1910 and 1911 United States Senate elections

Although the 17th Amendment was not passed until 1913, some states elected their senators directly before its passage. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election.

For related races, see 1910 United States elections.

1910 and 1911 United States Senate elections

January 18, 1910 – March 2, 1911
30 of the 92 seats in the United States Senate (as well as special elections) 47 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Shelby Moore Cullom (Conference Chairman) Thomas S. Martin (Conference Chairman) Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat Illinois Virginia Seats before 59 33 Seats won 15 13 Seats after 50 40 Seat change 9 7 Seats up 24 6
Majority conference chairman before election Eugene Hale Republican Elected Majority conference chairman Shelby Moore Cullom Republican

Results

Senate Party Division, 62nd Congress (1911–1913):

• Majority Party: Republican (50 seats)
• Minority Party: Democratic (40 seats)
• Other Parties: 0
• Vacant: 2
• Total Seats: 92

Four seats were added in early 1912 for new states: Arizona (which elected 2 Democrats) and New Mexico (which elected 2 Republicans).

Change in composition

Before the elections

At the beginning of 1910.

				D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6
D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9	D8	D7
D17	D18	D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25 N.D. (sp) Ran	D26 La. (sp) Ran
R57 Retired	R58 Retired	R59 Retired	D33 Retired	D32 Ran	D31 Ran	D30 Ran	D29 Ran	D28 Ran	D27 Miss. (sp) Ran
R56 Retired	R55 Retired	R54 Retired	R53 Retired	R52 Ran	R51 Ran	R50 Ran	R49 Ran	R48 Ran	R47 Ran
Majority →
R37 Ran	R38 Ran	R39 Ran	R40 Ran	R41 Ran	R42 Ran	R43 Ran	R44 Ran	R45 Ran	R46 Ran
R36 Ran	R35 W.Va. (sp) Ran	R34	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29	R28	R27
R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26
R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7
				R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6

Elections results

				D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6
D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9	D8	D7
D17	D18	D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25 W.Va. (sp) Gain	D26 La. (sp) Elected[lower-alpha 1]
D36 Gain	D35 Gain	D34 Gain	D33 Gain	D32 Hold	D31 Hold	D30 Re-elected	D29 Re-elected	D28 Re-elected	D27 Miss. (sp) Hold
D37 Gain	D38 Gain	D39 Gain	D40 Gain	V1 D Loss	V2 R Loss	R50 Hold	R49 Hold	R48 Hold	R47 Hold
Majority →									R46 Hold
R37 Re-elected	R38 Re-elected	R39 Re-elected	R40 Re-elected	R41 Re-elected	R42 Re-elected	R43 Re-elected	R44 Re-elected	R45 Re-elected
R36 Re-elected	R35 N.D. (sp) Gain	R34	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29	R28	R27
R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26
R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7
				R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6

Beginning of the next Congress

				D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6
D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9	D8	D7
D17	D18	D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26
D36	D35	D34	D33	D32	D31	D30	D29	D28	D27
D37	D38	D39	D40 Appointed	V1 D Loss	V2	R50	R49	R48	R47
Majority →									R46
R37	R38	R39	R40	R41	R42	R43	R44	R45
R36	R35	R34	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29	R28	R27
R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26
R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7
				R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6

Key	D# Democratic R# Republican V# Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 61st Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1910 or in 1911 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Mississippi (Class 2)	James Gordon	Democratic	1909 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected February 23, 1910.[1] Democratic hold.	Y LeRoy Percy (Democratic) Unopposed[1]
Louisiana (Class 3)	John Thornton	Democratic	1910 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected December 6, 1910.[2]	Y John Thornton (Democratic) 106 votes Robert F. Broussard (Democratic) 28 votes L.E. Thomas (Democratic) 11 votes John D. Wilkinson (Democratic) 6 votes Jared Sanders (Democratic) 1 vote[3]
North Dakota (Class 3)	William E. Purcell	Democratic	1910 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected January 17, 1911. Republican gain. Winner took office February 11, 1911 upon resigning from the U.S. House.	Y Asle Gronna (Republican) 130 votes William E. Purcell (Democratic) 19 votes[4]
West Virginia (Class 2)	Davis Elkins	Republican	1910 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected February 1, 1911. Democratic gain.	Y Clarence Wayland Watson (Democratic) 70 votes W.P. Hubbard (Republican) 11 votes John W. Davis (Democratic) 7 votes Isaac T. Mann (Republican) 9 votes Davis Elkins (Republican) 8 votes W.M.O. Dawson (Republican) 2 votes Howard Sutherland (Republican) 2 votes Joseph H. Gaines (Republican) 1 vote A.B. White (Republican) 1 vote[5]

