half) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania
			February 16, 1918	Independence declared from Germany and Russia
Luxembourg	November 23, 1890	Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right	1945	End of German occupation during World War II	April 19, 1839	Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London
Malta	December 13, 1974	The State of Malta became a republic	September 21, 1964	Independence from United Kingdom	August 20, 1801	Gozo rejoined Malta
Moldova	August 27, 1997	Constitution of Moldova (1997)	August 27, 1991	Independence from Soviet Union[5]	August 2, 1940	De jure: Moldavian SSR formed
					September 2, 1990	De facto: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence. The government is not recognized by any UN member, but has de facto control over the Transnistria region.
Monaco	December 17, 1962	Amendment to Constitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modern National Council	1861	Franco-Monegasque Treaty confirms Monaco's sovereignty (formerly a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia)	1848	Secession of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.
Montenegro	October 22, 2007	Constitution of Montenegro	1077	Formation of Kingdom of Duklja/Zeta by King Mihajlo I	November 25, 1943	Establishment of SR Montenegro
			July 13, 1878	Independence officially confirmed by Ottoman Empire internationally by the Treaty of Berlin other countries recognized earlier.
			June 3, 2006	Declaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro.
Netherlands	August 24, 1815	Adoption of the constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.	July 26, 1581	Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence from Spain	March 16, 1839	European Netherlands: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London (1839).
	December 15, 1954	Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed	May 5, 1945	Surrender of Nazi forces occupying the Netherlands	November 25, 1975	Kingdom of the Netherlands: Suriname declares independence.
North Macedonia (until 2019 Republic of Macedonia)	November 17, 1991	Constitution of North Macedonia	September 8, 1991	After a referendum, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia[note 9]	August 2, 1944	Establishment of SR Macedonia
Norway	1814	Constitution of Norway	872	King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway.	February 27, 1930	Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway.
			1814	Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark.
			June 7, 1905	Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden.
			May 8, 1945	German occupying forces surrender.
Poland	June 4, 1989	The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet domination	966	adoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I.	February 15, 1951	Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty
			1025	formation of the Kingdom of Poland by Mieszko's son Bolesław I Chrobry.
Portugal	April 2, 1976	Constitution of Portugal	July 26, 1139	County of Portugal becomes independent from the Kingdom of León after the Battle of Ourique as part of the Reconquista. Recognized by León in 1143 and by the Pope in 1179.	June 6, 1801	Continental Portugal: Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges.
					December 20, 1999	Portuguese Overseas: De facto: Portuguese Macau transferred to the People's Republic of China
					May 20, 2002	Portuguese Overseas: De jure: Portuguese Timor, occupied by Indonesia since 1975, officially dissolved to form the independent state of East Timor.[note 15]
Romania	December 22, 1989	Romanian Revolution of 1989	January 24, 1859	Autonomous Principality of Romania founded; becomes kingdom in 1866 and achieved independence 1878 Ottoman Empire	February 10, 1947	Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
			July 13, 1878	International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin.
San Marino	1600	Constitution of San Marino	1243	The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent ('Capitani Reggenti') as a joint heads of state	1463	Added Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Serravalle, and Faetano
Serbia	April 27, 1992	Independence from SFR Yugoslavia, forming the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[note 9]	590 then arrival on Balkan before 650 then 768[27]	Dervan first ruler of Serbs by name, mentioned in Chronicle of Fredegar in 7th century in White Serbia (today Saxony, Bavaria and Czech Republic) Lusatia in coalition with Samo win over frankish king Dagobert I: dux gente Surbiorum que ex genere Sclavinorum 768-Independence of Serbian Principality from the Byzantine Empire.	February 17, 2008 (disputed)[28]	The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, and is recognized by 108 UN states. Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province.
	June 8, 2006	Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia.
Slovakia	January 1, 1993	Dissolution of Czechoslovakia	January 1, 1993	Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Slovakia and Czech Republic
Slovenia	December 13, 1991	Constitution of Slovenia	June 25, 1991	Declaration of independence from Yugoslavia[note 9]	February 19, 1945	Formation of SR Slovenia
Spain	December 6, 1978	Spanish Constitution	1479	Dinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other to the present day; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[29]	February 26, 1976	Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords.
			1707~1716	De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees
			1831	Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
Sweden	January 1, 1974	Instrument of Government	970 (Or prior)	Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king.	March 29, 1809	Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia.
			June 6, 1523	Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union.
Switzerland	November 12, 1848	Foundation of the federal state after Sonderbund war	1291	Traditional founding	1815	The cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva join the Swiss Confederation.
			August 7, 1815	Restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Ukraine	August 24, 1991	Independence from Soviet Union	882	Formation of the Kievan Rus'	March 18, 2014	Annexation of Crimea by Russia
			January 22, 1918	Independence of Ukrainian People's Republic from Russian Republic declared.
			August 24, 1991	Independence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared.[5]
United Kingdom	January 1, 1801	The Acts of Union united the two kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[30][31][32]	519 then 927	Kingdom of Wessex Kingdom of England United with Scotland in 1707	December 6, 1922 then December 8, 1922	Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, and Northern Ireland opts to exclude itself from the Free State two days later.[note 12]
			843	Kingdom of Scotland United with England in 1707 (Devolved Parliament since 1999)
			May 1, 1707	Kingdom of Great Britain	July 1, 1997	British Overseas Territories: Hong Kong was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1997.
			1171 then 1542	Lordship of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland
			1216	Principality of Wales United with or annexed to England in 1542 (Devolved Assembly since 1999)
Vatican City	1274	Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274	June 7, 1929	Ratification of the Lateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign State	February 11, 1929	Signing of the Lateran Treaty

Table notes

1. The date of formation of the current Baltic states is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist through governments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current Baltic States are legally distinct entities newly created after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.

Oceania

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government	Date of acquisition of sovereignty	Acquisition of sovereignty	Date of territorial modification	Most recent significant territorial modification
Australia	January 1, 1901	Commonwealth of Australia established as federation.	January 1, 1901	Independence from United Kingdom.	September 16, 1975	Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia
			December 11, 1931	Statute of Westminster
			March 3, 1986	Australia Act 1986
Fiji			October 10, 1970	Independence from United Kingdom
Kiribati			July 12, 1979	Independence from United Kingdom	October 1, 1975	Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)
Marshall Islands	May 1, 1979	Constitution and local government established	October 21, 1986	Compact of Free Association with the United States
Federated States of Micronesia	May 10, 1979	Constitution ratified	November 3, 1986	Compact of Free Association with the United States	May 10, 1979	Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru			January 31, 1968	Independence from UN Trusteeship (Australian, British and New Zealand administration ends)
New Zealand	February 6, 1840	Treaty of Waitangi between the British Crown and the indigenous Māori tribes cedes kawanatanga of New Zealand to Queen Victoria.	January 17, 1853	Self-Government	June 1, 1962	Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent.
			April 18, 1856	Responsible Government
			September 26, 1907	Granted nominal independence (Dominion status).
			October 25, 1926	Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are “autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs”
			July 27, 1938	Governor-General ceases to represent the British Government and becomes the personal representative of the King.
			November 25, 1947	Statute of Westminster adopted — Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request
			December 10, 1947	Full power to amend own constitution
			December 1, 1967	Governor-General becomes a New Zealand appointment
Palau	January 1, 1981	Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution	October 1, 1994	Emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States).
Papua New Guinea			December 1, 1973	Self-governing territory
			September 16, 1975	Independence from Australia
Samoa			June 1, 1962	Independence from New Zealand
Solomon Islands			January 2, 1976	Self-government granted by United Kingdom
			July 7, 1978	Independence from United Kingdom
Tonga			July 4, 1970	Independence from United Kingdom	December 4, 1845	Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga
Tuvalu	October 1, 1975	Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)	October 1, 1978	Independence from United Kingdom	February 7, 1979	Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita atolls
Vanuatu			July 30, 1980	Independence from joint British-French condominium[33]

Transcontinental states

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government	Date of acquisition of sovereignty	Acquisition of sovereignty	Date of territorial modification	Most recent significant territorial modification
Armenia	September 21, 1991	2015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates a parliamentary republic	190 BC	The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty	December 5, 1936	Establishment of the Armenian SSR
			September 21, 1991	Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
Azerbaijan	October 18, 1991	Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union	May 28, 1918	Establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[5]	April 28, 1920	Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR
Colombia	August 4, 1886	Creation of the Republic of Colombia	July 20, 1810	Independence declared from Spain	November 3, 1903	Separation of Panama from Colombia
			August 7, 1819	Independence recognized by Spain
			1830	Dissolution of Gran Colombia
Cyprus	August 16, 1960	Constitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government. Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963.[34][35][36]	August 16, 1960	Independence from United Kingdom	July 23, 1974	Establishment of the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
					November 15, 1983 (disputed)	Northern Cyprus declares independence. The government has de facto control of the northern part of the island, but is only recognised by Turkey
Egypt	July 23, 1952	Egyptian Revolution of 1952	February 28, 1922	Unilateral recognition of independence by the United Kingdom but continued British military occupation	April 25, 1982	Withdrawal of last Israeli troops and settlers from Sinai as agreed upon in the peace treaty with Israel
	January 18, 2014	New Egyptian constitution enters force following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état	June 18, 1956	Withdrawal of last British troops from the Suez Canal Zone
			September 28, 1961	De facto disestablishment of the United Arab Republic following a military coup in Damascus
Georgia	April 9, 1991	Independence from the Soviet Union declared	1008	Establishment of the Kingdom of Georgia	July 23, 1992	Abkhazia unilaterally declared independence
			May 26, 1918	Establishment of Democratic Republic of Georgia[5]	November 28, 1991	South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence
Indonesia	August 18, 1945	Ratification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence	August 17, 1945	Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands	May 20, 2002	Independence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia
			December 27, 1949	Independence from the Netherlands recognized
Kazakhstan	August 30, 1995	Constitution of Kazakhstan	December 16, 1991	Independence declared from the Soviet Union[5]	December 5, 1936	Establishment of the Kazakh SSR
					March 30, 1993 (disputed)	Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia.[note 16]
Panama			November 3, 1903	Separation of Panama from Colombia, independence from Spain	October 1, 1979	Panama Canal Zone
Russia	December 25, 1993	1993 Russian constitutional referendum replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power.	882	Formation of the Kievan Rus'	March 18, 2014 (disputed)	Annexation of Crimea by Russia
			June 12, 1990	Russian SFSR declares sovereignty over its own territory[5]
Turkey	October 29, 1923	Turkey transitions into a republic from empire.	1299	The foundation of the Turkish State of the Ottoman Empire.	June 29, 1939	Turkey annexes the once Syrian province of Hatay.

Sortable list

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g. 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g. 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g. 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).

Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[38]

