Vanguard Airlines

Vanguard Airlines was an airline based in Kansas City, Missouri where it operated a hub from the mid 1990s to the early 2000s.[1] For a time, Vanguard also had significant operations at Chicago Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, until late 2000. It ceased operations on July 29, 2002, after filing for bankruptcy. The airline flew leased Boeing 727-200, 737-200, 737-300 as well as McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series and MD-87 jetliners to a number of destinations from its main hub in Kansas City at the time of its demise. Vanguard Airlines started service in 1994.

Vanguard Airlines
IATA ICAO Callsign
NJ VGD VANGUARD AIR
Founded1994
Ceased operations2002
HubsKansas City International Airport
Focus citiesChicago Midway Airport
Fleet size15
Destinations18
Parent companyVanguard Airlines, Inc.
HeadquartersKansas City, Missouri
Key peopleJohn Teal
(First CEO and divided this position with "Air South" airlines)
"Rocky" Spane
(CEO and retired Navy Admiral)
Jeff Potter
(CEO history with Frontier Airlines)
Scott Dickson
(Last CEO)
William A. Garrett III
(CFO)
Websiteflyvanguard.com (defunct)

History

Early history

Vanguard was originally started as a low-cost, low-fare airline, the purpose of which was to undercut the costs of the major airlines and so be able to charge lower fares. Super-low regular advance fares of as little as $29 each way were the standard. Sale fares of as little as $10 were not uncommon. By the time Vanguard began operations, however, most major air carriers had learned how to deal with such competition. They simply lowered prices in the markets where these smaller airlines flew, thus making it difficult for the low-cost airlines to be profitable.

Destinations during the mid and late 1990s

In early 1995, Vanguard was operating scheduled nonstop service between its Kansas City hub and Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver and Milwaukee as well as direct service between Kansas City and Salt Lake City via a stop in Denver with all flights being operated with Boeing 737-200 jets configured with all-coach, single class passenger cabins.[2][3] By the summer of 1995, the new start-up airline had added new service between Kansas City and Des Moines, Minneapolis/St. Paul and Wichita as well as between Minneapolis/St. Paul and Chicago Midway Airport, and was also operating nonstop service between Dallas/Fort Worth and Denver, Kansas City and Wichita as well as nonstop flights between Denver and Salt Lake City but was no longer serving Milwaukee.[4] One year later in the summer of 1996, Vanguard was flying nonstops between Kansas City and California with service to Los Angeles (LAX) and San Francisco (SFO) in addition to operating nonstop service between Wichita and Chicago Midway Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver and Kansas City.[5] By the winter of 1996, the airline was operating new service between Kansas City and Atlanta, Fort Myers, Las Vegas, Miami, Orlando and Tampa but was no longer serving Salt Lake City.[6] Flights between Kansas City and New York City were added to the route system by the late summer of 1997 but service to Des Moines, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and Wichita as well as to the four destinations in Florida had been discontinued. [7] By the fall of 1997, nonstops between Kansas City and Washington D.C. Dulles Airport as well as between Chicago Midway Airport and Pittsburgh were being flown with the airline also operating nonstop service between New York JFK Airport and Atlanta, Kansas City and Pittsburgh.[8] In 1998, Myrtle Beach was being served nonstop from Atlanta as well as direct from Kansas City via a stop in Atlanta; however, the airline was no longer serving New York City and San Francisco (SFO).[9] In the summer of 1999, Vanguard was operating a small hub (focus city) at Chicago with nonstop flights between Midway Airport and Buffalo, Cincinnati, Kansas City, Minneapolis/St. Paul and Pittsburgh in addition to continuing to operate its Kansas City hub, and was also operating seasonal nonstop service between Myrtle Beach and Pittsburgh in 1999.[10]

Destinations during the early 2000s

In 2000, Vanguard had resumed nonstop service between its Kansas City hub and New York City with service to LaGuardia Airport instead of JFK Airport in addition to adding new service to New Orleans and was also flying new nonstop service between Denver and Chicago Midway Airport as well as seasonal nonstop service between Myrtle Beach and Buffalo and Pittsburgh but was no longer serving Cincinnati.[11] By the end of 2001, the airline had added new nonstop service between Kansas City and Austin, Colorado Springs and Fort Lauderdale, and had also resumed nonstop flights between Kansas City and Los Angeles (LAX), Las Vegas and San Francisco (SFO) but had scaled back its flights at Chicago Midway Airport with only a Kansas City - Chicago - Buffalo route being operated. [12]

Reservations

Reservations were outsourced to a call center in Mission, KS run by Dakotah Reservations, a division of Dakotah Direct (now owned by West Business Services). Reservation agents were originally people of all ages from the Kansas City Metro area. Eventually they opened a second call center in Lawrence, KS, which was mostly staffed by college students attending the University of Kansas. Eventually the Lawrence call center was re-purposed to handle overflow calls for the Disney Catalog and the Mission location remained operational until the company shut down in 2002.

Reinvention
A Vanguard Boeing 737-200 deicing at Denver International Airport.
A Vanguard MD-82 at Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport.

In 2000, the airline began a program to change itself from a Low-cost, low-fare airline to the more sustainable Low-cost carrier model. This type of airline had lower costs than the major carriers, but competed on more than just price. Service, on-time performance, leg room, frequent flier programs, and other factors are often used in this competitive model. No longer were the cut-rate advance-purchase fares well-below the major carriers. Only the full-coach fares, which fewer customers buy, were significantly lower.

