Vickers 6-Ton

The Vickers 6-Ton Tank or Vickers Mark E was a British light tank designed as a private project at Vickers. It was not purchased by the British Army, but was picked up by many foreign armed forces. It was licensed by the Soviets as the T-26. It was also the direct predecessor of the Polish 7TP tank.

Vickers 6-Ton Tank
A Finnish Vickers 6-Ton rearmed with the Russian 20K gun at the Manege Military Museum, Helsinki, Finland (2006)
Type	Light tank
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1932–1939 (Poland) 1938–1959 (Finland)
Wars	Chaco War Spanish Civil War Second Sino-Japanese War Second World War Winter War Franco-Thai War
Production history
Designer	John Valentine Carden Vivian Loyd
Designed	1928
Manufacturer	Vickers
Specifications
Mass	7.3 tonnes (7.2 long tons; 8.0 short tons)
Length	4.88 m (16 ft 0 in)
Width	2.41 m (7 ft 11 in)
Height	2.16 m (7 ft 1 in)
Crew	3
Armour	19 to 25 mm (0.75 to 0.98 in)
Main armament	Type A 2 machine guns Type B 3-pdr (47 mm) gun (with 50 rounds)
Secondary armament	Type B 1 Vickers machine gun
Engine	Armstrong Siddeley Puma petrol 80–98 hp (60–73 kW)
Power/weight	11–13 hp/t (8.2–9.7 kW/t)
Suspension	leaf spring bogie
Operational range	160 km (99 mi)
Maximum speed	22 mph (35 km/h)

History

The first Mark E was built in 1928 by a design team that included the famed tank designers John Valentine Carden and Vivian Loyd. The hull was made of riveted steel plates, 1 inch (25.4 mm) thick at the front and over most of the turrets, and about ³⁄₄ inch (19 mm) thick on the rear of the hull. The power was provided by an Armstrong Siddeley Puma engine of 80–95 horsepower (60–71 kW) (depending on the version), which gave it a top speed of 22 mph (35 km/h) on roads.

The suspension used two axles, each of which carried a two-wheel bogie to which a second set of bogies was connected with a leaf spring. Upward movement of either set of bogies would force the other down through the spring. This was considered to be a fairly good system and offered better than normal cross-country performance although it could not compare with the contemporary Christie suspension. High strength steel tracks gave over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of life which was considerably better than most designs of the era.

The tank was built in two versions:

• Type A with two turrets, each mounting a Vickers machine gun.
• Type B with a single two-man turret mounting a single machine gun and a short-barreled 47 mm OQF 3-pdr Gun.

The Type B proved to be a real innovation: it was found that the two-man turret dramatically increased the rate of fire of either weapon, while still allowing both to be fired at the same time. This design, which they referred to as a duplex mounting, became common on almost all tanks designed after the Mark E.

The British Army evaluated the Mark E, but rejected it, apparently due to questions about the reliability of the suspension. Vickers then started advertising the design to all buyers, and soon received a trickle of orders eventually including USSR, Greece, Poland, Bolivia, Siam, Finland, Portugal, China and Bulgaria. Thailand purchased 36 Vickers Medium Dragon Mark IV, and QF 2-pounder naval guns were added to turn them into self-propelled guns used in the Franco-Thai War. Vickers built a total of 153 (the most common figure) Mark Es.

Experience with the Polish machines showed that the engine tended to overheat due to poor airflow over the air-cooled Puma engine. This was addressed by the addition of large air vents on either side of the hull. For a new Belgian order the design was modified to use the Rolls-Royce Phantom II water-cooled engine instead. This engine would not fit in the rear, and had to be mounted along the left side of the tank, requiring the turret to be moved to the right and rearward. One example of the resulting Mark F was tested by Belgium, but rejected. Nevertheless, the new hull was used, with the older engine, in the sales to Finland and Siam.

The Mark E was also developed as a cargo vehicle, and purchased by the British Army in small numbers as artillery tractors to haul their large BL 60-pounder (127 mm, 5 in) field guns. Twelve were ordered by the Army as the Dragon, Medium Mark IV, while China purchased 23 and India 18.