Country	Continent	First acquisition of sovereignty	Date of last subordination	Previous governing power	Historical Notes
Afghanistan	Asia	256 BC	1796	Afsharid Empire	2004–Present: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 2002–2004: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992–2002: Islamic State of Afghanistan 1978–1992: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1973–1978: Republic of Afghanistan 1926–1973: Kingdom of Afghanistan 1823–1926: Emirate of Afghanistan 1796–1823: Durrani Empire (also called Sadozai Kingdom) 1738–1796: Part of the Afsharid Empire 1709—1738: Hotak Emirate 1506–1709: Part of the Khanate of Bukhara 1405–1506: Center of the Timurid Emirate 1369–1405: Part of the Timurid Emirate 1231–1369: Part of the Mongol Empire 1163–1231: Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom 1003–1163: Ghaznavid Sultanate 873–1003: Saffarid Emirate 821–873: Part of Tahirid Emirate 750–821: Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate 500–661: Part of Sasanian Empire 320–500 AD: Kidarite Kingdom 30–320 AD: Kushan Empire 150 BC—30 AD: Part of Indo-Parthian Kingdom and the Indo-Scythians 256–150 BC: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 549—256 BC: Part of Empire of Alexander the Great 549–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire 678–549 BC: Part of Median Kingdom/Empire Since 48,000 BC humans have been known to be living in the region, starting as Part of Indus Valley Civilisation and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
Albania	Europe	Nov 28, 1912	Nov 1944[39]	Germany	1992–present: Republic of Albania 1944–92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1928–44: Albanian Kingdom (de facto protectorate of Italy 1928–1939; occupied by Italy 1939–43; occupied by Germany 1943-44) 1925–1928: Albanian Republic (de facto protectorate of Italy) 1914–1925: Principality of Albania (via Albanian Declaration of Independence) 1912–1914: Provisional Government of Albania 1479–1912: Part of  Ottoman Empire as Sanjak of Scutari 1444–1479: League of Lezhë (military alliance of Albanian feudal lords) 1190–1444: Various Albanian principalities (including the Principality of Albania) 1255-1368: Kingdom of Albania, Dependency of the Angevin Kingdom of Sicily/Naples 1190-1255: Principality of Arbanon, oldest of the Albanian principalities, also autonomous principality of the  Byzantine Empire and later of the Despotate of Epirus 324-1190: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Macedonia 148 BC-324 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled in the Kryegjata Valley, near the antique site of Apollonia,[40] including Illyria.
Algeria	Africa	202 BC	July 3, 1962[41]	France	1962–present: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords) 1830–1962: Part of the French Empire (as the integral territory) 1556–1830: part of the  Ottoman Empire (as the Regency of Algiers) 1235–1554: Kingdom of Tlemcen 1121–1269: Part of the Almohad Caliphate 1014–1152: Hammadid Sultanate 1014–1148: Part of the Zirid Emirate 973–1014: Center of the Zirid Emirate 909–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 800–909: Part of the Aghlabid Emirate 778–909: Rustamid Imamate 750–778: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 590–698: Part of the Exarchate of Africa 484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès 439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom 435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom 395-435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province 40 BC–395 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as province 202 BC – 40 BC: Kingdom of Numidia 814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire 2500–539 BC: Part of Phoenicia 10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Caspians 20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians 80,000-20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians Since 1.8 Million BC, humans have been seattled in Algeria as demonstrated by the discovery of Oldowan stone tools found at Ain Hanech in 1992.[42]
Andorra	Europe	Sep 7, 1278[43][44]	Nov 1944[45]	France	1278–present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)
Angola	Africa	Nov 11, 1975[46]	Nov 11, 1975	Portugal	1992–present: Republic of Angola 1975–1992: People's Republic of Angola (via the Alvor Agreement) 1972-1975: State of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire) 1951-1972: Overseas Province of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire) 1575–1951: State of West Africa (part of the Portuguese Empire) The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes and kingdoms (like the kingdoms of Kongo, Ndongo and Matamba).
Antigua and Barbuda	The Americas	Nov 1, 1981[47]	Nov 1, 1981	United Kingdom	1981–present:  Antigua and Barbuda 1632–1981: Part of the  British Empire as its West Indies (interrupted by  France in 1666) Since 3100 BC, humans have been settled starting with the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Argentina	The Americas	May 25, 1810	July 9, 1816[48]	Spain	1861–present: Argentine Republic (a Federal state) 1831–1861:  Argentine Confederation 1810–1831: United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (via the 1810 May Revolution; on 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán issued the formal Declaration of Independence) 1776–1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1542–1776: Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1528–1542: Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the Spanish Empire 11,000 BC-1528 AD: Inhabited by Native Argentines, including the Inca Empire, Chonan peoples and Guaycuru peoples.
Armenia	Transcontinental - Asia/Europe	190 BC	Sep 23, 1991[49]	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Armenia 1920–1991:  Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the  Soviet Union 1918–1920: First Republic of Armenia April–May 1918: Part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic November 1917-April 1918: Part of the Transcaucasian Commissariat 1829–1917: Part of the  Russian Empire as Caucasus Viceroyalty 1502-1829: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1468-1502: Part of the Timurid Empire 1374-1468: Part o the Kara Koyunlu 1335-1374: Part of the Jalairid Sultanate 1236-1335: Part of the Mongol Empire as its territory 1201-1360: Zakarid Principality of Armenia 1071-1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire 987-1170: Kingdom of Syunik 883-1045:Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia 654-884: Arminiya, Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates 428-654: Divided between the  Byzantine Empire on the west, and the east by the  Sasanian Empire . 321 BC–AD 428: Kingdom of Armenia 549 BC–331 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire 860 BC–590 BC: Kingdom of Ararat 1114 BC–860 BC: Nairi Confederation 1300 BC–1190 BC: Kingdom of Arme-Shupria 1500 BC–1290 BC: Hayasa-Azzi Confederation 2492 BC: Traditional foundation Since 6000 BC humans have been settled starting with the Shulaveri-Shomu and Kura–Araxes eras.
Australia	Australia	Jan 1, 1901	Oct 9, 1942	United Kingdom	1901–present: Commonwealth of Australia, a Federal state (via Constitution of Australia[50]) 1788–1901: Part of the  British Empire Possibly 70,000 BC-1788 AD: Inhabited by Indigenous Australians
Austria	Europe	1806	May 15, 1955[51]	World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria)	1955–present: Republic of Austria, a Federal state (via Austrian State Treaty) 1945–55: Allied-occupied Austria 1938–45: Annexed by Nazi Germany 1934–38: Federal State of Austria (client state of Italy) 1919–34: First Republic of Austria (via Treaty of Saint Germain) 1918–19: Republic of German-Austria (via Proclamation of Charles I) 1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Hungary (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) 1866: Austrian Empire 1815–1866: Austrian Empire (In union with other 38 states in the German Confederation) 1806–1815: Austrian Empire 1804–1806: Austrian Empire (State of the Holy Roman Empire) 1457–1804: Archduchy of Austria (State of the Holy Roman Empire) 1156–1457: Duchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
Azerbaijan	Transcontinental - Asia/Europe	May 28, 1918	Aug 30, 1991	Soviet Union	1995–present: Republic of Azerbaijan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1995) 1920-1995: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the  Soviet Union 1918-1920: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1824-1918: Part of Russian Empire 1796–1824: Part of Qajar Empire 1747–1796: Part of Afsharid Empire (1760–1794): Part of Zand Empire 1736–1747: Part of Afsharid Empire (1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Emirate 1501–1736: Part of Safavid Empire 1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire 1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire 1337–1376: Part of Sarbadars 1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Sultanate 1335–1393: Part of Muzaffarid Dynasty 1335–1357: Part of Chobanid Dynasty 1256–1335: Part of Ilkhanate 1077–1231: Part of Khwarazmian Kingdom 1037–1194: Part of Great Seljuq Empire 963–1186: Part of Ghaznavid Sultanate 875–999: Part of Samanid Emirate 936–1055: Part of Buyid Empire 934–936: Part of Buyid Emirate 867–1002: Part of Saffarid Emirate 928–1043: Part of Ziyarid Kingdom 750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate (642–759/760): Part of Dabuyid dynasty 224–651: Part of Sassanid Empire 247 BC – 224 AD: Part of Parthian Empire 312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire 550–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire (652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom 678–550 BC: Part of Median Empire 850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans 2700–539 BC: Inhabited by Elamites 3200–2700 BC: Inhabited by Proto-Elamites
Bahamas	The Americas	July 10, 1973[52]	July 10, 1973	United Kingdom	1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas (Self-government gained from the United Kingdom in 1964; independence gained on 10 July 1973) 1718-1973: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies 1492-1718: Part of the Spanish Empire 500 to 800-1492: Inhabited by the Lucayans (a Taino people)
Bahrain	Asia	Dec 16, 1971	Dec 16, 1971	United Kingdom	1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain 1861–1971: Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship 1783–1861: In union with other states in the Bani Utbah Confederation 1717–1783: Ruled by Oman after a successful invasion 1602–1717: Part of Persia under the Safavid dynasty 1521–1602: Part of the Portuguese Empire Mid-1400s–1521: Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty 1253-mid–1400s: Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty 1076–1235: Ruled by the Uyunid Emirate 976–1076: Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate 899–976: Ruled by the Qarmatian Republic 3rd century AD–899: Ruled by the Sassanids of Persia 130 BC–3rd century BC: Ruled by the Parthians 6th century BC–3rd century BC: Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids 4th millennium BC–6th century BC: Dilmun civilization
Bangladesh	Asia	590	Dec 16, 1971	Pakistan	1972–present: People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971–1972: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1955–1971: East Pakistan (Part of Pakistan) 1947–1955: East Bengal (Part of Pakistan) 1858–1947: Part of the  British Empire as Bengal Presidency, part of British India 1757–1858: Part of the  British Empire as Bengal Presidency, part of the Company Raj 1717–1880: Ruled by the Nawabs, nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire until 1757, and to the British Empire after 1757 (Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey in 1757) 1576–1757: Part of the Mughal Empire as Bengal Subah 1352–1576: Bengal Sultanate 1235–1352: Part of the Delhi Sultanate 1204-1297: Deva dynasty c.1070-1204: Sena Kingdom c.750–c.1070: Pala Empire c.650–c.750: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, like Vanga and Samatata (Both ruled by the Khadga dynasty) 590–626: Gauda Kingdom 350–655: Part of Kamarupa under the Varman dynasty 358-590: Part of the Gupta Empire 26 BC-358 AD: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. 73 BC-26 BC: Part of the Kanva Kingdom 185 BC–73 BC: Part of the Shunga Empire 232 BC–800 AD: Part of Samatata 319-185 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire 340-319 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Magadha 600-340 BC: Ancient Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. 700-200 BC: Inhabited by the Pundravardhana culture Since 100,000 BC humans have been settled on Bangladesh, although the prehistoric evidences are weak.[53]
Barbados	The Americas	Nov 30, 1966	Nov 30, 1966	United Kingdom	1966–present: Barbados 1625-1966: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies Claimed by Spain and Portugal in the 16th century. c.1200-c.1500 AD: Inhabited by the Kalinago c.800–c.1200 AD: Inhabited by the Saladoids Archeological evidence suggests humans may have first settled or visited the island circa 1600 BC.
Belarus	Europe	987	Aug 25, 1991	Soviet Union	1990–present: Republic of Belarus 1943–1990: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR) 1941–1943: Occupation by Nazi Germany 1922–1941: Byelorussian SSR, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR) 1920–1922: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1919: Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1918-1919: Belarusian People's Republic 1917-1918: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1795–1917: Part of the Russian Empire 1569–1795: Part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1397-1569: Part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1307–1397: Principality of Polotsk, part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania 987-1307: Principality of Polotsk (independent principality)
Belgium	Europe	Oct 4, 1830	1945	Germany	1830–present: Kingdom of Belgium (a Federal state) 1813–1830: Part of the Netherlands 1795–1813: Ruled by France 1713–1795: Austrian Netherlands (collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held by the Habsburg Monarchy) 1581–1714: Spanish Netherlands (collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown)
Belize	The Americas	Sep 21, 1981[54]	Sep 21, 1981	United Kingdom	1981–present: Belize 1716–1973: Part of the British Empire
Benin	Africa	1600 (approx.)	Aug 1, 1960	France	1990–present: Republic of Benin 1975–1990: People's Republic of Benin 1958–1975: Republic of Dahomey (French self-governing colony) 1904–1958: French Dahomey (as part of French West Africa) 1894–1904: Kingdom of Dahomey (French Protectorate) c.1600-1894: Kingdom of Dahomey (African kingdom)
Bhutan	Asia	1634	1634	(none)	Autonomous since at least the 10th century.[55] Unified 1634, after the Battle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied by Tibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century.[56]
Bolivia	The Americas	Aug 6, 1825	Aug 6, 1825	Spain	2009–present: Plurinational State of Bolivia 1839-2009: Republic of Bolivia 1836-1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1825-1839: Republic of Bolivia 1821-1825: Center of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1810-1821: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1776-1810: Part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1542-1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1528-1542: Governorate of New Toledo(governorate of the Crown of Castille) 1471–1542: Part of the Inca Empire 1000-1500: Mollo culture 550-c.1000: Tiwanaku state The region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Native Bolivians, including Aymara, arrived.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1377	Mar 3, 1992	Yugoslavia	1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina (a Federal state) 1992–1997: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1945–1992: Federated state of Yugoslavia 1941-1945 Part of Independent State of Croatia (Nazi Germany invasion) 1918–1941: Part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1878–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary Empire 1463–1878: Part of Ottoman Empire 1377–1463: Kingdom of Bosnia 1154-1377: Banate of Bosnia (subject to Kingdom of Hungary)
Botswana	Africa	Sep 30, 1966[57]	Sep 30, 1966	United Kingdom	1966–present : Republic of Botswana 1885-1966: Part of the British Empire as Bechuanaland Protectorate 600 AD: Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north The territory of Botswana has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the San and Khoi peoples.
Brazil	The Americas	Sep 7, 1822[58]	Sep 7, 1822	United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves	1985—Present: Federative Republic of Brazil (Sixth Brazilian Republic) (a Federal state) 1964—1985: Brazilian Military Dictatorship (Fifth Brazilian Republic) 1946—1964: United States of Brazil (Fourth Brazilian Republic) 1930—1946: Brazilian Vargas Era (Second and Third Brazilian Republics) 1889—1930: Republic of the United States of Brazil (First Brazilian Republic) 1822—1889:  Empire of Brazil 1815—1822: Kingdom of Brazil, part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves (Portuguese Empire) 1772-1775: State of Maranhão and Piauí, part of the Portuguese Empire 1772-1775: State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, part of the Portuguese Empire 1751-1772: State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire 1621-1751: State of Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire 1621-1815: State of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1613-1621: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1607-1613: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire 1578-1607: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1572-1578: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire 1549-1572: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1534-1549: Captaincy Colonies of Brazil, private and autonomous colonies of the Portuguese Empire 9000 BC—1500 AD: Inhabited by Native Brazilians, including Tupi people, Gê peoples, Kalina people and Arawaks.
Brunei	Asia	1368	Jan 1, 1984	United Kingdom	1984–present: Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace 1945-1984: Part of the British Empire 1942-1945: Occupied by Japan 1888-1942: Part of the British Empire 1368-1888: Sultanate of Brunei 1294-1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom 1276-1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari c.1000 AD-1276 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Srivijaya
Bulgaria	Europe	681[59]	Oct 5, 1908	Ottoman Empire	1990–present: Republic of Bulgaria 1946-1990: People's Republic of Bulgaria 1908-1946: Tsardom of Bulgaria (reunified with Eastern Rumelia where was a part of the  Ottoman Empire) 1878-1908: Principality of Bulgaria 1396-1878: Part of the  Ottoman Empire 1185-1396: Second Bulgarian Empire 1018-1185: Part of the  Byzantine Empire 681-1018: First Bulgarian Empire 632-668: Old Great Bulgaria 324-681: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Thracia 46-324 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as the province of Thracia 480 BC–46 AD: Odrysian kingdom Since c.1.4 million BC humans have been settled starting with Lower Paleolithic.[60]
