Walrus-class submarine

The Walrus-class submarine is the only submarine class currently in operation in the Royal Netherlands Navy. The boats have been in service since 1990 and are all named after sea mammals.

Class overview
Name:	Walrus class
Builders:	Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij
Operators:	Royal Netherlands Navy
Preceded by:	Zwaardvis class
Cost:	ƒ500 million per unit (1992)[1]
Built:	1979–1992
In commission:	1990–present
Completed:	4
Active:	4
General characteristics
Type:	Diesel-electric attack submarine
Displacement:	2,350 t surfaced, 2,650 t submerged, 1,900 t standard
Length:	67.73 m (222.2 ft)
Beam:	8.4 m (28 ft)
Draft:	6.6 m (22 ft)
Propulsion:	3 diesels, diesel-electric, 5,430 shp (4 MW), 1 shaft, 5 blades
Speed:	13 knots (24 km/h) surfaced, 20 knots (37 km/h) submerged
Range:	18,500 km (10,000 nmi) at 9 kn (17 km/h)
Test depth:	>300 m (980 ft)
Complement:	50 to 55
Sensors and processing systems:	Surface Search Radar: Signaal/Racal ZW 07 Sonar Systems: Thomson Sintra TSM 2272 Eledone Octopus GEC Avionics Type 2026 towed array Thomson Sintra DUUX 5 passive ranging and intercept
Armament:	4 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes (20 × Honeywell Mk 48 or Honeywell NT 37 torpedoes mines, SubHarpoon SSM)

History

In 1974, the Royal Netherlands Navy announced, through the defensenote 1974, that it wanted to replace the aging Dolfijn-class submarines.[2] Since the 1960s, the Royal Netherlands Navy had been conducting studies and research into what kind of submarines it wanted to build to replace the older ‘’Dolfijn’’.[3] This research initiative concluded that the Netherlands should build conventional diesel-electric submarines, as nuclear submarines were costly, and could only be constructed, crewed, and maintained by countries with major navies such as the United States, France and the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, even with the diesel-electric submarine, the Dutch government also wanted to see if they could try to work together with international allies for the construction to avoid greater costs.[2]

Between 1975 and 1978, the design of the Walrus-class was for the most part completed, and included many improvements which would result in new, state-of-the-art submarines that would mark a significant improvement over previous submarines used by the Royal Netherlands Navy.[4] For example, a special kind of French-produced steel was used to construct the hull of the Walrus-class submarines; this steel proved to be more elastic, allowing the submarines of the class to dive deeper than previous submarines. Furthermore, there was a focus on automation which was aimed at decreasing the manpower required to operate the submarines, whilst at the same time, making them more effective against threats.[5]

On 19 June 1979, Minister of Defense Willem Scholten signed a contract worth 425 million guilders with the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij (RDM) to build two submarines to replace the Dolfijn-class submarines, with the construction of the second boat to commence the following year.[6] Soon, RDM noticed that the new submarines could not be built the same way as the Zwaardvis-class submarines; it had to use new techniques to build the submarines.[4] Furthermore, the design was constantly modified to incorporate new developments in the submarine world, which led to issues during the building process, and slowed down the construction process.[5] Nonetheless, construction continued and on 11 October 1979, HNLMS Walrus was laid down. Two years later, on 24 September 1981, HNLMS Zeeleeuw was also laid down.

To everyone's surprise, on 19 February 1983, the parent company of RDM, the shipbuilding company Rijn-Schelde-Verolme, went bankrupt, despite the Den Uyl cabinet providing 2.2 billion guilders in state aid.[7][8] This was problematic because the construction of the Walrus-class submarines was far from completion. To ensure construction of the submarines continued, RDM was re-established as an independent company. Furthermore, the Royal Netherlands Navy ordered an additional two submarines of the Walrus-class earlier than planned to assist RDM financially.[5] However, at this time the Walrus-class submarines were still plagued with many problems.[9]