In this election, the winner were seated in the 63rd Congress, starting March 4, 1913.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	John H. Bankhead	Democratic	1907 (Appointed) 1907 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected early January 17, 1911, for the term beginning March 4, 1913.	Y John H. Bankhead (Democratic) Unopposed[6]

Races leading to the 62nd Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1911; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
California	Frank P. Flint	Republican	1905	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 10, 1911.[7] Republican hold.	Y John D. Works (Republican) 92 votes Albert Spalding (Republican) 21 votes[7] John E. Raker (Democratic) 3 votes William Kent (Democratic) 1 vote Edwin A. Meserve (Republican) 1 vote[6]
Connecticut	Morgan Bulkeley	Republican	1905	Incumbent lost renomination and re-election. New senator elected January 17, 1911.[7] Republican hold.	Y George P. McLean (Republican) 177 votes Homer Stille Cummings (Democratic) 110 votes Morgan Bulkeley (Republican) 1 vote[7][6]
Delaware	Henry A. du Pont	Republican	1906	Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1911.[8]	Y Henry A. du Pont (Republican) 31 votes Willard Saulsbury Jr. (Democratic) 21 votes[6]
Florida	James Taliaferro	Democratic	1899 (Special) 1905 (Appointed) 1905 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. New senator was appointed to begin the term.	Nathan P. Bryan (Democratic)[9]
Indiana	Albert J. Beveridge	Republican	1899 1905	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 17, 1911.[7] Democratic gain.	Y John W. Kern (Democratic) 90 votes Albert J. Beveridge (Republican) 60 votes[10]
Maine	Eugene Hale	Republican	1881 1887 1893 1899 1905	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 17, 1911.[7] Democratic gain.	Y Charles Fletcher Johnson (Democratic) 107 votes Frederick A. Powers (Republican) 67 votes[10]
Maryland	Isidor Rayner	Democratic	1904	Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1910.[7]	Y Isidor Rayner (Democratic) 19 votes William P. Jackson (Republican)[3][11]
Massachusetts	Henry Cabot Lodge	Republican	1893 1899 1905	Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1911.[7][12]	Y Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican) 146 Sherman L. Whipple (Democratic) 121 votes Butler Ames (Republican) 7 votes A. Lawrence Lowell (Republican) 2 Scattering 3 votes[7]
Michigan	Julius C. Burrows	Republican	1895 (Special) 1899 1905	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected January 17, 1911.[7] Republican hold.	Y Charles E. Townsend (Republican) 112 votes John Winship (Democratic) 14 votes[10]
Minnesota	Moses E. Clapp	Republican	1901 (Special) 1905	Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1911.[7]	Y Moses E. Clapp (Republican) 161 votes R.T. O'Connor (Democratic) 13 votes W.S. Hammond (Democratic) 3 votes Thomas Van Lear (Socialist) 1 vote[13]
Mississippi	Hernando Money	Democratic	1897 (Appointed) 1899 1904	Incumbent retired. New senator elected early January 21, 1908.[14] Democratic hold.	Y John Sharp Williams (Democratic) Unopposed[14]
Missouri	William Warner	Republican	1905	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 17, 1911.[7] Democratic gain.	Y James A. Reed (Democratic) 104 votes John C. McKinley (Republican) 70 votes[4]
Montana	Thomas H. Carter	Republican	1895 1901 (Lost) 1905	Incumbent retired. New senator elected March 2, 1911. Democratic gain.	Y Henry L. Myers (Democratic) 53 votes Thomas H. Carter (Republican) 45 votes Other 3[4]
Nebraska	Elmer Burkett	Republican	1905	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 17, 1911, ratifying the popular selection made in 1910 state elections.[7][4] Democratic gain.	Y Gilbert Hitchcock (Democratic) 117 votes Elmer Burkett (Republican) 10 votes Daniel W. Cook (Republican) 1 vote[4] Absent and not voting, 5[15]
Nevada	George S. Nixon	Republican	1905	Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911, ratifying the popular selection made in 1910 state elections.[7]	Y George S. Nixon (Republican) Unopposed[4] In state election: George S. Nixon (Republican) 48.03% Key Pittman (Democratic) 42.35% Jud Harris (Socialist) 9.62%[16]