Burkina Faso	Africa	Aug 5, 1960[61]	Aug 5, 1960	France	1984–present: Burkina Faso 1960-1984:Republic of Upper Volta (independent) 1958-1960: Republic of Upper Volta, self-governing colony within the French Empire 1896-1958: Part of the French West Africa, federation of colonies of the French Empire 11th century–1896: Burkina Faso is divided in several Mossi Kingdoms
Burundi	Africa	1680 (approx.)	July 1, 1962	Belgium	1966–present: Republic of Burundi 1962-1966: Kingdom of Burundi (independent) 1890-1962: Kingdom of Burundi, part of Ruanda-Urundi (Part of the Belgian Empire) 1890-1919: Kingdom of Burundi, part of German East Africa (Part of the German Empire) c.1680-1890: Kingdom of Burundi
Cambodia	Asia	50 / 68	Nov 9, 1953[62]	France	1993–present: Kingdom of Cambodia 1992-1993: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia 1989-1992: State of Cambodia 1979-1989: People's Republic of Kampuchea 1975-1979: Democratic Kampuchea 1970-1975: Khmer Republic 1954-1970: Kingdom of Cambodia 1945-1953:French protectorate of Cambodia 1945: Japanese occupation of Cambodia 1863-1945: French protectorate of Cambodia, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire. 1431-1863: Kingdom of Cambodia 802-1431: Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription 706/717-802: Separation in Land Chenla and Water Chenla 550-c.706/717: Kingdom of Chenla c.50/68 AD–550 AD: Kingdom of Funan
Cameroon	Africa	Jan 1, 1960	Oct 1, 1961	United Kingdom	Republic of Cameroon French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961. 1922–1961: British Cameroon, part of the British Empire 1918-1960: French Cameroon, part of the French Empire 1884–1916: German Cameroon, part of the German Empire The territory of Cameroon has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes, fondoms and kingdoms (such as the kingdoms of Kotoko, Mandara and Bamum).
Canada	The Americas	July 1, 1867	Dec 11, 1931	United Kingdom	Since 8000 BC humans has been settled from Native Canadians with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations until 1607 AD when the British Empire took over of the eastern coast creating British America for more than 200 years. Later, the Canadian colony was renamed as the Province of Quebec after Seven Years' War that was conquered French Canada,[63] and then in 1791 Canada was spited between two provinces: The Upper Canada and Lower Canada, and in 1841 the provinces merged to make the United Province of Canada. By the 1st of July 1867,  Canada has been established as federation with a Dominion status, and Statute of Westminster in 1931.[64]
Cape Verde	Africa	July 5, 1975	July 5, 1975[65]	Portugal	Republic of Cabo Verde 1460-1975: Part of the Portuguese Empire
Central African Republic	Africa	Aug 13, 1960	Aug 13, 1960	France	Central African Republic 1903-1960: Ubangi-Shari, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire The territory of Central African Republic has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups
Chad	Africa	Aug 11, 1960	Aug 11, 1960	France	1960–present: Republic of Chad 1900–1960: French Chad, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire 1501–1912: Wadai Sultanate 1480/1522–1897: Sultanate of Bagirmi c. 700–1900: Kanem–Bornu Empire The territory of Chad has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era.
Chile	The Americas	Sep 18, 1810	Feb 12, 1818	Spain	1990–Present: Republic of Chile (Democracy Restored) 1973-1990: Chilean Military Dictatorship 1925-1973: Chilean Presidential Republic 1891-1925: Parliamentary Chile 1861-1891: Liberal Chile 1830-1861: Conservative Chile 1818-1830: Republic of Chile 1814-1823: Patria Nueva 1810-1814: Patria Vieja 1798-1818: Captaincy General of Chile, with self-administration without vice-royal dependence, part of the Spanish Empire 1533–1798: Captaincy General of Chile, under supervision of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1438–1533: Part of the Inca Empire Between 18,500 and 14,000 BC—1541 AD: Inhabited by Chilean Natives, including Aymara, Mapuche, and Rapa Nui
China	Asia	1250 BC	February 12, 1912	Great Qing	1949–present:  People's Republic of China 1916–present: Republic of China (Taiwan) 1915-1916: Empire of China 1912-1915: Republic of China 1895–1945: Japanese Taiwan 1895: Republic of Formosa 1644–1912:  Qing dynasty 1624–1662: Dutch Formosa / Spanish Formosa 1368–1644: Ming dynasty 1271–1368: Yuan dynasty 960–1279: Song dynasty 907–1125: Divided in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms / Liao dynasty 618–907: Tang dynasty 581–618: Sui dynasty 420–589: Divided in Northern and Southern dynasties 265–420: Jin dynasty 220–280: Divided in Three Kingdoms 206 BC–220 AD: Han dynasty 221–206 BC: Qin dynasty (first imperial dynasty) c. 1046–256 BC: Zhou dynasty c. 1600–c. 1046 BC: Shang dynasty c. 2070–c. 1600 BC: Xia dynasty (first royal dynasty) c. 8500–c. 2070 BC: Neolithic Since as earliest as 2 Million BC, humans have been settled starting with the Renzidong Note: Although the Mongol's Yuan dynasty and the Manchu's Qing dynasty were considered foreign by many Han Chinese in their times, current Chinese official position considers these two dynasties as Chinese, as they were established by Chinese ethnic minorities and had their capitals in present-day Beijing. The PRC government considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–49) which legally inherited the whole China from the Qing Empire.
Colombia	The Americas	July 20, 1810	Aug 7, 1819	Spain	1886–present: Republic of Colombia 1863–1886: United States of Colombia 1858–1863: Granadine Confederation 1831–1858: Republic of New Granada 1819–1831: Gran Colombia 1810–1816: United Provinces of New Granada 1717–1819: Part of  Spanish Empire as the Viceroyalty of New Granada 1538–1717: Part of  Spanish Empire as the New Kingdom of Granada Since 10,000 BC humans has been settled from Native Colombians with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations (like the Muisca Confederation).
Comoros	Africa	July 6, 1975	July 6, 1975	France	2001–present:Union of the Comores (a Federal state) 1975-2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros 1886-1975: part of the French Empire c.1000 BC: when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Africa	1885	June 30, 1960	Belgium	1997–present:  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1971-1997: Republic of Zaire 1964-1971: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) 1960-1964: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 1908-1960: Part of the Belgian Empire as  Belgian Congo 1885-1908: Part of the Belgian Empire as the  Congo Free State (as sovereign entity, a private domain of King Leopold II of Belgium) 1390-1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Congo, Republic of the	Africa	Aug 15, 1960	Aug 15, 1960	France	1992–present:  Republic of the Congo 1969-1992:  People's Republic of the Congo 1960-1969: Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) 1910-1960: Part of the French Empire as French Equatorial Africa 1882-1910: Part of the French Empire as Middle Congo 1390-1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Costa Rica	The Americas	Sep 15, 1821	1838	Federal Republic of Central America	1948–present: Republic of Costa Rica (Second) 1848-1948: First Costa Rican Republic 1838-1847: Free State of Costa Rica 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Costa Rica September 15–24, 1821: Republic of Costa Rica 1524–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire with a viceroyalty of New Spain as a Kingdom of Guatemala Since about 10,000 to 7,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Costa Ricans, including Chibchans and Nahuatl.
Côte d'Ivoire	Africa	Aug 7, 1960	Aug 7, 1960	France	1960–present Republic of Côte d'Ivoire 1886–1962: Part of the French Empire as French Ivory Coast, part of the Western Africa 1740-1843: Kingdom of Sanwi 1710–1898: Kong Empire 1460-1895: Gyaaman Possibly since the Upper Paleolithic humans have been settled before 1460.
Croatia	Europe	May 21, 879[66]	Oct 8, 1991	Yugoslavia	1991–present: Republic of Croatia 1945–1991: Federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as  SR Croatia 1941–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany as the  Croatia, a Fascist puppet. 1918–1941: Part of the  Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) 1868–1918: Part of the  Austria-Hungary as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 1527–1868: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary within Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary) 1102–1526: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary) 925–1102: Kingdom of Croatia 681-925 AD: Divided between the Pannonian and Dalmatian 324-681: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Dalmatia 32 BC-324 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as the province of Dalmatia and Illyricum Since 128,000 BC humans has been settled from Pre-Croats with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Cuba	The Americas	May 20, 1902	May 20, 1902	United States	A colony of Spain from 1607 until 1898, then occupied but not annexed by United States 1899–1902. The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century.
Cyprus	Europe	669 BC	Aug 16, 1960	United Kingdom	1960–present: Republic of Cyprus 1878-1960: Part of the British Empire as crown colony 1571-1878: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1489-1571: Part of the  Republic of Venice 1192-1489: Kingdom of Cyprus 965-1192: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as Province 750-965: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 668-750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 31 BC-668 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire 305-31 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom 321-305 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 545-321 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 626-545 BC: Part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 669-626 BC: Independent island 911-669 BC: Part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Since around the 10th millennium BC humans have been settled on the island dates.[67] Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state: Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus from 1983.
Czechia	Europe	870	Jan 1, 1993	Czechoslovakia	1993–present: Czech Republic 1945-1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968) 1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945 1939-1945: Occupied by Germany 1918-1919: Part of the Czechoslovakia 1867-1918: Part of Austria-Hungary 1806-1867: Part of the Austrian Empire 1198–1806: Kingdom of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire 1002-1198: Duchy of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire 935-1002: Unified with Moravia and Silesia under Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935. 870-935: Duchy of Bohemia first independent from Great Moravia
Denmark	Europe	714[68]	May 5, 1945	Germany	2014: Denmark submits a claim for the North Pole to the UN 2009: Greenlandic Self-Governance after a referendum 1973– : Unsettled dispute with Canada over sovereignty of Hans Ø 1973: Denmark becomes member of the EEC 1948: Faroe Islands granted home rule 1940-1945: German occupation 1920: Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) re-united with Denmark 1918: Independence of Iceland 1917: Denmarks last tropical colony, sold to United States 1864: Schleswig, Holstein & Lauenburg is lost to Prussia 1863– : House of Glücksburg 1849: New constitution with elected parliament 1814: Norway becomes independent with new constitution. Greenland, Iceland & Faroe Islands remain under Danish rule 1721: Denmark-Norway re-establish claim to Greenland 1679: Denmark forced to leave Gotland for good 1665: Kongeloven, Denmarks first constitution 1658: The sovereignty over Skåneland is transferred to Sweden 1620: First overseas colony 1536: Reformation in Denmark 1534–1536: War of succession 1448: Christian I first king of House of Oldenburg 1397–1523: Kalmar Union 1380–1814: Personal union between Denmark and Norway 1375–1412: Queen Margaret 1332–1340: Interregnum, Denmark controlled by German counts 1241: Code of Jutland "Jyske Lov" 1219–1223/27: Dominant Baltic power under the reign of Valdemar II 1154–1182: Valdemar the Great 1131–1157: Civil war 1086: Murder of Canute the Saint the first Danish royal saint 1047– : Unbroken line of Danish monarchs ruling the kingdom, al descending from titular Queen Estrid Svendsdatter 1042–1047: Norwegian rule 1010s–1040s: Anglo-Danish kingdom under the kings Sweyn, Cnut & Harthacnut 970s–1035: In periods the Danish kings Harald, Sweyn & Cnut (& perhaps Harald II ?) exercises supremacy over Norway Country re-united under Gorm the Old & Harald Bluetooth The decades from the 890s to the 930s are only sparse documented in written sources. The country possibly divided into smaller parts ruled by various families Second half of 9th century, an increasing number of Viking raids on Western Europe, many originating from Denmark 826: Harald first Danish king to be baptised 814–854: Horik I king (in periods ruling jointly with others) 812: Civil war c. 800–810: King Gudfred c. 714: Ongendus king Danish kingship documented from the 8th century, though the institution possibly established prior to that
Djibouti	Africa	June 27, 1977	June 27, 1977	France	1977–present: Republic of Djibouti 1894–1977: Part of the French Colonial Empire as French Somaliland 1862-1883: Ruled by Afar and Somali sultans 1577-1862: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1415-1577:Part of the Sultanate of Adal 1285-1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat
Dominica	The Americas	Nov 3, 1978	Nov 3, 1978	United Kingdom	1978–present: Commonwealth of Dominica 1763-1978: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies c.1690-1763: Part of the French Empire The island was originally inhabited by the Kalinago.
Dominican Republic	The Americas	1821 ( Republic of Spanish Haiti)	Feb 27, 1844	Haiti	1844–present: Dominican Republic 1822-1844: Part of the Republic of Haiti 1821-1822: Republic of Spanish Haiti 1809-1821: Part of the Spanish Empire 1806-1809: Part of the Republic of Haiti 1805: Part of the Empire of Haiti 1795-1805: Part of the French Colonial Empire 1492–1795: Part of the Spanish Empire as Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (alternatively Kingdom of Santo Domingo) At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.
Ecuador	The Americas	May 24, 1822	May 13, 1830	Gran Colombia	1830–present: Republic of Ecuador 1819–1830: Part of the Gran Colombia 1717–1819: Part of the  Spanish Empire as the Real Audiencia of Quito within the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada 1563–1717: Part of the  Spanish Empire as the Real Audiencia of Quito within the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542–1562: Part of the  Spanish Empire as the Viceroyalty of Peru 1528–1542: Part of the  Spanish Empire as the Governorate of New Castile 1438–1542: Part of the Inca Empire Since 8000 BC humans has been settled, starting with Native Ecuadorians such as Cotocollao, Tayos, Machalilla, and Manteños
Egypt	Transcontinental - Africa/Asia	969	Feb 28, 1922	United Kingdom	1971–present: Arab Republic of Egypt 1958-1971:  United Arab Republic (In union with  Syria) 1953-1958: Arab Republic of Egypt 1922-1953: Kingdom of Egypt 1914-1922: Part of the  British Empire as the Sultanate of Egypt (British protectorate) 1867-1914: Khedivate of Egypt, a de jure Ottoman autonomous state (Occupied by the  British Empire from 1882 to 1922). 1798-1801: Occupied by the First French Empire 1517-1867: Part of the  Ottoman Empire as Eyalet of Egypt 1250-1517: Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) (Baḥrī and Burjī dynasties) 1218–1250: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1174–1218: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1171-1174: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate 973-1171: Center of the Fatimid Caliphate 969-973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 935-969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate 868-935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 868-905: Tulunid Emirate 750-868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661-750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 641-661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 619-629: Part of the Sasanian Empire as Province 324-641: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as province 30 BC-324 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as province 332-30 BC: Ptolemaic Kingdom (in association with Macedonia) 332-323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 343-332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 31st Dynasty 404-343 BC: 28th-30th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 525-404 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 27th Dynasty 664-525 BC: 26th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt 1069-664 BC: 21st-25th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 1550-1069 BC: 18th-20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as a new kingdom 1650-1550 BC: 13th-17th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 2055-1650 BC: 11th and 12th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as the middle kingdom 2181-2055 BC: 8th-10th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 2575-2150 BC: 3rd-7th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as kingdom 3150-2575 BC: 1st-2nd Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (Unified by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt). Since 598,000 BC humans have been settled starting within a 30-metre (100 ft) terrace, with primitive Acheulean and Abbevillian (Chellean).[69]
El Salvador	The Americas	Sep 15, 1821	Jan 21, 1922	Federal Republic of Central America	1982–present: Republic of El Salvador 1979-1982: Revolutionary Junta of El Salvador 1922–1979: Republic of El Salvador 1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1915–1921: Republic of El Salvador (As an official name from June 7) 1898–1915: Republic of Salvador 1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Salvador October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America 1841-1852: Republic of Salvador 1823–1841: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1821–1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Salvador 1525–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire with a viceroyalty of New Spain as a Kingdom of Guatemala c.1200–1525: Divided between Cuzcatlan (Western part) and Lenca (Eastern part) Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Salvadorans, including Mayans, Nahuatl, and Pipils.
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	Oct 12, 1968	Oct 12, 1968	Spain	1968–present: Republic of Equatorial Guinea 1778-1968: Part of the Spanish Empire 1474-1778: Part of the Portuguese Empire
Eritrea	Africa	1137	May 24, 1993	Ethiopia	1993–present: State of Eritrea 1952-1993: Part of Ethiopia 1941-1952: Occupied by the British Empire 1889-1941: Part of the Italian Empire 1879-1889: Part of the Ethiopian Empire 1555-1879: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1137-1889: Medri Bahri kingdom c. 100 AD – c. 940 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Aksum c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Part of Dʿmt