New problems arose on 14 August 1986, when the command center of Walrus caught fire, whilst it was still on a scaffold in the yard.[10] The fire lasted about five hours, and resulted in immense damage being caused to the submarine; the command center was completely burned out, including all the recently-installed equipment.[11] Whilst some equipment could be rescued, most had to be replaced.[5] This delayed the construction of the submarines once again. The costs of the resulting damage was 225 million guilders, however, the damage was fully covered by insurance.[11] The exact location, origin and cause of the fire was never established. Presumably, the fire was caused in the vicinity of the corporals and men's washroom by a defect in the electrical work lighting. The damaged submarine was repaired, and in 1987, it was reported that these repairs had been completed.[4] Due to the fire, the construction of Walrus was so delayed that the second submarine, with construction number 349, was put into service as the first submarine of the Walrus-class with the name HNLMS Zeeleeuw. HNLMS Walrus was put into service two years later. The two other boats were put into service as HNLMS Dolfijn and HNLMS Bruinvis. The delays also meant that HNLMS Dolfijn (S808), HNLMS Potvis and HNLMS Tonijn of the Dolfijn-class had to remain in service longer than planned.[11] All the problems, delays and rising costs were eventually dubbed by the Dutch national parliament as the Walrus-affair.[10] Nonetheless, at the time of their commissioning, the Walrus-class submarines were considered to be one of the most modern and advanced conventional submarines that were operational at the time.[4]

Design

The Walrus-class submarines are unusual in that instead of a cross-shaped assembly of stern diving planes and rudders, they mount four combined rudders and diving planes in an "X" configuration.[12] This tail configuration was first tested in 1960 on the United States Navy's USS Albacore, and has since been used by the Walrus class, all Swedish Navy submarines since the Sjöormen class, the Royal Australian Navy's Collins class, the German Navy Type 212A and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force's Sōryū class. The X configuration is a complex system and therefore not implemented by many other navies around the world.[3]

The submarines of the Walrus-class are invisible when submerged, silent and therefore difficult to detect by ships, planes and other submarines once they go into hiding.[13] This makes the boats very suitable for the combating surface vessels and submarines, the protection of own units, information gathering, and early warning, and supporting of special operations. The submarines can also be used to enforce international sanctions, as they did during the Yugoslav Wars.[14]

The Walrus-class submarines were specifically designed for hunting Russian submarines during the Cold War.[15] However, they only became operational after the Cold War had ended. Nonetheless, they have provided excellent services in various international conflict situations in which the deployment of the Royal Netherlands Navy was requested.[10] Since the Dutch submarines have acquired a good reputation, they are often part of international exercises, taking part in mock battles.[13][16]

Operational history

After the Cold War, the submarines have been tasked for many highly confidential intelligence gathering operations (still classified) in the Northern Atlantic, Mediterranean Yugoslavian region, Iran, Iraq and the Caribbean, often upon request of Allies, including the United States.[15]

In June 2010, the Netherlands agreed to deploy one submarine to help combat piracy in the waters off Somalia.

In November 2016, the Russian Navy claimed to have chased off a Walrus-class vessel from a battle group that included the Admiral Kuznetsov.[17]

Submarine command course

The Walrus-class submarines are used for the Submarine Command Course (SMCC) for both national and international candidates (including the UK, Australia, Canada) selecting and training future commanders of conventional submarines and are highly rated, with an exceptional reputation.[18] The Royal Netherlands Navy provides this course after the British Royal Navy phased out their conventional submarines.

Upgrade program

HNLMS Zeeleeuw being upgraded in 2014.

In 2007, the Dutch cabinet approved an upgrade of the four operational submarines and recruitment of additional crew to improve overall operational availability.[19] The upgrades were focused on near-shore operations and integration with new weapons,and include:

• the migration from the MK 48 mod-4 torpedo to the mod-7 version
• replacing one periscope with a non-hull-penetrating optronic mast from L-3 KEO which enables the submarine to capture HD footage, both day and night
• addition of a Mine & Obstacle Avoidance Sonar by ELAC Nautik
• refurbishing of the pressure hull
• introduction of a new combat management system
• modifications to support Special Operations Forces

In 2013, the contract for the Walrus-class (IP-W) Conservation Program was signed.[20] The program covers the preservation of the pressure skin, the replacement of the sonar, navigation periscope and GIPSY combat system, improved communication systems and adaptations to a number of platform systems.[21] All four boats must be modernized in 2019. With the conservation program, boats can be kept operational until mid-2025. The cost of upgrading the four submarines is estimated to be 94 million euros.[22] The first boat to be upgraded was Zeeleeuw, followed by Dolfijn, Bruinvis and Walrus.[19][23][24] The upgrade of Zeeleeuw took longer than expected. Initially the upgrade was expected to have been completed by 2015, but it took until 2016 before the submarine was ready for service again. Currently, Dolfijn is being upgraded at the Den Helder naval base.[25] The Dutch navy has also begun to prepare for the replacement of the Walrus-class submarines.[26]