New Jersey	John Kean	Republican	1899 1905	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 25, 1911.[7] Democratic gain.	Y James Edgar Martine (Democratic) 47 votes E.C. Stokes (Republican) 21 votes John W. Griggs (Republican) 5 votes James Smith Jr. (Republican) 3 votes John Kean (Republican) 1 vote J. Franklin Fort (Republican) 1 vote Mahlon Pitney (Republican) 1 vote[4]
New York	Chauncey Depew	Republican	1899 1905	Incumbent ran for re-election, but legislature failed to elect. Republican loss. A new senator was elected late, see below.	Chauncey Depew (Republican) William F. Sheehan (Democratic, Tammany faction) Others, see below
North Dakota	Porter J. McCumber	Republican	1899 1905	Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1911.[7]	Y Porter J. McCumber (Republican) 129 votes John Bruegger (Democratic) 20 votes[4]
Ohio	Charles W. F. Dick	Republican	1904 (Special) 1904	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 10, 1911. Democratic gain.	Y Atlee Pomerene (Democratic) 83 votes Harry M. Daugherty (Republican) 17 votes Charles W. F. Dick (Republican) 9 votes Charles P. Taft (Republican) 7 votes Frank Zumstein (Republican) 3 votes Joseph G. Butler Jr. (Republican) 2 votes Joseph B. Foraker (Republican) 2 votes Warren G. Harding (Republican) 2 votes James R. Garfield (Republican) 2 votes Renick W. Dunlap (Republican) 1 vote Charles H. Grosvenor (Republican) 1 vote R.R. Kinkade (Republican) 1 vote Charles W. Stewart (Republican) 1 vote Brand Whitlock (Independent) 1 vote[7][4]
Pennsylvania	George T. Oliver	Republican	1909 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected January 11, 1911.[7]	Y George T. Oliver (Republican) 181 votes J. Henry Cochran (Democratic) 35 votes Julian Kennedy (Democratic) 25 votes James B. Riley (Democratic) 3 votes William Flinn (Republican) 2 votes Three others, 1 vote each, see below[17]
Rhode Island	Nelson W. Aldrich	Republican	1881 (Special) 1886 1892 1898 1905	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 18, 1911. Republican hold.	Y Henry F. Lippitt (Republican) 72 votes Arthur L. Brown (Democratic) 44 votes LeBaron B. Colt (Republican) 23 votes[5]
Tennessee	James B. Frazier	Democratic	1905 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 23, 1911. Democratic hold.	Y Luke Lea (Independent Democratic) 68 votes Benton McMillin (Democratic) 48 votes L.D. Tyson (Democratic) 11 votes Gilbert D. Raine (Democratic) 2 votes J.R. Woolridge (Republican) 2 votes[5]
Texas	Charles Allen Culberson	Democratic	1899 1905	Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911.	Y Charles Allen Culberson (Democratic) Unopposed[5]
Utah	George Sutherland	Republican	1905	Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1911.	Y George Sutherland (Republican) 54 votes O.W. Powers (Democratic) 9 votes[5]
Vermont	Carroll S. Page	Republican	1908 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected October 18, 1910.	Y Carroll S. Page (Republican) 221 votes Charles A. Prouty (Republican) 1 vote David J. Foster (Republican) 1 vote[18]
Virginia	John W. Daniel	Democratic	1887 1893 1899 1904	Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1910. Incumbent died June 29, 1910. A new senator was appointed to finish the term, and reappointed to begin the new term. The new senator was subsequently elected to finish the new term.[19]	Y John W. Daniel (Democratic) 99 votes C. Bascom Slemp (Republican) 16 votes[18]
Washington	Samuel H. Piles	Republican	1905	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 17, 1911.[7][5] Republican hold.	Y Miles Poindexter (Republican) 166 votes George F. Cotterill (Democratic) 12 votes[5]
West Virginia	Nathan B. Scott	Republican	1899 1905	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected February 1, 1911.[7][5] Democratic gain.	Y William E. Chilton (Democratic)72 votes Nathan B. Scott (Republican) 28 votes C.C. Beury (Republican) 5 votes John W. Davis (Democratic) 3 votes Lewis Bennett (Democratic) 3 votes Nathan Goff (Republican) 1 vote Joseph H. Gaines (Republican) 1 vote[5][20]
Wisconsin	Robert M. La Follette Sr.	Republican	1905	Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911.[7][5]	Y Robert M. La Follette Sr. (Republican) 83 votes Charles H. Weisse (Democratic) 31 votes Henry Kleist (Socialist Democratic) 14 votes[5]
Wyoming	Clarence D. Clark	Republican	1905	Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911.[7][5]	Y Clarence D. Clark (Republican) 46 votes J.B. Kendrick (Democratic) 34 votes[5]