Estonia	Europe	Feb 24, 1918[70]	Aug 20, 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Estonia 1940-1991: Occupation by Germany (1940-1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944-1991) 1918-1940: Republic of Estonia 1917-1918: Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, autonomous entity of the Russian Republic 1721-1917: Governorate of Estonia, part of the Russian Empire 1561-1721: Duchy of Estonia, dominion of the Swedish Empire 1465-1561: Part of the Livonian Confederation 1346-1435: Part of the State of the Teutonic Order 1219–1346: Duchy of Estonia, a direct dominion (Latin: dominium directum) of the King of Denmark The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C
Eswatini	Africa	Sep 6, 1968	Sep 6, 1968	United Kingdom	2018–present: Kingdom of Eswatini 1968-2018: Kingdom of Swaziland 1902-1968: Part of the British Empire 1745-1902:Kingdom of Swaziland
Ethiopia	Africa	100	May 5, 1941	Italy	1995–present: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (a Federal state) 1991-1995: Transitional Government of Ethiopia 1987-1991:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1974-1987: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia 1941-1974: Ethiopian Empire [71] 1936-1941: Occupied by Italy [71] 1734–1936: Sultanate of Aussa 1647-1887: Emirate of Harar 1577–1672: Imamate of Aussa 1415–1577: Adal Sultanate 1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat 1270–1936: Ethiopian Empire c. 900/1137–1270: Zagwe Kingdom c. 100 AD – c. 940 AD: Kingdom of Aksum c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Kingdom of D'mt
Fiji	Australia	1871	Oct 10, 1970	United Kingdom	1987–present: Republic of Fiji 1970-1987: Dominion of Fiji 1874-1970: Part of the British Empire 1871-1874: Kingdom of Fiji
Finland	Europe	Dec 6, 1917	Jan 4, 1918	Russia	1919–present: Republic of Finland 1918-1919: Kingdom of Finland 1809-1917: Grand Duchy of Finland, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire c.1200s-1809: Part of the Kingdom of Sweden, as an integral region.
France	Europe	481	1944	Germany	1958—Present: French Republic (Fifth) 1946—1958: French Fourth Republic 1944—1946: Provisional Government of the French Republic 1940—1944:  Free France, a government-in-exile of France, and member of the allies during WWII. 1940—1944: Occupied by Germany in WWII making Vichy France, a Nazi Puppet. 1870-1940: French Third Republic 1852—1870: Second French Empire 1848—1852: French Second Republic 1830—1848: July Monarchy 1814/5-1830: Bourbon Restoration 1804—1814/5: First French Empire 1792—1804: First French Republic 987—1792: Focusing with West Francia, the Kingdom of France was established. 843—987: with the Treaty of Verdun established West Francia 768—843: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks 481—768: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks 395—480 AD: Gaul, part of the Western Roman Empire 121 BC—395 AD: Gaul, part of the  Roman Empire French Tribes from 5th century to 121 BC: Gauls and Celtics First human settlement from 1.8 Million BC
Gabon	Africa	Aug 17, 1960	Aug 17, 1960	France	1960–present: Gabonese Republic 1910-1960: Part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire 1839-1910: Part of the French Empire as a protectorate
Gambia	Africa	Feb 18, 1965	Feb 18, 1965	United Kingdom	1970–present: Republic of The Gambia 1965-1970: Gambia (monarchy) 1821-1965: Part of the British Empire 1287-1480: Part of the Mali Empire
Georgia	Transcontinental - Asia/Europe	978	Apr 8, 1991	Soviet Union	1991–Present: Republic of Georgia 1921–1991: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union 1918–1921 : Democratic Republic of Georgia 1801–1918: Part of the Russian Empire 1490–1801 Fragmentized into three independent kingdoms – Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti and five semi-independent principalities – Odishi, (Mingrelia), Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe 978–1490: Kingdom of Georgia
Germany	Europe	Aug 843	Mar 15, 1991	West Germany East Germany West Berlin	1990–Present: Federal Republic of Germany (Become fully sovereign reunification on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect). 1949-1990: Divided between Federal Republic of Germany and  German Democratic Republic ( West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany). 1945-1949: Germany occupied between the Allies (USA, UK and France) and the Soviet Union (The occupation lasted from 1945 until the ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions in 1955). 1933-1945:  Nazi Germany 1918-1933: Weimar Germany (a federal republic) 1878-1918:  German Empire (Prussia Unified in a federal monarchy with all state kingdoms of Germany, excluding Austria). 1867-1878: North German Confederation, union of 22 German-speaking states . 1815-1866:  German Confederation, union of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe, including  Prussia and  Austrian Empire (Interrupted by the German Empire (1848–49)). 1806-1815: Confederation of the Rhine, part of the First French Empire 962[note 17]-1806:  Holy Roman Empire (federation composed of many kingdoms, principalities, duchies, counties, prince-bishoprics, Free Imperial Cities, and other domains). 843-962: Kingdom of Germany or East Francia 768-843: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks 481-768: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks 395-480 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the Western Roman Empire 83-395 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the  Roman Empire Germanic Tribes from 5th century to 480 AD: Germania First human settlement from the year 598,000 BC.
Greece	Europe	338 BC	1945	Bulgaria  Nazi Germany  Italy	1974–Present: Third Hellenic Republic 1967-1974: : Greek Dictatorship 1944-1973:  Kingdom of Greece 1941-1944: Hellenic State, a government-in-exile during the axis occupation, and member of the allies during WWII. 1935-1941:  Kingdom of Greece 1924-1935: Second Hellenic Republic 1832-1924:  Kingdom of Greece 1822-1832: After the War of Independence Greece declared independent as the First Hellenic Republic 1453-1822: Part of the  Ottoman Empire 1346-1566: Island of Chios and port of Phocaea, Part of the Republic of Genoa (Maona of Chios and Phocaea) 1348-1360: Part of the Serbian Empire 1310-1522: Rhodes, under the Knights Hospitaller 1261-1453: Part of the  Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 1261-1458: Duchy of Athens 1261-1432: Principality of Achaea 1231-1244: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire 1205-1669: Crete, part of the Republic of Venice as part of its Stato da Màr. 1205–1337/40: Despotate of Epirus 1204-1261: Part of the Latin Empire 920s-1010s: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire 324-1204: Part of the  Byzantine Empire 148 BC-324 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire 323-148 BC: Ancient Greece (Hellenistic period), Greece was divided in the Kingdom of Macedonia, Kingdom of Epirus, and the Aetolian League, Achaean League, and the city-states of Sparta and Athens. 338-323 BC: League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon (father of Alexander the Great) 776-338 BC: Ancient Greece (Archaic and Classical Period): Greece was divided into many states, including Athens, Sparta, Thebes and Macedonia c.1100-776 BC: Greek Dark Ages c. 1600-c. 1100 BC: Mycenaean civilization Since 7000 BC humans have been settled passing the first Greek ages such as the Neolithic era, the Minoan era and the Helladic era.
Ghana	Africa	Mar 6, 1957	Mar 6, 1957	United Kingdom	1957–Present: Republic of Ghana 1867-1957: British Gold Coast 1658-1850: Danish Gold Coast 1598-1872: Dutch Gold Coast 1650-1663: Swedish Gold Coast 1682-1721: 'Branderberger/Prussian Gold Coast c.1670-1957: Kingdom of Ashanti 1482-1642: Portuguese Gold Coast 1409-1700: Kingdom of Dagbon, founded by the Dagomba people c.13th century: Modern day Ghana was divided in many states like Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu c.11th century: Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, the Akans were firmly settled by the 5th century CE
Grenada	The Americas	Feb 7, 1974	Feb 7, 1974	United Kingdom	1974–present: Grenada 1783-1974: Part of the British Empire, as its West Indies 1779-1783: Part of the French Empire 1763-1779: Part of the British Empire 1650-1763: Part of the French Empire
Guatemala	The Americas	Sep 15, 1821	Jan 21, 1922	Federal Republic of Central America	1922–present: Republic of Guatemala 1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1840-1921: Republic of Guatemala 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Guatemala September 15–24, 1821: Republic of Guatemala 1524–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire with a viceroyalty of New Spain as a Kingdom of Guatemala Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Guatemalans, including Mayans and Nahuatl.
Guinea	Africa	Oct 2, 1958	Oct 2, 1958	France	1958–present: Republic of Guinea 1894–1958: French Guinea, part of the French West Africa, part of the French Empire 1878–1898: Wassoulou Empire 1725–1894: Imamate of Futa Jallon 1559-1670: part of the Mali Empire 1235-1559: center of the Mali Empire
Guinea-Bissau	Africa	Sep 24, 1973	Sep 10, 1974	Portugal	1974–present: Republic of Guinea-Bissau 1474–1974: Portuguese Guinea
Guyana	The Americas	May 26, 1966	May 26, 1966	United Kingdom	1970–present: Co-operative Republic of Guyana 1966-1970: Guyana (monarchy) 1814–1966: British Guyana, part of the British Empire 1616-1814: Divided in three Dutch colonies: Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice First human settlement from the year 35,000 BC.
Haiti	The Americas	Jan 1, 1804	Jan 1, 1804	France	1859–present: Republic of Haiti 1849–1859: Second Empire of Haiti 1820-1849: Republic of Haiti 1811–1820: Kingdom of Haiti 1806-1811: State of Haiti 1804-1806: First Empire of Haiti 1625-1804: Part of the French Empire as Saint-Domingue 1492–1625: Part of the Spanish Empire
Honduras	The Americas	Sep 15, 1821	Jan 21, 1922	Federal Republic of Central America	1922–present: Republic of Honduras 1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1898–1921: Republic of Honduras (United States has been occupied on the Honduran Land in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925).[72] 1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Honduras October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America 1838-1852: Republic of Honduras 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Honduras September 15–24, 1821: Republic of Honduras 1525–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire with a viceroyalty of New Spain as a Kingdom of Guatemala 9000 BC–1525 AD: Inhabited by Native Hondurans, including Mayans, and Toltecs.[73]
Hungary	Europe	895	1918	Austria-Hungary	1989–present: Hungary Third Republic 1949-1989: Hungarian People's Republic 1946-1949: Second Hungarian Republic 1920-1946: Kingdom of Hungary 1919–20: Hungarian Republic 1918-1919: First Hungarian Republic 1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Austria (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) 1000-1867: Kingdom of Hungary 895-1000: Principality of Hungary
Iceland	Europe	930	Dec 1, 1918	Denmark	Icelandic Commonwealth formed 930. Ceded to Norway in 1262; Part of the Kingdom of Denmark after 1814; Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) with a Personal union with Denmark, Republic of Iceland founded 1944.
India	Asia	600 BC (estimate)	Aug 15, 1947	United Kingdom	1950–present: Republic of India (a federal state) 1947-1950: Dominion of India(a federal state) 1858-1947: Part of the  British Empire as the Empire of India 1757-1858: Part of the  British Empire as the East India Company 1717-1857: India divided during the Mughal Era: Maratha Empire (later, the "Maratha Confederacy"), Kingdom of Mysore, and the Sikh Kingdom. However, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Muslim, Hindu (including Maratha), and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[74] 1555-1717: Mughal Empire 1540-1556: Sur Empire 1526-1556 AD: Mughal Empire 13th century-16th century: Politics in Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate, and in Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire. However, there were other regional powers present, like the Chero dynasty, Reddi kingdom, Rajput states, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom kingdom and the Kingdom of Manipur 1347-1527: Three sultanates declared independent from Delhi Bahmani Sultanate (1347-1527), Malwa Sultanate (1392-1562), and Gujarat Sultanate (1407-1573). Plus the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) 1336–1646: Vijayanagara Empire (also called Kingdom of Bisnegar), ruled a major part of the southern Indian subcontinent 1206-1526: Delhi Sultanate, ruled a major part of the northern Indian subcontinent 230 BC–1206 AD: India divided between the 49 middle kingdoms. The well-known kingdoms are Shunga Empire (187 to 78 BC), Gupta Empire (280–550 AD), Satavahana dynasty (1st century BC–2nd century AD), Pala Empire (8th century–12th century), Rashtrakuta Kingdom (753–982), Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (mid-8th century AD–1036 AD) and the Chola Empire (300s BC–1279 AD). 322–185 BC: Maurya Empire (Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya). 5th or 4th century–322 BC: Nanda Empire c.600-345 BC: Indian Subcontinent was divided in 16 kingdoms called Mahajanapadas 1500-500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic 1700-1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H c.3300-c.1300 BC: Indus Valley Civilisation, era when the India's local name Bhārat derives from the legendary Bharata (either Dushyanta's son Bharata or Rishabha's son Bharata), held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC. Since 2.2 million BC, India has been settled starting with Hominins who were from Africa by the expansion of civilization with the Madrasian and Soanian cultures. [75][76][77]
Indonesia	Asia	Aug 17, 1945	Dec 27, 1949	Netherlands	1949–present: Republic of Indonesia 1945–1949: Indonesian Struggle for Independence 1942–1945: Part of Japan in World War II 1816–1942: Part of the Dutch Empire as Dutch East Indies 1812–1816: Part of British India (following Dutch-French defeat in the Napoleonic War) 1802–1812: Part of Batavian Republic (Client State of the Napoleonic France) 1619–1802: Under Administration of the Dutch East India Company, being part of the Dutch Empire 15th–19th century: Various Islamic Kingdoms, most notably Demak (successor state to the Majapahit Empire), Pajang (successor state to Demak), Mataram (successor state to Pajang) and Banten in Java; Malaka, Johor-Riau, Minang and Aceh in Sumatra; Brunei and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan, Makassar in Sulawesi, and Ternate and Tidore in Moluccas 1292–1478: Majapahit Empire, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk 4th century–13th century: Various Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notably Srivijaya in 8th–10th century AD 4th century: First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan 2nd century: Alleged Indian Kingdom of Salakanagara in Java
Iran	Asia	678 BC (estimate)	Oct 17, 1941	United Kingdom/ Soviet Union Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran	1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran 1979–1980: Part of Interim Government 1925–1979: Pahlavi Dynasty (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941-1946) 1796–1925: Qajar Empire 1747–1796: Afsharid Dynasty (1760–1794): Zand Dynasty 1736–1747: Afsharid Empire (1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Dynasty 1501–1736: Safavid Empire 1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405–1507: Part of Timurid Dynasty 1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire 1337–1376: Sarbadars 1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Dynasty 1335–1393: Muzaffarid Dynasty 1335–1357: Chobanid Dynasty 1256–1335: Ilkhanate Empire 1225–1231: Center of the Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1225: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire 1037–1194: Part of the Great Seljuq Empire 963–1186: Part of the Ghaznavid Empire 875–999: Part of the Samanid Dynasty 934–1055: Buyid Dynasty 867–1002: Part of Saffarid Dynasty 928–1043: Ziyarid Dynasty 750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate c.1236 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate (642–759/760): Dabuyid dynasty 224–651: Sassanid Empire 247 BC – 224 AD: Parthian Empire 312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire 330-323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 550–330 BC: Achaemenid Empire (652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom 678–550 BC: Median Empire 850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans 2700–539 BC: Inhabited by Elamites 3200–2700 BC: Inhabited by Proto-Elamites
Iraq	Asia	762	Apr 26, 1926	Ottoman Empire	2004–present:  Republic of Iraq (a federal state) 2003–2004: Occupied by United States[78] 1968–2003: Iraqi Republic 1958–1968: Iraqi Republic 1958: Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan 1932–1958: Kingdom of Iraq 1920–1932: Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration 1534–1923: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1509-1534: Part of the Safavid Empire 1469-1509: Part of the Aq Qoyunlu 1412-1469: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu 1394-1412: Part of the Timurid Empire 1335-1394: Jalairid Sultanate 1265-1335: Part of the Ilkhanate 1258-1265: Part of the Mongol Empire 1159-1258: Abbasid Caliphate 1005-1159: Part of the Seljuk Empire 945-1005: Part of the Buyd Empire 809-945: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate 796-809: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 750-796: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 656-661: Center of the Rashidun Caliphate 637-656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 224-637: Part of the Sassanid Empire 142 BC-224 AD: Part of the Parthian Empire 323-100 BC: Seleucid Empire 330-323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 539-330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 606-539 BC: Babylonian Empire 620-606 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire c.730 BC-620 BC: Assyrian Empire c.1450-c.730 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire c.2000-c.1450 BC: Divided in many states like Assyria, Isin and Babylonia c.2100 BC: Neo-Sumerian Empire c.2300 BC: Akkadian Empire c.4000 BC: Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization in the world)