Poland purchased 50, and also licensed it for the local production, but only put together 38 out of the 50, using the unassembled 12 for spare parts. The Poles modified their vehicles with larger air intakes, their own machine gun, a 360-degree Gundlach periscope,[1] and 5 or more with added two-way radios, before deciding to make their own tank that would address the shortcomings of the original Vickers design. This resulted in the 7TP, which was nearly 10 tons in weight. The Poles also, besides the aforementioned telescope, added a liquid-cooled Diesel engine as well as better armor protection, better ventilation, two-way radios, a 37 mm (1.46 in) Polish version of Bofors anti-tank gun, and a bigger crew compartment. Out of 38 original two-turreted tanks, 22 were later converted to single turret version with a modified turret and the 47 mm (1.85 in) main gun (Type B standard). The tanks were in bad shape by 1939 because they were used in the training units over a period of five years. However, they did perform well and better than the Renault R35, amongst others as part of the Polish 10. Cavalry Brigade during the Invasion of Poland in 1939.

The original 47 mm gun for the Finnish evaluation model

Polish Vickers E in 1938

The Soviets were also happy with the design and licensed it for production. However, in their case local production started as the T-26, and eventually over 12,000 were built in various versions. The Soviet early twin-turret T-26s had 7.62 mm (0.3 in) DT machine guns in each turret, or a mix of one machine gun turret and one 37 mm gun turret. Later, more common versions mounted a 45 mm (1.77 in) gun and two DT machine guns. The final versions of the T-26 had welded construction and, eventually, sloped armor on the hull and turret. Because the T-26 was in such wide use and was a reliable platform, a variety of engineer vehicles were built on the chassis, including flamethrowers and bridgelayers. A novel radio-controlled demolition tank was built on the T-26 chassis also.

During the Spanish Civil War the Soviet Union sent the T-26 to the Republican Army. The Italians, after suffering losses from Republican's T-26 during the battle of Guadalajara (1937), captured some of these tanks which served as a model for their M11/39 and M13/40 medium tanks.

In 1939, during the Soviet-Finnish Winter War, the Finnish armoured forces consisted of around thirty-two obsolete Renault FT tanks, some Vickers-Carden-Lloyd Mk. IVs and Model 33s, which were equipped with machine guns, and 26 Vickers Armstrongs 6-ton tanks. The latter had been re-equipped with 37 mm Bofors AT-guns after the outbreak of the war. Only 13 of these tanks managed to get to the front in time to participate in the battles.[2]

At the Battle of Honkaniemi on 26 February 1940, the Finns employed their Vickers tanks for the first – and only – time against Soviet armour during the Winter War. The results were disastrous. Of the thirteen available Finnish Vickers 6-ton tanks only six were in fighting condition and able to participate in the first assault on the Soviet lines – to make matters worse, one of the tanks was forced to stop, unable to cross a wide trench. The remaining five continued onwards a few hundred meters but ran into dozens of Soviet tanks in the village of Honkaniemi. The Finnish tanks managed to knock out three Soviet tanks but were soon themselves knocked-out.[3] In the skirmishes that followed, the Finns lost two more Vickers tanks.[4]

In 1941, the Finns rearmed their Vickers 6-Ton tanks with the Soviet 45 mm gun and re-designated them as T-26E. These tanks were used by the Finnish Army during the Continuation War. 19 rebuilt Vickers tanks, along with 75 T-26s continued in Finnish service after the end of the Second World War.[5] Some of these tanks were kept as training tanks until 1959, when they were finally phased out and replaced by newer British and Soviet tanks.[6]

Operators

•  Bolivia – used one twin-turret tank Type A and two single-turret tanks Type B. The Bolivian Vickers tanks were the first to see combat service, also the first tanks to see combat in the Americas—in 1933 they were used in the Chaco War against Paraguay. All of them were destroyed or captured by Paraguayan forces. See Tank warfare in the Chaco War.
•  Kingdom of Bulgaria – bought 8 single-turret Mk.E Type B tanks, used by the 3rd armoured company.[7]