Elections during the 62nd Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1911 after March 4; ordered by date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
New York (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect, see above. New senator elected March 31, 1911. Democratic gain.	Y James A. O'Gorman (Democratic) 112 votes Chauncey M. Depew (Republican) 80 votes[4]
Iowa (Class 2)	Lafayette Young	Republican	1911 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. New senator elected April 12, 1911. Republican hold.	Y William S. Kenyon (Republican) 85 votes Claude R. Porter (Democratic) 51 votes Horace E. Deemer (Republican) 19 votes
Florida (Class 1)	Nathan P. Bryan	Democratic	1911 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected April 18, 1911.	Y Nathan P. Bryan (Democratic) Unopposed[10]
Georgia (Class 3)	Joseph M. Terrell	Democratic	1910 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected July 12, 1911. Democratic hold.	Y M. Hoke Smith (Democratic) 155 votes Joseph M. Terrell (Democratic) 51 votes W.A. Covington (Democratic) 6 votes Thomas E. Watson 7 votes John M. Holder (Democratic) 1 vote[10]

Alabama

Senator John H. Bankhead

See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama

Democrat John H. Bankhead was re-elected early January 17, 1911[6] for the 1913 term.

California

Senator A. G. Spalding

See also: List of United States senators from California

Republican incumbent Frank P. Flint, who had been elected in 1905, retired. Republican John D. Works received a plurality of votes cast at a Republican state primary. Republican A. G. Spalding, however, carried a majority of the legislative districts represented by Republicans.[6] In the legislature, Works was elected January 10, 1911 with 92 votes over Spalding's 21 votes, and a scattering of votes for various Democrats.[7][6]

Connecticut

Senator George P. McLean

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut

Republican incumbent Morgan Bulkeley, who had been elected in 1905, lost renomination in a Republican legislative caucus 113–64 to George P. McLean.

McLean was then elected January 17, 1911, with 177 votes to Democrat Homer Stille Cummings's 110 votes.[7][6]

Florida (Special)

Senator Nathan P. Bryan

See also: List of United States senators from Florida

In June 1910, incumbent James Taliaferro lost a non-binding primary to former Governor Napoleon B. Broward for the term which started on March 4, 1911.[21] Broward died in October.[22] In early February 1911, Nathan P. Bryan won a non-binding primary for the seat, defeating William A. Blount 19,991 to 19,381.[23] The governor then appointed Bryan to fill the vacancy.[24]

In April 1911, the Florida Legislature unanimously elected Bryan to the remainder of the term.[25]

New York

Senator James A. O'Gorman

Main article: 1911 United States Senate election in New York

See also: List of United States senators from New York

Republican incumbent Chauncey M. Depew had been re-elected to this seat in 1905, and his term would expire on March 3, 1911. At the State election in November 1910, John Alden Dix was elected Governor, the first Democrat to hold the position since 1894. Democrats also unexpectedly carried the state legislative elections, and Democrats also unexpectedly carried the state legislative electionscontrolled both the Senate and the Assembly. The 134th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to October 6, 1911, in Albany, New York. Democratic Ex-Lieutenant Governor William F. Sheehan announced his candidacy on December 30, 1910. Before the State election, when a Democratic victory seemed to be improbable, Sheehan had made an agreement with Tammany Hall leader Charles Francis Murphy that the Tammany men would support Sheehan for the U.S. Senate. The Democratic caucus met on January 16 and nominated Sheehan over Edward M. Shepard and D. Cady Herrick. The Republican caucus met on January 16 and re-nominated Chauncey M. Depew unanimously.