Ireland	Europe	Oct 18, 1171	Dec 11, 1931	United Kingdom	1937–Present:  Ireland (additionally described as the Republic of Ireland) (Constitution of Ireland (1937): name change to "Ireland" (Irish: Éire), the country still was a monarchy in a personal union with Great Britain) (Republic of Ireland Act 1948: Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy). 1922-1937:  Irish Free State, monarchic state in a personal union with the United Kingdom (Irish War of Independence: Ireland unilaterally declared itself independent in 1919, war ended with Anglo-Irish Treaty with the Partition of Ireland.. 1801-1922: Part of the  United Kingdom as the  Kingdom of Ireland 1707-1801: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with Great Britain) 1659-1707: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with England) 1659-1660: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1653–1659: Part of The Protectorate 1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1642–1652: Confederate Ireland (a confederal monarchy that pledged allegiance to the English monarch) 1603-1642: Kingdom of Ireland. After the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the entire country came under the nominal control of the King of Ireland (the monarch of England held the crowns of England and Ireland in a personal union). 1542-1603: Kingdom of Ireland is established. However, most of Ireland was still held by Gaelic Irish dynasties. 1171-1542:  Lordship of Ireland, a papal possession held in fief by the King of England. The kings of England claimed lordship over the whole island, but in reality the king's rule only ever extended to parts of the island. The rest of the island —known as Gaelic Ireland—remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms 800-1171: Divided in many states. Some states, like the Kingdom of Dublin, was founded by Nordic invaders 150-800:[79]-: Divided in many states, like the kingdoms of Osraige, Munster and Ulaid. 10,500 BC-853 AD: Inhabited by the Native Irish, including Gaelic and Celtic cultures.
Israel	Asia	970 BC	May 14, 1948	United Kingdom	The 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of the judges" leading to the Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In the 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule, before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948.
Italy	Europe	Mar 17, 1861	Mar 17, 1861	Sardinia Lombardy–Venetia Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Papal States United Provinces of Central Italy	1946–present: Italian Republic 1945-1946:  Kingdom of Italy 1943-1945:  Italian Social Republic, a Nazi Puppet. 1861-1943:  Kingdom of Italy (Unified by the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, the Papal States, Lombardy–Venetia, and its Central United Provinces) 1859-1860: United Provinces of Central Italy 1816-1861: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1815-1866: Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1805-1814:  Napoleonic Italy, part of the First French Empire 1802-1805: Italian Napoleonic Republic, part of the First French Empire 1720-1861: Kingdom of Sardinia 962-1801: the Italian peninsula divided into many states, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire 855-962: Divided between the Kingdom of Italy, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 843–855: Divided between the Middle Francia, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 775-843: Divided between the Frankish Kingdom, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 754-775: Divided between the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Papal States, Duchy of Benevento and the Byzantine Empire 568–754: Kingdom of the Lombards, later the Kingdom of (all) Italy (Latin: Regnum totius Italiae). For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled Exarchate of Ravenna and Duchy of Rome separated the northern Lombard duchies, from the two large southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento. 553-1071: Part of the  Byzantine Empire. Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian declared war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. The Catepanate of Italy, the last Roman (Byzantine) outpost in Italy was lost in 1071. 493-553: Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae). Zeno negotiated with the invading Ostrogoths, convincing their king Theodoric to depart for Italy as magister militum per Italiam ("commander in chief for Italy") with the aim of deposing Odoacer. The Ostrogoths was never recognised by the eastern emperors as "kings" (rex). 476-493: Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer). Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as a de jure representative of the de jure Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos. With the death of Nepos in 480, the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno legally abolished the title and position of Western Roman Emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims. 395-476: Center of the Western Roman Empire 27 BC-395 AD: Center of the  Roman Empire 509-27BC Roman Republic. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status and was not converted into a province. 753 BC–509 BC: Roman Kingdom, founded by an Italic tribe known as the Latins 12th century-100 BC:Various ancient peoples dispersed throughout modern-day Italy, the most predominant being the Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, there also the presence of Phoenicians and Carthaginians in insular Italy, Greeks in Southern Italy, and Etruscans and Celts in central and northern Italy respectively. Since 848,000 BC humans have been settled by the first hominins at Monte Poggiolo.[80]
Jamaica	The Americas	Aug 6, 1962	Aug 6, 1962	United Kingdom	1962–present: Jamaica 1707-1962: Part of the British Empire 1655-1707: Part of the English Empire 1509–1655: Part of the Spanish Empire Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494.
Japan	Asia	400	Apr 28, 1952	Allied occupation of Japan	1952–present:  Japan (after the Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation). 1945-1952: Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period. 1868-1945:  Empire of Japan 1603-1868: Tokugawa shogunate 1568-1603: Japanese Azuchi–Momoyama 1336-1568: Ashikaga shogunate 1333-1336: Kenmu Restoration 1185-1333: Kamakura shogunate 794-1185: Heian era 710-794: Nara era 538-710: Asuka era 300-578: Kofun era (Era when all Japanese states merged into one in c. 400 AD). 1000 BC-300 AD: Yayoi era (Era when Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu mythologically). 14,000 - 900 BC: Jōmon era Since 40,000 BC humans have been seattled crossing through the Korean-Japanese bridge,[81] and Japan made as an island in 12,000 BC warming the planet.
Jordan	Asia	330 BC	Aug 2, 1958	Arab Federation	1958–present: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Feb–Aug 1958: Federated state of the Arab Federation, governed from Baghdad, Iraq. 1946-1958: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1921–1946: Emirate of Transjordan, part of the British Empire 1918-1920: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 1517-1918: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1250-1517: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1174–1250: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1071-1174: Part of the Seljuk Empire 969-1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 750-969: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 636-661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 625-636: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 614-625: Part of the Sassanid Empire 286-614: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 273-286: Part of the Roman Empire 269-273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire 107-269: Part of the Roman Empire 330 BC-107 AD: Nabatean Kingdom 539-330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 596-539 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire 607-596 BC: Ammon, Moab and Edom c.719-607 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire 13th century-719 BC: Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.
Kazakhstan	Transcontinental - Asia/Europe	1465	Dec 16, 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Kazakhstan 1936-1991: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1920-1936: Part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1918-1920: Alash Autonomy 1731-1917: Part of the Russian Empire 1465–1731: Kazakh Khanate 1240s–1456: Part of the Golden Horde 1220s-1240s: Part of the Mongol Empire The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians have inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First Turkic Khaganate etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history.
Kenya	Africa	Dec 12, 1963	Dec 12, 1963	United Kingdom	1964–present: Republic of Kenya 1963–1964: Kenya (monarchy) 1920–1963: Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, part of the British Empire 1895–1920: East Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire c.1st century AD: The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of ironworkers and communities of Bantu subsistence farmers, hunters and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production and trade with foreign countries. These communities formed the earliest city states (like Mombasa and Malindi) in the region which were collectively known as Azania.[82] As city-states settled on the coast, several nomadic tribes inhabited the rest of what is today Kenya. What is now Kenya has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.
Kiribati	Australia	July 12, 1979	July 12, 1979	United Kingdom	1979–present: Republic of Kiribati 1892–1976: Gilbert and Ellice Islands, part of the British Empire
North Korea	Asia	Sep 9, 1948	Sep 9, 1948	Soviet Union	1948–present: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1945-1948: Occupied by the  Soviet Union under the Provisional People's Committee, and later the People's Committee. 1919-1945: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1910-1945: Part of the Empire of Japan 1897-1910:  Korean Empire 1392-1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon 918-1392: Kingdom of Goryeo 901-918: Kingdom of Taebong 892-936: Later Baekje 698-926: Kingdom of Balhae 668-935: Unified Silla 18 BC-660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje 37 BC–668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo 108 BC-37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea 2333-108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend) Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago.,[83][84] including Jeulmun and Mumun.
South Korea	Asia	Aug 15, 1948	Aug 15, 1948	United States	1987–present: Republic of Korea (Sixth) 1981-1987:  Fifth Republic of Korea 1972-1981:  Fourth Republic of Korea 1963-1972:  Third Republic of Korea 1961-1963:  Supreme Council for National Reconstruction 1960-1961:  Second Republic of Korea 1948-1960:  First Republic of Korea 1945-1948: Occupied by the  United States under the Army Military. 1919-1945: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1910-1945: Part of the Empire of Japan 1897-1910:  Korean Empire 1392-1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon 918-1392: Kingdom of Goryeo 901-918: Kingdom of Taebong 892-936: Later Baekje 668-935: Unified Silla 42-562: Gaya confederacy 18 BC-660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje 37 BC–668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo 57 BC-935 AD: Kingdom of Silla 108 BC-37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea 2333-108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend) Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago.,[83][84] including Jeulmun and Mumun.
Kuwait	Asia	1752	Feb 1991	Iraq	1991–present: State of Kuwait 1990–1991: Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq 1990: Republic of Kuwait 1963–1990: State of Kuwait 1919-1963: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate 1889-1919: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans) 1871-1899: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of the Ottoman Empire 1752-1871: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state 1670-1752: Part of the Khalidi Emirate 1613-1670: In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location of Kuwait City. Part of the Ottoman Empire
Kyrgyzstan	Asia	Aug 31, 1991	Aug 31, 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present: Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993) 1936–1991: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1922–1936: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1918–1922: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1867–1918:Part of the Russian Empire
Laos	Asia	1354	Oct 22, 1953	France	1975–present: Lao People's Democratic Republic 1953–1975: Kingdom of Laos, independent state 1947–1953: Kingdom of Laos, Part of the French Empire 1945–1947: French Protectorate of Laos a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire. 1940-1945: Occupied by Japan 1893–1940: French Protectorate of Laos, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire. 1707-1893: Divided between the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893), Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), Principality of Phuan (1707–1899) and Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) (which lost its sovereignty to the Kingdom of Siam from 1828 until 1893), 1354–1707: Kingdom of Lan Xang
Latvia	Europe	Nov 18, 1918[85]	May 4, 1990	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Latvia 1940-1991: Occupation by Germany (1940-1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944-1991) 1918-1940: Republic of Latvia 1918: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, de jure independent state (was a client state of Germany) 1918: Divided in the Courland Governorate, part of the Russian Republic, and a region occupied by Germany (Ober Ost) 1795-1918: Divided between the Courland Governorate and the Governorate of Livonia, both part of the Russian Empire 1721-1795: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Governorate of Livonia, part of the Russian Empire 1629-1721: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Swedish Livonia, part of the Swedish Empire 1569–1629: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia, both part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1561-1569: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Kingdom of Poland 1215-1561: Terra Mariana (later known as Livonian Confederation), a directly subject to the Holy See 1207–1215: Terra Mariana, State of the Holy Roman Empire The territory of Latvia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C
Lebanon	Asia	1109	Dec 31, 1946	France	Lebanese Republic (1943–present) 1920–1943: State of Greater Lebanon (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon) 1917–1920: Part of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire (as the Eyalet of Sidon and later the Beirut Vilayet) 1289-1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate 1109-1289: County of Tripoli 1071-1109: Part of the Seljuk Empire 969-1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 935-969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate 905-935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 876-905: Part of the Tulunid Emirate 750-876: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661-750: Part of the Ummayad Caliphate 637-661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 626-637: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) 611-626: Part of the Sassanid Empire 395-611: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) 273-395: Part of the Roman Empire 270-273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire 63 BC-270: Part of the Roman Republic (and later the Roman Empire) 301 BC-63 BC: Part of the Seleucid Empire 314 BC-301 BC: Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus 320 BC-314 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt 323 BC- 320 BC: Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene 332 BC-323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 538 BC-332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 605 BC–538 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire 858 BC-608 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire 2500 BC-858 BC: Ancient Phoenicia: Lebanon was divided into many states, like Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos
Lesotho	Africa	1822	Oct 4, 1966	United Kingdom	1966–present:  Kingdom of Lesotho (resumed) 1884–1966: Basutoland, Part of the British Empire 1822–1884: Kingdom of Lesotho
Liberia	Africa	July 26, 1847	July 26, 1847	American Colonization Society	1847–present: Republic of Liberia 1821-1847: Settled but not claimed by United States[86]
Libya	Africa	Dec 24, 1951	Dec 24, 1951	Cyrenaica Emirate  France  United Kingdom	2011–present:  State of Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya) 1977–2011: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country) 1969–1977: Libyan Arab Republic 1951–1969: Kingdom of Libya 1949–1951: Emirate of Cyrenaica 1943–1951: French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames 1942–1951: British Military Administration of Libya 1911-1943: Italian Libya, Part of the Italian Empire 1558-1911: Part of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Tripolitania). Ottomans conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577 1544-1558: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Ottoman Empire (Tripolitania) 1404-1544: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Sultanate of Tunis (Tripolitania) 1203-1404: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas) 1187-1203: Banu Ghanyia tribe (coastal areas) 1184-1187: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Ghanyia tribe (Tripolitania) 1159-1184: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Almohad Caliphate (Tripolitania) 1148-1159: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Kingdom of Africa (Tripolitania) 1097-1148: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Jami tribe (Tripolitania) 1051-1097: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas) 973-1051: Divided between the Fatimid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Zirid Emirate (Tripolitania) 961-973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 945-961: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania) 969-945: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (coastal areas) 909-969: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania) 906-909: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania) 868-906: Divided between the Tulunid Emirate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania) 800-868: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania) 750-800: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 694-750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 683-694: Divided between the Umayyad Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Byzantine Empire (Tripolitania) 663-683: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 648-656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 553-648: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 439-533: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Vandal Kingdom (Tripolitania) 395-439: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Western Roman Empire (Tripolitania) 97 BC-AD 395: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire) 107 BC-95 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and the Roman Republic (Tripolitania) 201 BC-107 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) 323 BC-201 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania) 331 BC-323 BC: Divided between the Empire of Alexander the Great (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania) 525 BC-331 BC: Divided between the Achaemenid Empire (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania) Phoenicians (Anciente Lebanese) and Ancient Greeks arrived in the country in the 7th century BC and established colonies and cities. The Phoenicians are fixed in Tripolitania, and the Greeks, in Cyrenaica. Fezzan was home to a Beber people known as Garamantes Archaeological evidence indicates that the coastal plain was inhabited by Neolithic peoples (ancestors to the Bebers) from as early as 8000 BCE.