Vickers Mark E Type B in Chinese service

• Republic of China – used 20 single-turret tanks Vickers Mk.E Type B. They were used in combat against the Japanese in Shanghai in 1937.[8]
•  Finland – used 33 tanks since 1938 (including an evaluation tank). They were bought unarmed, without optics and radios. Some were armed with a short-barreled 37 mm Puteaux gun and later equipped with a 37 mm Bofors anti-tank gun as their main gun with a coaxial turret MG and a "tank SMG" in bow plate. They were used in the Winter War with the USSR. After this war, the Finns rearmed Mark E tanks with captured Soviet long 45 mm guns and DT MGs as used in the T-26. The Finns designated the rebuilt Vickers tanks logically as: T-26E. They were used in combat from 1941–44 and remained in service as training tanks until 1959.
•  Nazi Germany – captured from Poland, some converted to self-propelled guns.
•  Kingdom of Greece – 1 type A and 1 type B for tests, acquired in 1931. Along with 2 Carden-Loyd Tankettes formed the first armoured battalion of the Hellenic Army, but were mostly used for training.
•  Kingdom of Italy – The Italians, after suffering losses from Republican T-26s during the Battle of Guadalajara, captured some of these tanks which served as a model for their M11/39 and M13/40 light/medium tanks.
•  Empire of Japan – The Imperial Japanese Army imported 1 Type A tank to research in 1930. The Imperial Japanese Army evaluated the design and developed the Type 95 Ha-Go.
•  Paraguay – One double-turret Vickers Mk.E Type A tank captured from Bolivia, later used as monument, returned to Bolivia in 1994.
•  Second Polish Republic – used 38 tanks since 1932: 22 Type B and 16 Type A tanks. Polish tanks had large air intakes behind the crew compartment as a significant feature. Poland also bought a license and developed an own improved model 7TP. Vickers Mk.E (Vickers E) tanks fought in the invasion of Poland.

Polish Vickers E

•  Portugal – 2 tanks for tests
•  Soviet Union – the first buyer of Vickers Mk.E tanks. In 1931 bought 15 twin-turret tanks Mk.E Type A, and a license. The Soviets next started building and developing own improved tanks T-26 (about 12 000 made).
•  Spanish Republic – one ex-Bolivian single-turret Vickers Mk.E Type B tank bought from Paraguay, and a number of Soviet-made T-26.
•  Thailand (formerly Siam) – used 30 Vickers Mk.E Type B, which saw combat during the French-Thai War in French Indochina.
• 

  Vickers 6-ton tank in Parola Tank Museum, Finland. Armed with a Russian 45mm 20-K cannon.
   Turkey – used 16 Type A tanks since 1940.[9]
•  United Kingdom – used only 4 tanks for training.

See also

• List of tanks

Notes

1. 7TP vol.II, Janusz Magnuski, Militaria 317, Warszawa 2009.
2. Kantakoski, p. 257
3. Kantakoski, p. 267
4. Muikku, p. 18
5. Muikku, Suomalaiset Panssarivaunut 1918–1997, p. 191
6. Muikku, p. 191
7. Boisdron, Mathieu (December 2010). "Le Blindorama : La genèse de la force blindée bulgare 1935 - 1943". Batailles & Blindés (in French). No. 40. Caraktère. pp. 4–7. ISSN 1765-0828.
8. Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). "Chinese Nationalist Armour in World War II". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
9. Mahé, Yann (February 2011). "Le Blindorama : La Turquie, 1935 - 1945". Batailles & Blindés (in French). No. 41. Caraktère. pp. 4–7. ISSN 1765-0828.

References

• Kantakoski, Pekka (1998). Punaiset panssarit – Puna-armeijan panssarijoukot 1918–1945 (Red tanks – the Red Army's armoured forces 1918–1945) (in Finnish). Hämeenlinna: Ilves-Paino Oy. p. 512. ISBN 951-98057-0-2.
• Muikku, Esa; Jukka Purhonen (1998). Suomalaiset Panssarivaunut 1918–1997 (The Finnish Armoured Vehicles 1918–1997) (in Finnish and English). Jyväskylä: Apali. p. 208. ISBN 952-5026-09-4.
• Tank Medium, Vickers Armstrongs Mark E, Type B (E1952.28), Tank Museum

External links

• Derela, Michał. "The Vickers 6-Ton Tank (Mark E)". Archived from the original on 25 May 2018.
• Canadian Army Early History section