From January 17 through March 3, the legislature was deadlocked through 39 ballots, with anti-Tammany Democrats refusing to support Sheehan. On March 3, 1911 Depew's term ended. The deadlock continued over another 19 ballots despite the vacant seat. Democrats then held a new caucus and nominated James A. O'Gorman, a justice of the New York Supreme Court. O'Gorman was elected over Depew on March 31, 1911.

Candidate	Party	64th joint ballot Mar 31
Chauncey M. Depew	Republican	80
Y James A. O'Gorman	Democratic	Y 112

Pennsylvania

Senator George T. Oliver

Main article: 1911 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held January 17, 1911. Incumbent George T. Oliver was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[26][26]

Pennsylvania election, January 17, 1911

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George T. Oliver (Incumbent)	181	70.43%
	Democratic	J. Henry Cochran	35	13.62%
	Democratic	Julian Kennedy	25	9.73%
	Democratic	James B. Riley	3	1.17%
	Republican	William Flinn	2	0.78%
	Democratic	William H. Berry	1	0.39%
	Democratic	George W. Guthrie	1	0.39%
	Socialist	Joseph E. Cohen	1	0.39%
	N/A	Not voting	8	3.11%
Total votes			257	100%

See also

• 1910 United States elections
  • 1910 United States House of Representatives elections
• 61st United States Congress
• 62nd United States Congress

Notes

1. Appointee elected

References

1. "VARDAMAN'S DEFEAT RELIEF TO SENATORS". The New York Times. February 24, 1910. p. 4.
2. "THORNTON CHOSEN SENATOR". The New York Times. December 7, 1910. p. 1.
3. United States Senators Chosen, 1910, p. 439.
4. United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 457.
5. United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 458.
6. United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 455.
7. "The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1912". New York: The Press Publishing Co. (The New York World). 1911. p. 200.
8. "du PONT, Henry Algernon - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
9. "Our Campaigns - FL US Senate - Appointment Race - Feb 22, 1911". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
10. United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 456.
11. "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 01, 1910". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
12. Garraty, John A. (1953). Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography. pp. 280–283.
13. United States Senators Chosen, 1911, pp. 456–457.
14. "United States Senators Chosen — 1908". The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1909. New York: The Tribune Association. 1909. p. 315 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library.
15. "Pledges Devotion to Public Service: Senator Hitchcock Accepts New Honors in Speech to Legislature in Joint Convention". Lincoln, Nebraska: Lincoln Daily News. January 18, 1911. p. 1.
16. "Our Campaigns - NV US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1910". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
17. United States Senators Chosen, 1911, pp. 457–458.
18. United States Senators Chosen, 1910, p. 440.
19. Byrd, p. 178.
20. "Our Campaigns - WV US Senate Race - Mar 03, 1911". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
21. "Taliaferro is Beaten: Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Wins Senatorship in Florida". The Watchman and Southron. Sumter, SC. June 15, 1910. p. 6.
22. "Ex-Gov. Broward Dead: One of America's Most Forceful and Picturesque Figures Passes; On Eve of being U.S. Senator". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, MD. October 2, 1910. p. 2.
23. "New Senator From Florida". San Juan Islander. Friday Harbor, WA. February 17, 1911. p. 2.
24. "New U.S. Senator". Nashville Tennessean. Nashville, TN. February 16, 1911. p. 6.
25. "The Hon. Nathan P. Bryan was formally elected Florida's United States Senator by both branches of the Florida legislature Tuesday afternoon. No other name was presented, and the vote for Mr. Bryan was unanimous -- thanks to the primary". St. Lucie County Tribune. Fort Pierce, FL. April 21, 1911. p. 4.
26. Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.

Sources

• Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
• Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
• "Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present". United States Senate – via Senate.gov.
• "United States Senators Chosen, 1910". The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1911. New York: The Tribune Association. 1911. pp. 439–440 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library.
• "United States Senators Chosen, 1911". The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1912. New York: The Tribune Association. 1912. pp. 455–458 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library.