Liechtenstein	Europe	1806	1806	Holy Roman Empire	1866–present: Principality of Liechtenstein 1815-1866: Principality of Liechtenstein, in union with other 37 states in the German Confederation 1813-1815: Principality of Liechtenstein 1806-1813: Principality of Liechtenstein, in union with other 36 states in the Confederation of Rhine 1719-1806: Principality of Liechtenstein formed in 1719 from Vaduz and Schellenberg, being a State of the Holy Roman Empire.
Lithuania	Europe	1253[87]	Mar 11, 1990	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Lithuania 1940-1991: Occupation by Germany (1940-1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944-1991) 1918-1940: Republic of Lithuania 1918: Kingdom of Lithuania 1914-1918: German Occupation 1812–1914: Part of the Russian Empire 1812: French Occupation 1795–1812: Part of the Russian Empire 1569–1795: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, federated state of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1253–1569: Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Luxembourg	Europe	1815	1945	Germany	1890–present: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state with its own dynasty 1866-1890: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state in personal union with Netherlands 1815-1866: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent from France in 1815 and in union with other 37 states in the German Confederation, but also in personal union with Netherlands
Madagascar	Africa	1787	June 26, 1960	France	2014–present: Republic of Madagacar (Fourth Republic) 2009-2014: High Transitional Authority 1992-2009: Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic) 1975-1992: Democratic Republic of Madagascar 1960-1975: Malagasy Republic, independent state 1958-1960: Malagasy Republic, an autonomous republic within the French Community 1897-1958: French Madagascar, part of the French Empire 1882-1897: Malagasy Protectorate, part of the French Empire 1840-1882: Most of the island was united by Imerina as the Kingdom of Madagascar 1540-1840: Madagascar was divided in many states, one of this states was the Kingdom of Imerina By the Middle Ages, over a dozen predominant ethnic identities had emerged on the island, typified by rule under a local chieftain. Among some communities, such as the Sakalava, Merina and Betsimisaraka, leaders seized the opportunity to unite these disparate communities and establish true kingdoms under their rule. Around the 9th century AD Bantu migrants crossed the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and 550 AD by Indianized Austronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes from Indonesia.
Malawi	Africa	1480	July 6, 1964	United Kingdom	1964–present: Republic of Malawi 1963-1964: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire 1953–1963: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, part of the British Empire 1907-1953: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire 1893–1907: British Central Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire 1891-1893: Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, part of the British Empire 1480–1891: Kingdom of Maravi The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century.
Malaysia	Asia	Aug 31, 1957[8]	Aug 31, 1957	United Kingdom	The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (a federal state).[52] Singapore became independent in 1965. Peninsular Malaysia: 1826–1957: British Malacca: Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States 1636-1826: Divided in many states like the Johor Sultanate, the Perak Sultanate, the Selangor Sultanate, Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman, etc. 1641–1824: Dutch Malacca, part of the Dutch Empire 1620-1636: Occupied by the Aceh Sultanate 1528-c.1620: Divided between the Johor Sultanate and the Perak Sultanate 1511-1641: Portuguese Malacca, part of the Portuguese Empire 1499-1511: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate and the Malacca Sultanate c.1467-1499: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Pahang Sultanate and the Majapahit Empire 1402-c.1467: Divided between the Majapahit Empire and the independent Malacca Sultanate 1392-1402: Part of the Majapahit Empire 1380-1392: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1355-1380: Part of the Majapahit Empire 1293-1355: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1287-1293: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari 1250-1287: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1090-1250: Part of the Dharmasraya 687-1090: Part of the Srivijaya Empire c.100-687:Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Gangga Negara, Langkasuka, Chi Tu, Pan Pan, Kedah, Melayu Kingdom, etc. Malaysian Borneo: 1841-1963: British Borneo 1599–1641: Sultanate of Sarawak 1568-1888: Divided between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu 1368-1568: Part of the Sultanate of Brunei 1294-1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom 1276-1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari c.900 AD-1276 AD: Part of the Srivijaya Kingdom
Maldives	Asia	1140	July 26, 1965	United Kingdom	Unified according to legend by King Koimala (1117–1141). Independent sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate.
Mali	Africa	c. 9th century	Sep 22, 1960	France	1960-present: Republic of Mali 1959-1960: part of Mali Federation, a territory with self-rule within the French Community, governed from Dakar, Senegal. 1893-1958: French Sudan], part of the French West Africa, federation of territories of the French Colonial Empire in Africa 1848–1893: Toucouleur Empire 1818–1862: Massina Empire 1670-1818: Pashalik of Timbuktu, part of Morocco 1559-1670: Center of the Mali Empire c. 1235-1559: part of the Mali Empire 1464–1591: Songhai Empire c. 9th century–1430: Gao Empire
Malta	Europe	Sep 21, 1964	Sep 21, 1964	United Kingdom	1974–present: Republic of Malta 1964-1974: State of Malta 1813-1964: Crown Colony of Malta 1800-1813: Protectorate of Malta 1798-1800: French occupation of Malta, the insurrection and independent Gozo 1530-1798: Order of Saint John 1130-1530: part of the Kingdom of Sicily 1091-1130: part of the County of Sicily 909-1091: part of the Fatimid Caliphate 870-909: part of the Abbasid Caliphate 395-870: part of the Byzantine Empire 218 BC-395 AD: part of Roman Sicilia 480 BC-218 BC: part of the Carthaginian Empire 800 BC-480 BC: part of the Phoenician Empire
Marshall Islands	Australia	Oct 21, 1986	Oct 21, 1986	United States	1986-present: Republic of the Marshall Islands (independent state) 1943-1986: part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States 1914-1943: part of the South Seas Mandate, part of the Japanese Empire 1898-1914: part of the German New Guinea, part of the German Empire 1878-1898: part of the German Empire Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2 millennium BC, with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts.
Mauritania	Africa	Nov 28, 1960	Nov 28, 1960	France	Various Tuareg and Berber tribes.
Mauritius	Africa	Mar 12, 1968	Mar 12, 1968	United Kingdom	Previously controlled by the Netherlands and France.
Mexico	The Americas	Sep 16, 1810	1864	Spain	1867–Present: United Mexican States 1864–1867: Second Mexican Empire 1846–1863: Second Federal Republic of Mexico 1835–1846: Centralist Republic of Mexico 1824–1835: First Mexican Republic 1823–1824: Provisional Government of Mexico 1821–1823: First Mexican Empire 1521–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire as Kingdom of Mexico in New Spain Aztec Empire: 1421-1521 Mexica-Tenochtitlan: 100-700 AD Zapotec Empire: 1300 BC-1521 AD Olmec: 1300-1100 BC Since 19,000 BC humans has been settled by the Native Mexicans, including Nahuatl.
Micronesia, Federated States of	Australia	Nov 3, 1986	Nov 3, 1986	United States	Compact of Free Association
Moldova	Europe	Aug 27, 1991	Aug 27, 1991	Soviet Union
Monaco	Europe	1297	1945	Germany	Previously occupied by Italy and France. Subject to Sardinia 1815–1861.
Mongolia	Asia	209 BC	Mar 13, 1921	Republic of China	Xiongnu Empire formed 209 BC; Various nomadic Mongol states; occupied by the Qing Dynasty (1699–1911) and the Republic of China (1919–1921)
Montenegro	Europe	1042	May 21, 2006 (independence referendum) June 3, 2006	Serbia and Montenegro	2006–present: Montenegro 2003–2006: Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro 1992–2003: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (with Serbia) 1945–1991: Part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1943–1945: Occupied by the Nazi Germany 1941–1943: Occupied by the Kingdom of Italy 1918–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) 1910–1918: Kingdom of Montenegro 1852–1910: Principality of Montenegro 1514–1852: Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 1499–1514: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1356–1499: Principality of Zeta 1217–1356: Part of Kingdom of Serbia 1042-1189: Kingdom of Duklja 625–1042: Duklja (vassal state of the Byzantine Empire)
Morocco	Africa	225 BC	Apr 7, 1956	France Spain	1631–present: Alaouite dynasty Under French and Spanish protectorate (1912–1956).
Mozambique	Africa	June 25, 1975	June 25, 1975	Portugal	Portuguese colony from 1498
Myanmar	Asia	849	Jan 4, 1948	United Kingdom	Pagan Kingdom founded 849. Occupied by Japan 1942–1945
Namibia	Africa	Mar 21, 1990	Mar 21, 1990	South Africa	German colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915-1990
Nauru	Australia	Jan 31, 1968	Jan 31, 1968	Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom Trust Territory of Nauru	Previously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942-45
Nepal	Asia	1768	1768	(none)	Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification.[88] The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.
Netherlands	Europe	July 26, 1581	1945	Germany	1945–present:  Netherlands (reestablished) 1940-1945: Occupied by  Nazi Germany establishing as Dutch government-in-exile, a member of the allies during WWII. 1839-1940:  Netherlands 1815-1839: United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1813-1815: Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 1810-1813: Part of the  First French Empire 1806-1810: Occupied by the  First French Empire as Kingdom of Holland 1795-1806: Occupied by France as the  Batavian Republic 1581-1795: The  Dutch Republic became an independent confederacy by seven Dutch provinces-seceded from Spanish rule. 1556-1714: Part of the  Spanish Empire 1549-1581: Seventeen Provinces 1482-1549: Habsburg Netherlands 1384-1482: Burgundian Netherlands 1190-1384: Parts of the  Holy Roman Empire as County of Hainaut, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Artois, Duchy of Guelders, County of Namur, Duchy of Brabant, County of Holland, Bishopric of Utrecht. 959-1190: Lower Lorraine 855-959: Part of Lotharingia 843-855: Part of Middle Francia 600-734: Frisian Kingdom 481-843: Part of Francia 385-481 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior 3rd century: Inhabited by Salian Franks 22 BC-385 AD: Parts of the  Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior 55 BC-600 AD: Part of Germania 800-22 BC: Inhabited by the Celts, Gauls, and Germanic peoples. 1800-800 BC: Inhabited by the Elps 2700-1800 BC: Inhabited by the Beakers Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled since Neanderthals from the North Sea floor off the coast of Zeeland.[89] Note: From 1839, the  Kingdom of the Netherlands was established as the constitutional monarchy.
New Zealand	Australia	Sep 25, 1907	Nov 25, 1947	United Kingdom	Dominion status 1907, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947.[90] Maori tribesmen (iwi)
Nicaragua	The Americas	Sep 15, 1821	Nov 21, 1898	Greater Republic of Central America	1898–Present: Republic of Nicaragua 1896–1898: Greater Republic of Central America (in the union with El Salvador and Honduras) November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Nicaragua October–November 1852: Federation of Central America (in the union with El Salvador and Honduras) 1838-1852: Republic of Nicaragua 1823–1838: Federal Republic of Central America (in the union with Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica) September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Nicaragua September 15–24, 1821: Republic of Nicaragua 1638-1894: Mosquito Coast, part of the  British Empire 1525–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire with a viceroyalty of New Spain as a Kingdom of Guatemala Since c.2000 BC humans have been settled by Native Nicaraguans, including Chibcha.
Niger	Africa	Aug 3, 1960	Aug 3, 1960	France
Nigeria	Africa	Oct 1, 1960	Oct 1, 1960	United Kingdom
North Macedonia	Europe	Sep 8, 1991	Sep 8, 1991	Yugoslavia	2019–present: Republic of North Macedonia 1991-2019: Republic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 1946–1992: Part of the  Yugoslavia as Socialist Republic of Macedonia 1943–1946: Part of the  Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as Democratic Republic of Macedonia 1929–1943: Part of the  Kingdom of Yugoslavia as Vardar Banovina 1918–1929: Part of the  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as South Serbia 1882–1918: Part of the Kingdom of Serbia 1867–1882: Part of the Principality of Serbia 1365-1867: Part of the  Ottoman Empire as Rumelia Eyalet 1346-1365 Part of the Serbian Empire 1185-1396: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire 681-1018: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire 324-681: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Macedonia 148 BC-324 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia 324-148 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 479-324 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča.
Norway	Europe	872	May 8, 1945	Germany	Kingdom of Norway (872–1397). Law of Succession (1163). Kalmar Union (Personal union: 1397–1523). Denmark–Norway (Personal union: 1523–1533, Real union: 1537–1814). United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (Personal union: 1814–1905). Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in a referendum (1905). Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat: 1940–45).
Oman	Asia	751	1743	Persia	Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.
Pakistan	Asia	Aug 14, 1947	Mar 23, 1956	United Kingdom	1956–present: Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1947-1956: Dominion of Pakistan 1849-1947: Part of the  British Empire as Punjab Province, part of the Empire of India 1799-1849: Sikh Empire 1747-1826: Durrani Empire 1716-1799: Sikh Misl 1591-1707: Mughal Empire 1520–1591: Divided between Arghun dynasty and Tarkhan dynasty 1351–1524: Samma dynasty 13th century-1351: Divided between parts of the Mongol Empire and Delhi Sultanate 879-1215: Ghurid Sultanate 879–1026: Hindu Shahi 854-1011: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate under the Habbari dynasty 819-999: Samanid Empire Mid-8th-12th Centuries: Pratihara Empire 670-860: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate as Umayyad Sindh 643-661: Rashidun Caliphate 632-724: Brahman dynasty of Sindh 524-632: Rai dynasty 450-560: Hephthalite Empire 240-410 AD: Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, part of the  Sasanian Empire 30–375 AD: Kushan Empire 19–c.240 AD: Indo-Parthian Kingdom, part of the Parthian Empire 150 BC–400 AD: Parts of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom as Apracharajas and Paratarajas 256 BC–125 BC: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 322-200 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire 329-323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 550-330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 1500-500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic 1700-1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H c.3300-c.1300 BC: Part of the Indus Valley Civilisation Since 2 million BC, Pakistan has been settled starting with Proto-humans.[91][92]
Palau	Australia	Oct 1, 1994	Oct 1, 1994	United States	Previously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan.
Palestine	Asia	Sovereignty disputed by  Israel	Nov 15, 1988	Israel	On 15 November 1988, the Palestinian Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of the State of Palestine and attained its autonomy as the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the territories that are occupied by Israel since 1967. Parts of West Bank are controlled by Israel, except for the Area A of the Palestinian National Authority. The Gaza Strip has been occupied by Hamas since the 2007 war after Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005. The West Bank was occupied by Jordan from 1948-1967, and the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1957-1967.
Panama	The Americas	Nov 28, 1821	Nov 3, 1903	Colombia	A colony of Spain until 1821, then a dependency of Colombia until 1903. Occupied by United States 1989–90.
Papua New Guinea	Australia	Sep 16, 1975	Sep 16, 1975	Australia	Papuan, Polynesians, and Melanesians before then.
Paraguay	The Americas	May 14, 1811	1876	Empire of Brazil	Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[93] Colony of Spain before 1811.
Peru	The Americas	July 28, 1821	Aug 25, 1839	North Peru South Peru	1839–Present: Republic of Peru 1836-1839: Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1821-1836: Republic of Peru 1542-1824: Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1542-1824: Governorate of New Castile (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1438–1542: Inca Empire 1197-1438: Kingdom of Cuzco 6th-11th Centuries AD: Tiwanaku-Wari Empire Since 24,000 BC humans has been settled, including Native Peruvians such as Tiwanaku, Moche, Lima, Nasca Chavín and Virú.
Philippines	Asia	1402	July 4, 1946[note 18]	United States	1986–present: Fifth Philippine Republic 1981–1986: Fourth Philippine Republic 1973–1981: Under the Martial Law 1946–1972: Third Philippine Republic 1942–1943: A puppet state of the Japanese Empire (Second Philippine Republic) 1935–1942, 1945–1946: Commonwealth of the Philippines 1899–1899/1901: First Philippine Republic (terminated by USA (as an insurgency)) 1898–1935: A territory of The United States 1535–1898: Captaincy General of the Philippines Pre-1535: The Philippine Islands had a numerous sinified states, Indianized kingdoms and Muslim states. In Luzon, there were the Ivatan people, the Society of Cordillera, the Kingdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i, Kota Selurong and the Tondo Dynasty. The Confederation of the Madyas and the Rajahnate of Cebu were in Visayas. Lastly, in Mindanao, there were the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Butuan Rajahnate and the Sultanate of Sulu. The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan_(island) and parts of Mindanao too.