Replacement

In November 2014, the Dutch Minister of Defence announced plans to replace the Walrus-class submarines[27] in 2025. By 2017, there was still no political agreement on the quantity of new submarines to be ordered; nor the type and tasks they were expected to perform. However, it seems certain that they will be replaced, since the alleged Russian threat was regarded an incentive to invest in a new class. The Minister of Defence, however, delayed the replacement by two years, until 2027. Roughly, there are two groups in the Dutch parliament – one in favor of replacing the Walrus-class by an equally capable class of large, expeditionary, diesel-electric submarine, and the other in favor of choosing a cheaper solution of smaller diesel-electrics, similar to Swedish and German submarines. It is unknown where the new boats will most likely be built; since the Dutch RDM yard (the only Dutch yard capable of building submarines) that constructed the Walrus-class, is no longer in operation. The Defensenote (Defense policy for the coming years) of March 2018 revealed that the Dutch government is still planning to replace the Walrus-class submarines in the future.[28] The budget allocated at this time for the new submarines is more than 2.5 billion euros. Additional information on how to proceed with the replacement will come at the end of 2018, when the Dutch Minister of Defence, Ank Bijleveld, will send a so-called B-letter to the Dutch parliament.[28] Minister Bijleveld also underlined in an interview that the new submarines should have the same niche capabilities as the current Walrus-class submarines. This means that they have to be able to operate, and gather intelligence, in both shallow water close to the coast, and in deep water in the ocean.[29]

Contenders

The Ministry of Defence has shortlisted three bidders:[30][31]

• Damen Group and Saab Group announced that they have teamed up from 2015 to jointly develop, offer and build next-generation submarines that are able to replace the current Walrus-class submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy.[32] It was unveiled on 1 June 2018 that the design will be derived from the A26 submarine.[33][34] The proposed submarine is currently around 73 metres long and has a diameter of 8 metres. Furthermore, the weight will be around 2900 tonnes, complementing 34 to 42 people. When it comes to armament, the boat has 6 torpedo tubes and 1 Multi Mission Lock which can be used to drop off special forces.[33]
• Naval Group announced that it is offering its newest submarine class, the Barracuda-class submarine, as replacement for the current Walrus-class submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy. A version of the "Shortfin" diesel-electric variant Barracuda-class submarines will be offered, and not the nuclear variant that the French Navy is using.[35]
• ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems is planning to offer a Type 212CD submarine.[36]

Spain's Navantia was not accepted as a bidder.

Ships in class

All boats were built by the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij.

Ship	Hull number	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Status
HNLMS Walrus	S802	11 October 1979	28 October 1985 13 September 1989 (re-launched)	25 March 1992	In service
HNLMS Zeeleeuw	S803	24 September 1981	20 June 1987	25 April 1990	In service
HNLMS Dolfijn	S808	12 June 1986	25 April 1990	29 January 1993	In service
HNLMS Bruinvis	S810	14 April 1988	25 April 1992	5 July 1994	In service

General characteristics

• Displacement: 2,350 t surfaced, 2,650 t submerged, 1,900 t standard
• Dimensions: 67.73 x 8.4 x 6.6 m
• Propulsion: 3 SEMT Pielstick 12PA4V200SM diesels, 1 Holec mainmotor, 1 shaft, 6 blades
• Speed: 13 knots surfaced, 20 knots submerged
• Range >10,000 nmi at 9 kn
• Complement: 50 to 55
• Surface Search Radar: DECCA 1229
• Sonar Systems: Thomson Sintra TSM 2272 Eledone Octopus, GEC Avionics Type 2026 towed array, Thomson Sintra DUUX 5B passive ranging and intercept
• Fire Control: HSA SEWACO VIII action data automation, GTHW integrated Harpoon and torpedo FCS
• Armament: 4 x 21 inch (533mm) torpedo tubes (20 Honeywell Mk 48 or Honeywell NT 37 torpedoes, mines, SubHarpoon SSM)

See also

• List of submarine classes in service
• Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service

