Yerrapalli Formation

Yerrapalli Formation
Stratigraphic range: Anisian
~247–242 Ma

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Yerrapalli Formation; Stratigraphic range: Anisian; ~247–242 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Bhimaram Formation
Overlies	Kamthi Formation
Thickness	600 m (2,000 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone, sandstone, caliche
Location
Coordinates	18.9°N 79.7°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	51.4°S 48.5°E
Region	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
Country	India
Extent	Pranhita–Godavari Basin
Type section
Named for	Yerrapalli village
Named by	Jain et al.
Year defined	1964
	Yerrapalli Formation (India) Yerrapalli Formation (Telangana)

The Yerrapalli Formation is a Triassic rock formation consisting primarily of mudstones that outcrops in the Pranhita–Godavari Basin in southeastern India.[1] The Yerrapalli Formation preserves fossils of freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates as well as trace fossils of invertebrates.[2] The tetrapod fauna includes temnospondyl amphibians, archosauromorph reptiles, and dicynodonts.[3]

Geology

Most of the Yerrapalli Formation consists of red mudstones. The mudstones were deposited across a floodplain during the Anisian stage of the Middle Triassic. Smaller lenses of calcareous sandstone represent ephemeral streams that branched off from the larger channels that were the source of the floodplain sediments.[3] The climate of the region during the time is thought to have been monsoonal with both wet and dry seasons.[4]

The Yerrapalli Formation overlies the Kamthi Formation, underlies the Bhimaram Formation, and is conformable with both formations. Two members of the Yerrapalli Formation have been recognized; a lower member consisting of layers of red and purple clay with lenses of pale green clay and an upper member consisting of alternating layers of clay and fine-grained sandstone.[4]

Paleobiota

The paleobiota of the Yerrapalli Formation is similar to that of the overlying Maleri Formation, which also preserves fossils of temnospondyls and archosauromorphs. The main difference between the Yerrapalli and the Maleri faunae is the presence of dicynodonts in the former. The discovery of dicynodont fossils in the Pranhita-Godavari Basin in 1964 was one of the earliest indications that the Yerrapalli Formation represented a distinct paleofauna. Before this discovery, Yerrapalli strata were grouped within the Maleri Formation.[4] The dicynodonts of the Yerrapalli Formation are similar to those of the Ntavere Formation in Zambia, which also dates back to the Anisian. During the Middle Triassic, what is now India and southern Africa formed one continuous landmass as part of the supercontinent Gondwana.

Synapsids

Taxon	Material	Notes
Rechnisaurus cristarhynchus[5]	A mostly complete skull	A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont
Trirachodontidae indet.[6]	Isolated teeth
Wadiasaurus indicus[5]		A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont

Reptiles

Taxon	Material	Notes
Erythrosuchidae indet.[6]		A possible erythrosuchid archosauriform
Mesodapedon kuttyi[7]	Two specimens including skull bones	A rhynchosaur similar to Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi from the Manda Formation of Tanzania, which is the same age as the Yerrapalli Formation
Pamelaria dolichotrachela[8]	One complete skeleton, one partial skeleton, and isolated bones	A long-necked allokotosaurian[9] archosauromorph
Yarasuchus deccanensis[10]	An articulated, nearly complete skeleton and a partial disarticulated skeleton	A long-necked aphanosaurian avemetatarsalian

Amphibians

Taxon	Material	Notes	Images
"Parotosuchus" rajareddyi		A capitosaurid temnospondyl first referred to Parotosuchus but more recently considered either a species of Eryosuchus or of Stanocephalosaurus[3]

Fish

Taxon	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus sp.[6]		A lungfish
Saurichthyidae sp.[6]		A chondrostean ray-finned fish

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

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References

Supriya Sengupta (1970). "Gondwana Sedimentation Around Bheemaram (Bhimaram), Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 40. doi:10.1306/74D71F0A-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Yerrapalli Formation at Fossilworks.org
Sues, H.-D.; Fraser, N.C. (2010). "Early and early Middle Triassic in Gondwana". Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231135221.
Bandyopadhyay, S. (1988). "A Kannemeyeriid Dicynodont from the Middle Triassic Yerrapalli Formation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 320 (1198): 185–233. doi:10.1098/rstb.1988.0072.
Chowdhury, T.R. (1970). "Two new dicynodonts from the Triassic Yerrapalli Formation of central India" (PDF). Palaeontology. 13 (1): 132–144.
Jain, S.L. (1996). "Aspects of vertebrate fossils from Pranhita-Godavari Valley with emphasis on dinosaur discoveries" (PDF). Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. 41: 1–16.
Chatterjee, S. (1980). "The evolution of Rhyncosaurs". Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France. 139: 57–65.
Sen, K. (2003). "Pamelaria dolichotrachela, a new prolacertid reptile from the Middle Triassic of India". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 21 (6): 663–681. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00110-4.
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Flynn, John J.; Pritchard, Adam C.; Parrish, J. Michael; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (7 December 2015). "Postcranial Osteology of Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 398: 1–126. doi:10.5531/sd.sp.15. hdl:2246/6624. ISSN 0003-0090.
Sen, K. (2005). "A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India". Palaeontology. 48: 185–196. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00438.x.

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[SS70-1] Supriya Sengupta (1970). "Gondwana Sedimentation Around Bheemaram (Bhimaram), Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 40. doi:10.1306/74D71F0A-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.

[FWYerrapalli-2] Yerrapalli Formation at Fossilworks.org

[SF10-3] Sues, H.-D.; Fraser, N.C. (2010). "Early and early Middle Triassic in Gondwana". Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231135221.

[BS88-4] Bandyopadhyay, S. (1988). "A Kannemeyeriid Dicynodont from the Middle Triassic Yerrapalli Formation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 320 (1198): 185–233. doi:10.1098/rstb.1988.0072.

[CTR70-5] Chowdhury, T.R. (1970). "Two new dicynodonts from the Triassic Yerrapalli Formation of central India" (PDF). Palaeontology. 13 (1): 132–144.

[JSL96-6] Jain, S.L. (1996). "Aspects of vertebrate fossils from Pranhita-Godavari Valley with emphasis on dinosaur discoveries" (PDF). Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. 41: 1–16.

[CS80-7] Chatterjee, S. (1980). "The evolution of Rhyncosaurs". Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France. 139: 57–65.

[SK03-8] Sen, K. (2003). "Pamelaria dolichotrachela, a new prolacertid reptile from the Middle Triassic of India". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 21 (6): 663–681. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00110-4.

[Azendohsaurus15-9] Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Flynn, John J.; Pritchard, Adam C.; Parrish, J. Michael; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (7 December 2015). "Postcranial Osteology of Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 398: 1–126. doi:10.5531/sd.sp.15. hdl:2246/6624. ISSN 0003-0090.

[SK05-10] Sen, K. (2005). "A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India". Palaeontology. 48: 185–196. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00438.x.