Poland	Europe	966	1945	Germany	1989–present: Republic of Poland (third) 1947-1989:  Polish People's Republic 1945-1947: Provisional Government of National Unity 1939-1990:  Government of the Republic of Poland in exile 1939-1945: Occupied by  Nazi Germany and the  Soviet Union during WWII making the  Polish Underground State as an emergency state, and later in 1944 Poland was proposed to make a Government. 1918-1939: Republic of Poland (second) 1917-1918: Kingdom of Poland, a puppet of  German Empire and  Austria-Hungary 1915-1917: Occupied by  German Empire and  Austria-Hungary during World War I 1867-1915: Part of the  Russian Empire as Vistula Land 1815-1915: Part of the  Russian Empire as Congress Poland 1807-1815: Duchy of Warsaw (Interrupted by the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland (1812-1813)) 1795-1807: Divided between  Austrian Empire,  Prussia, and  Russian Empire 1569-1795: Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, co-part of the  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (first republic) 1385-1569: Kingdom of Poland (under the Jagiellon dynasty) 1025-1385: Kingdom of Poland 9th century-1025: Civitas Schinesghe (era when Poland was unified ca 966 by Mieszko I). Since 498,000 BC humans have been settled in Poland starting with Homo species, and later settled by Lusatian culture, Celts, Germanics, and others.
Portugal	Europe	July 25, 1139	July 25, 1139	Kingdom of León	1975–present: Portuguese Republic (Third) 1974-1975: Junta de Salvação Nacional 1933-1974: Second Portuguese Republic 1926-1933: Ditadura Nacional 1910-1926: First Portuguese Republic 1834-1910: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1815-1822/1825: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1777-1834: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Napoleonic era) 1640-1777: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1580-1640: Iberian Union (Portuguese Empire integrated with the Spanish Empire under the king Philip II). 1415-1580: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Portugal became into an empire until 2002). 1139-1415: Kingdom of Portugal (Independent after the Battle of Ourique, Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, when independence was recognized). 910-1139: Part of the Kingdom of León as the County of Portugal 756-929: Emirate of Córdoba c.721-750: Umayyad Caliphate 418-c.721: Visigothic Kingdom 409-585: Kingdom of the Suebi 385-418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania 218 BC-385 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as Lusitania and Gallaecia 7th century-218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians, Cynetes, Lusitanians, Celtici, and Gallaeci Since 398,000 BC humans have been settled in Portugal, starting with Homo heidelbergensis.[94]
Qatar	Asia	Sep 3, 1971	Sep 3, 1971	United Kingdom	Ottoman Empire Abassid Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Rashidun Caliphate Various nomadic Arab tribesmen before that.
Romania	Europe	July 13, 1878	July 13, 1878	United Principalities	1944–1958. Ottoman Empire Wallachia
Russia	Transcontinental - Asia/Europe	860	Dec 26, 1991 Dec 12, 1993	Soviet Union	1993–present:  Russian Federation 1991-1993: Russian Federation (with the 1978 constitution) 1922-1991:  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Main part of the  Soviet Union) 1918-1922:  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 19 January 1918: Russian Democratic Federative Republic 1917-1918:  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 14 Sep-7 Nov 1917:  Russian Republic 1721-1917:  Russian Empire 1547-1721: Tsardom of Russia 1283-1547: Grand Duchy of Moscow 1157-1331: Grand Duchy of Vladimir (From 1251 to 1480 it was a part of the Mongol Empire thanks to the Great stand on the Ugra river) c.860-1157: Kievan Rus' was founded by the Rurik Dynasty Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled, including Native Russians with a Slavic people.
Rwanda	Africa	July 1, 1962	July 1, 1962	Belgium
Saint Kitts and Nevis	The Americas	Sep 19, 1983	Sep 19, 1983	United Kingdom
Saint Lucia	The Americas	Feb 22, 1979	Feb 22, 1979	United Kingdom
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	The Americas	Oct 27, 1979	Oct 27, 1979	United Kingdom
Samoa	Australia	Jan 1, 1962	Jan 1, 1962	New Zealand	German colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962.
San Marino	Europe	1243	1503	Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna	1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States 1503: Brief occupation by Rimini 1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire
São Tomé and Príncipe	Africa	July 12, 1975	July 12, 1975	Portugal
Saudi Arabia	Asia	1744	Jan 1919	Ottoman Empire	First Saudi State independent 1744–1818; last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz 1919; Hejaz incorporated 1926 into Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, precursor to the modern day Saudi Arabia
Senegal	Africa	June 20, 1960	June 20, 1960	France	Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires.
Serbia	Europe	768	June 3, 2006	Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro	2006–present: Republic of Serbia (successor state of Serbia and Montenegro) 2003–2006: Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro (successor state of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) 1992–2003: Part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state) 1946–1992: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1943–1946: Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia 1929–1943: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1929: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1882–1918: Kingdom of Serbia 1815–1882: Principality of Serbia 1804–1813: Revolutionary Serbia (as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire) 1459–1817: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1402–1459: Serbian Despotate 1371–1402: Moravian Serbia 1346–1371: Serbian Empire 1217–1346: Kingdom of Serbia 768–1217: Principality of Serbia 520s–768: Serbian Sklavinia Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča.
Seychelles	Africa	June 29, 1976	June 29, 1976	United Kingdom	Perhaps sovereign 1790–1794
Sierra Leone	Africa	Apr 27, 1961	Apr 27, 1961	United Kingdom
Singapore	Asia	Aug 31, 1963[95]	Aug 9, 1965	Malaysia	British colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia[6][12] from 1963 until 1965.[9][11]
Slovakia	Europe	Mar 14, 1939	Jan 1, 1993	Czechoslovakia
Slovenia	Europe	June 25, 1991	June 25, 1991	Yugoslavia	1991–present: Republic of Slovenia 1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1918–1945: Part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1918–1918: Part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 1806–1918: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Austria-Hungary Empire) 976–1086: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Holy Roman Empire) 889–976: March of Carinthia (as part of the Carolingian Empire)
Solomon Islands	Australia	July 7, 1978	July 7, 1978	United Kingdom
Somalia	Africa	200 BC	July 1, 1960	United Kingdom  Italy	1 July 1960: Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland) 19th century: Part of Sultanate of Hobyo 18th century: Part of Majeerteen Sultanate 15th century: Part of Adal Sultanate 13th century: Part of Ajuran Sultanate 13th century: Part of Warsangali Sultanate 13th century: Part of Ifat Sultanate 10th century: Part of Sultanate of Mogadishu 200 BC: Somali city-states
South Africa	Africa	May 31, 1910	May 31, 1910	United Kingdom	Dominion status 1910, Statute of Westminster 1931. Orange Free State 1881-1902 Zulu Empire Various Bantu (Zulu, Xhosa and Swazi) and Khoikhoi tribesmen (San Bushmen)
South Sudan	Africa	July 9, 2011	July 9, 2011	Sudan
Spain	Europe	1516	1516	Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon	1975–present: Kingdom of Spain (restored thrice with democracy) 1939-1977: Spanish Republic (government in exile) 1947: Referendum of re-establishing the Spanish Kingdom 1936-1975:  Francoist Spain 1931-1939: Second Spanish Republic 1874-1931: Kingdom of Spain (restored again) 1873-1874: First Spanish Republic 1810-1873: Kingdom of Spain (restored) 1803-1813: Kingdom of Napoleonic Spain, a French occupation. 1700-1810: Kingdom of Spain 1640-1700: Monarchy of Spain 1580-1640: Iberian Union (Spanish Empire integrated with the Portuguese Empire under the Philip II). 1516-1580: Monarchy of Spain (after the Reconquista, two Catholic monarchies (Castile and Aragon) and among other territories such as Navarre were merged by Charles I of Spain). 13th century-1516: Spain has been divided between two monarchies: the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (In 1492, Spain became into an empire until 1975). 10th-13th century: Spain has been divided between the Christian Kingdoms (Castile, León, and Naverre) and Muslim Caliphates. 756-10th century AD: Emirate of Córdoba c.721-750 AD: Umayyad Caliphate 418-c.721 AD: Visigothic Kingdom 385-418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania 218 BC-385 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as Hispania 7th century-218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians First hominid settlement from the 1.5 million BC.[96] Note: Each country maintained its own legal system and institutions.
Sri Lanka	Asia	377 BC	Feb 4, 1948	United Kingdom	Unified as Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BC – 1017. Conquered by Indian kingdoms, Portuguese, Dutch, and British.
Sudan	Africa	1070 BC	Jan 1, 1956	United Kingdom Egypt	Kingdom of Kush 1070 BC – 350 AD. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956.
Suriname	The Americas	Nov 25, 1975	Nov 25, 1975	Kingdom of the Netherlands
Sweden	Europe	1397	June 6, 1523	Kalmar Union	No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. In Kalmar Union 1397–1523.
Switzerland	Europe	Aug 1, 1291	1815	Austria	1848–present: Swiss Confederation (second) 1814-1848: Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with the Congress of Vienna of 1815. 1803-1814: Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet (Occipied by the Austrian Empire in 1813) 1798-1803:  Helvetic Republic, a French occupation 1291-1798: : Swiss Confederation 911-1291: Part of the Kingdom of Germany and the  Holy Roman Empire (from 962) as the Duchy of Swabia 843-911: Part of East Francia as Alamannia 496-539: Part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom as Alamannia 496, 539-843: Part of the Frankish Empire as Alamannia 411-534: Kingdom of the Burgundians 395-411 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Germania Superior 200 BC-395 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as Germania Superior 6000 - 200 BC: Inhabited by Germanic, Urnfield, and Celts. Since 298,000 BC humans have been settled by Homo erectus has been found in Pratteln.[97]
Syria	Asia	Apr 17, 1946	Sep 28, 1961	United Arab Republic	Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire
Taiwan	Asia	June 14, 1661	October 25, 1945	Empire of Japan	1945: Taiwan and Penghu Islands returned to the Republic of China 1661: Koxinga's fleet forced an entry to Lakjemuyse and made landing around Fort Provintia
Tajikistan	Asia	Sep 9, 1991	Sep 9, 1991	Soviet Union
Tanzania	Africa	Dec 9, 1961	Dec 9, 1961	United Kingdom	Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963.
Thailand	Asia	1238	1945	Japan	Independent from Khmer Empire in 1238. Briefly conquered by Burma in 1767. Occupied by Japan 1941–1945.
Timor-Leste	Asia	Nov 28, 1975	May 20, 2002	United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor	2002–present: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 1999-2002: Administered by the United Nations in Transition. 1975-1999: Part of  Indonesia as Timor Timur 1702-1975: Part of the  Portuguese Empire Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Timorese with tribes, kingdoms and confederations.
Togo	Africa	Apr 27, 1960	Apr 27, 1960	France
Tonga	Australia	1845	June 4, 1970	United Kingdom	United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970.
Trinidad and Tobago	The Americas	Aug 31, 1962	Aug 31, 1962	United Kingdom
Tunisia	Africa	Mar 20, 1956	Mar 20, 1956	France	Occupations by Rome, Ottoman Empire and France
Turkey	Asia and Europe	1299	1923	Ottoman Empire	1923–present: Republic of Turkey 1299-1923:  Ottoman Empire 1077–1308: Sultanate of Rum, part of the Seljuk Empire 395-1453: Part of the  Byzantine Empire 168 BC-395 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire 306 BC–168 BC: Antigonid dynasty 334-306 BC: Macedonian Empire 550-334 BC: Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire From 10,000 BC humans has been settled making first states as Indo-Europeans, including Phrygia and Thrace.
Turkmenistan	Asia	Oct 27, 1991	Oct 27, 1991	Soviet Union
Tuvalu	Australia	Oct 1, 1978	Oct 1, 1978	United Kingdom
Uganda	Africa	Oct 9, 1962	Oct 9, 1962	United Kingdom
Ukraine	Europe	860	Aug 24, 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:  Ukraine 1944-1991:  Ukrainian SSR, part of the Soviet Union 1941-1944: Reichskommissariat Ukraine, part of the Nazi Germany 1919-1941:  Ukrainian SSR, part of the Soviet Union 1917-1919:  Ukrainian People's Republic April–December 1918: Ukrainian State 1917-April 1918:  Ukrainian People's Republic 1796-1917: Part ot Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate 1775-1796: Kiev Viceroyalty, part of the Russian Empire 1764-1775: Zaporozhian Sich 1708–1764: Part ot Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate 1649–1764: Cossack Hetmanate 1569-1795: Part of the  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1340-1569: Part of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1199-1340: Part of Kingdom of Rus as Principality of Kiev 860-1199: Kievan Rus' Before 860: There were several before tribes and kingdoms Early Human Settlements between 45,000 and 43,000 BC
United Arab Emirates	Asia	Dec 2, 1971	Dec 2, 1971	United Kingdom
United Kingdom	Europe	May 1, 1707	Jan 1, 1801	Kingdom of England  Kingdom of Scotland	Retrospective of the three kingdoms (For Northern Ireland see  Ireland).  England: 927-1707:  Kingdom of England (with the union of eight kingdoms). 410-927: Pre-English kingdoms: Mercia, Dumnonia, Kent, Northumbria, East Anglia, Wessex, Sussex, and Essex. 385-410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia 43-385 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as Britannia From 898,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations starting with Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast, with stone tools and footprints probably made by Homo antecessor. These earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers. Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.[98]  Scotland: 9th century-1707:  Kingdom of Scotland From 12,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations,[99][100] including Caledonians, Caereni, Carnonacae, Cat, Cornovii, Creones, Damnonii, Decantae, Lugi, Maeatae, Novantae, Picts, Selgovae, Scoti, Smertae, Taexali, Vacomagi, and Venicones.  Wales: 1542-1707: Part of the  Kingdom of England 1226-1542: Principality of Wales 5th century-1216: Kingdom of Gwynedd 385-410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia 43-385 AD: Part of the  Roman Empire as Britannia From about 228,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.[101][102] Note: The British Empire was founded by the order of Elizabeth I who granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration in 1578.[103] On 1 of May 1707, the kingdoms are united from England (10th century- 1707) and Scotland (9th century- 1707), forming as the  Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 January 1801, Ireland was united with two kingdoms as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, until Ireland become independent on 6 December 1922 leaving with 26 out of 32 of the Irish counties. From this day, the British sovereignty was established as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
United States	The Americas	July 4, 1776	Oct 19, 1781	Great Britain	From 10,000 BC humans has been settled from Native Americans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. From 1493 to 15th century AD, Europeans began to colonize on the Native American territories establishing as New Spain and New France, and later in 1607 the British were arrived establishing as the Thirteen British Colonies of America. On July 4, 1776 The  United States of America was declared independent from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Later in 1781 Great Britain surrendered on the Siege of Yorktown, and in 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed for the American recognition.
Uruguay	The Americas	1815	Aug 27, 1828	Empire of Brazil	Independent 1815–1820 as Liga Federal; occupied 1820 by Portugal/Brazil until 1828 Treaty of Montevideo.
Uzbekistan	Asia	Oct 27, 1924	Sep 1, 1991	Soviet Union	1924-1936: Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic 1936-1992:  Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic 1992–present:  Republic of Uzbekistan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1992)
Vanuatu	Australia	July 30, 1980	July 30, 1980	United Kingdom  France	Governed 1906–1980 as the New Hebrides condominium.
Vatican City	Europe	756	Feb 11, 1929	Italy	1929–present: Vatican City State (restored with the Lateran Treaty) 1870-1929: States of the Church (in prison) 754–1870:  Papal States (Interregna (1798–1799, 1809–1814 and 1849)). When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The Holy See, under Pope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with the Lombards, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf. Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as the former Lombard possessions to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin. 556-754: Duchy of Rome, part of the Byzantine Empire 493-556: Part of Ostrogothic Kingdom 476-493: Part of Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer) 395-476: Part of Western Roman Empire 27 BC-395 AD: Part of  Roman Empire 509-27 BC: Part of Roman Republic 753-509 BC: Part of Roman Kingdom 12th century-100 BC: Between Latins and Etruscans
Venezuela	The Americas	July 5, 1811	Jan 13, 1830	Gran Colombia	1999–Present Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 1953-1999: Republic of Venezuela 1864-1953: United States of Venezuela 1830-1864: State of Venezuela 1819–1830: Part of Gran Colombia 1817-1819: Third Republic of Venezuela 1814–1817: Part of  Spanish Empire as the Captaincy General of Venezuela 1813-1814: Second Republic of Venezuela 1812–1813: Part of  Spanish Empire as the Captaincy General of Venezuela 1811-1812: First Republic of Venezuela 1777–1811: Part of  Spanish Empire as the Captaincy General of Venezuela 1717-1777: Part of  Spanish Empire as Province of Caracas (within the New Kingdom of Granada) 1538–1717: Part of  Spanish Empire as Province of Caracas Since about 7000 BC humans have been settled by Native Venezuelans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Vietnam	Asia	544	July 2, 1976	North Vietnam South Vietnam	1945-1954: the second French rule, which was ended by the Geneva Conference of 1954 1940-1945: Japanese occupation 1887-1940: French rule 544-602: The region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty 2879 BC: Văn Lang confederacy arose under Kinh Dương Vương, who was the founder of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty
Yemen	Asia	Nov 1, 1918	May 22, 1990	North Yemen  South Yemen	North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990
Zambia	Africa	Oct 24, 1964	Oct 24, 1964	United Kingdom
Zimbabwe	Africa	Nov 11, 1965	Apr 18, 1980	United Kingdom	The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980.