References

1. Jaime Karremann (2013-03-15). "Hoeveel kost de Onderzeedienst?" (in Dutch). marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
2. H. Vredeling, C.L.J. van Lent, A. Stemerdink, pp. 61.
3. "Walrus". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
4. "Onderzeeboten "Walrusklasse"". www.navyinside.nl. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
5. "Walrusklasse onderzeeboten". www.marineschepen.nl. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
6. "Bouwnummer RDM-348, Hr. Ms. "Walrus", 1992, onderzeeboot". www.rdm-archief.nl. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
7. "RSV-debacle viert 30ste verjaardag". www.nos.nl (in Dutch). 19 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
8. "De RSV-enquête". www.anderetijden.nl (in Dutch). 19 February 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
9. "Kamer stemt in met 'zuivering': Reorganisatie van marinetop". www.leiden.courant.nu (in Dutch). 21 November 1984. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
10. de Bles, Boven and Homburg, pp. 104
11. "Bouwnummer RDM-353, Hr. Ms. "Bruinvis", 1994, onderzeeboot". www.rdm-archief.nl. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
12. "Walrus-Class Submarines". www.naval-technology.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
13. "Onderzeeboten". www.defensie.nl (in Dutch). 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
14. "Onderzeeboten". www.sail.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
15. de Bles, Boven and Homburg, pp. 104–105
16. "The Royal Netherlands Navy in Focus". www.defensie.nl (in Dutch). 2017-04-20. p. 35. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
17. "Russia ships 'chase away' Dutch submarine in Mediterranean". BBC. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
18. de Bles, Boven and Homburg, pp. 105
19. Twigt, André (10 February 2016). "Terug in de eredivisie". Retrieved 23 November 2017.
20. "Imtech Marine ontvangt meerjarige opdracht voor modernisering van onderzeeboten" (in Dutch). 23 May 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
21. Kesseler, André (13 May 2013). "Upgrade Nederlandse onderzeeboten van start" (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 June 2018.
22. Karremann, Jaime (10 November 2016). "Instandhoudingsprogramma Walrusklasse (IP-W)". Retrieved 24 November 2017.
23. "Eerste gemodificeerde Walrusklasse onderzeeboot te water, een mooi project van Nevesbu!". December 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
24. Perreijn, Djenna (2 November 2017). "Mercuur en Zeeleeuw maken nieuwe start". Retrieved 25 November 2017.
25. Twigt, André (June 2016). "Kop van Instandhoudingsproject Walrusklasse is er af". Retrieved 25 November 2017.
26. Marno de Boer (5 June 2018). "Wie mag de grootste militaire aankoop sinds de JSF gaan bouwen?". www.trouw.nl. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
27. Tomkins, Richard (22 January 2015). "Swedes, Dutch partner for future submarine work". UPI.com. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
28. "Defensienota 2018" (in Dutch). Dutch Ministry of Defense. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
29. Keultjes, Hanneke; Boere, Raymond (27 March 2018). "We gaan niet oplappen, we gaan vernieuwen" (in Dutch). BNDeStem. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
30. "The Netherlands: 3 bidders shortlisted for submarine replacement program". Naval Today. 2019-12-16.
31. Sprenger, Sebastian (2019-12-17). "One bidder out, three remain in Dutch race to replace Walrus subs". Defense News. Sightline Media Group.
32. "Saab and Damen Team for Walrus Future Submarine Replacement Programme". www.damen.com. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
33. "Meer details voorstel nieuwe Nederlandse onderzeeboot van Saab en Damen". www.marineschepen.nl. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
34. Stichting Nederlandse Industrie voor Defensie en Veiligheid magazine editie 2-2018 (June 2018), accessed 12 June 2018, page 11-12.
35. "Franse werf Naval Group wil Nederland dieselelektrische variant van nucleaire onderzeeboot Barracuda aanbieden". www.marineschepen.nl. 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
36. Fiorenza, Nicholas (2019-12-16). "Netherlands downselects contenders for submarine replacement". Jane's 360.

Bibliography

• Jalhay, P.C.; Wijn, J.J.A. (1997). Ik nader ongezien! De onderzeeboten van de Koninklijke Marine. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN 978-9067074629.
• KVMO, "Nut en noodzaak onderzeeboten: deltaplan voor defensie" Marineblad Maart 2016 nr 2 Jaargang 126.
• Boeke, S. (2006). "Onzichtbaar maar onmisbaar: De onderzeeboot en zijn proliferatie" (in Dutch). MILITAIRE SPECTATOR 175: 198–208. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• de Bles, Harry; Boven, Graddy; Homburg, Leon (2006). Onderzeeboten!. Zaltbommel/Den Helder: Aprilis/Marinemuseum. ISBN 978-9059941304.
• Om de veiligheid van het bestaan: defensiebeleid in de jaren 1974-1983, H. Vredeling, C.L.J. van Lent, A. Stemerdink. Defensienota 1974. Kamerstuknummer 12994 ondernummer 14. ISBN 90 12 005361.
• Karreman, Jaime (2017). Spionage-operaties van Nederlandse onderzeeboten van 1968 tot 1991. Amsterdam: BWV Media. ISBN 978-90-826995-0-0.
• W.H.E., van Amstel (1991). De schepen van de Koninklijke Marine vanaf 1945. Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 978-9060139974.
• Nooteboom, S.G. (2001). Deugdelijke Schepen: marinescheepsbouw 1945-1995. Europese Bibliotheek. ISBN 9789028826373.

External links

• Walrus-class submarines