See also

• Declaration of independence
• List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
• List of national independence days
• List of wars of independence (national liberation)
• List of former European colonies
• List of former national capitals
• List of former sovereign states
• List of sovereign states
• Timeline of country and capital changes
• List of national constitutions
• Succession of states
• List of world map changes

Notes

1. listed are the five UN member states with limited recognition: Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), Armenia (not recognized by Pakistan) and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey); "China" has universal recognition, but the UN is unclear on which of the Two Chinas this refers to.
2. Since the beginning of the Second Libyan Civil War in 2014, various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups. These include domestic groups such as New General National Congress and local Tuareg groups, and foreign groups such as ISIL.
3. With the ongoing Somali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
4. A new constitution was approved in 2013, but most changes will not enter effect for another decade.
5. In the Dominican Republic, every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution. The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution.
6. Following the Northern Iraq offensive in June 2014, large areas of Iraq are de facto under the control of Iraqi Kurds or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
7. This constitution cut North Korean ties with the Soviet Union. Several new constitutions and amendments have followed (most recently in 2013), creating new titles for the national leader such as Eternal President and Chairman of the National Defence Commission. However, power has remained with the Kim dynasty since 1948.
8. Due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War, large areas of Syria are de facto under the control of other parties such as the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
9. According to the Badinter Arbitration Committee, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved into five states. This is the result when the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed on 27 April 1992 as a rump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, however, the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat as successor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in the Succession Agreement signed in June 2001.
10. The Faroe Islands and Greenland were administered by Denmark until 24 March 1948 and 1 May 1979 respectively. They are now autonomous countries with home rule, but remain part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
11. The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current Baltic governments and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The Baltic republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state.
12. The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on October 31, 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[25] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
13. France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
14. Prior to 1999, the Constitution of Ireland claimed that "The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland", but that its laws were only valid in the counties of the Republic.
15. East Timor had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975, but this occupation was not recognized by the wider global community.
16. Baikonur is treated as a federal subject of Russia, but its exact status is a topic of dispute between the two countries.[37]
17. Some historians refer to the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as 800, with the crowning of Frankish king Charlemagne considered as the first Holy Roman Emperor. Others refer to the beginning as the coronation of Otto I in 962.
18. Independence recognized via the Treaty of Manila (1946).

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