The change program worked and the airline saw significant improvements in operational and financial performance. The summer of 2001 saw some of the best growth and performance the airline had ever achieved; but the September 11, 2001 attacks changed all that. In October, 2001, the airline cut 20% of its staff. Full-time hourly workers were cut to as little as 32 hours per week. The executive suite took a 25% pay-cut. The airline struggled to compete in a market that saw schedules cut by a third and planes flying half-full.

During this period, Vanguard also introduced a multi-color aircraft livery similar in concept to Braniff International Airways "Flying Colors" or Air Canada's "airline within an airline" concept, ZIP airlines. This paint scheme was adopted with the introduction of the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 Series aircraft and involved the stylistic painting of the new Vanguard livery, in varied hues upon different aircraft. As in the case of Braniff's ultimate "Ultra" or "wet-look", more restrained use of colors were favored by the design team, which conversely was to become Vanguard's final livery.

9/11

As with all the other airlines, that day was chaos for the operation. Airplanes were displaced all over the country. Sept 12, no airlines flew and only a few small aircraft "Emergency" type flights were granted approval from the FAA. It's believed that Vanguard is the first airline to fly a regularly scheduled flight after 9/11, although that has not yet been confirmed. Because of their small size, and many crews living in base, they were nimble and could coordinate quickly. That first flight took place Sept 13, from Kansas City (MCI) to Chicago's Midway Airport (MDW), as reported by the company news letter. The legacy carriers did not fly regularly scheduled flights until the 14th.

Post 9/11

The assumption made and popularized by many economic analysts was that airlines like Vanguard were forced into bankruptcy due to the industry downturn following the September 11 attacks in 2001. This may be an incorrect assumption for Vanguard and other airlines despite popular opinion. Shortly after the attacks, Vanguard received approximately $2–3 million in federal aid, as did most other airlines.

If this money had never been distributed, there is a possibility that Vanguard might have gone bankrupt before the end of 2001. The cost of moving Vanguard from the Open Skies reservation system to SABRE during 2001 forced the airline to invest millions that the airline could little afford. Company meetings between CEO Scott Dickson and Marketing Director Greg Aretakis and other staff became more numerous and serious as the year passed. On at least three occasions, the conclusions made by the CEO and Marketing Director was that the transformation of Vanguard from an Open Skies to a SABRE system had to work, or it would be the end of the airline.

Daily revenue records showed marked increases in sales overall, but difficulties in adopting SABRE overshadowed the successful sales increases. The money that the government remitted to Vanguard after 9/11 offered the airline a new lease on life. It would not sustain the airline forever, but it allowed for a few months of replanning. Companion fare sales and internet ticket hot deals helped keep the airline above water for several months, and the hopes of more funding from the Air Transportation Stabilization Board kept a positive outlook among airline staff.

The following summer was bad for most airlines, but worse for Vanguard. While operational performance continued to improve to summer 2001 levels, the airline was still saddled with $80 million in debt. Nervous about increased bookings, credit card processors required greater and greater assurances that they would not lose money if the airline failed. In his book about the bankruptcy of the airline, Scott Dickson wrote how these processors required surety bonds of 125% of sales to continue processing credit cards. As each ticket was sold, the airline actually lost money. This financial situation was unsustainable and on July 29, 2002 the airline ceased operations.

After bankruptcy

When operations ceased, National Airlines and Frontier Airlines immediately offered to take Vanguard passengers on a space-available basis.[13] Controversy broke out with other airlines that had accepted Air Transportation Stabilization Board grants immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks. One requirement of these grants was to accept passengers from airlines that ceased operations for a nominal fee. Some airlines refused and others charged higher fees than allowed under the law. Eventually, most passengers reached their destinations. Therefore, it went into bankruptcy

Not long after the bankruptcy, Robert H. Brooks, owner of Naturally Fresh, Hooters restaurants and PACE Aviation, offered to purchase the airline. His offer was rejected and the company was eventually liquidated.[14] Its headquarters became the temporary offices of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in Kansas City, now the home of Entercom Radio.

Destinations

Vanguard served the following destinations during its existence; however, not all of these destinations were served at the same time.

Fleet

Final fleet

At the time the airline was grounded in 2002, Vanguard had 15 aircraft in its fleet including:

Vanguard Airlines Fleet
Aircraft Total Passengers
(Business/Coach)		 Notes
McDonnell Douglas MD-81 1 132
(12/120)		 Two class passenger cabin.
McDonnell Douglas MD-82 3 132
(12/120) or (14/118)		 Two class passenger cabin.
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 1 132
(12/120)		 Two class passenger cabin.
McDonnell Douglas MD-87 2 112
(12/100)		 Two class passenger cabin. A smaller aft galley allowed
more seats than the normal configuration on the MD-87.
Boeing 727-200 2 164
(0/164)		 Wet leased from TransMeridian Airlines.
All-coach, single class passenger cabin.
Boeing 737-200 6 120
(0/120)		 All-coach, single class passenger cabin.

Historical fleet

Vanguard operated the following aircraft types at various times during its existence:

  • Boeing 737-300
  • Boeing 737-200 (Advanced and High Gross Weight variants)
  • Boeing 727-200 (wet-leased from Falcon Air Express, TransMeridian Airlines, and others)
  • McDonnell Douglas MD-81
  • McDonnell Douglas MD-82
  • McDonnell Douglas MD-83
  • McDonnell Douglas MD-87
gollark: It's an x86-64 system using debian or something.
gollark: > `import hashlib`Hashlib is still important!> `for entry, ubq323 in {**globals(), **__builtins__, **sys.__dict__, **locals(), CONSTANT: Entry()}.items():`Iterate over a bunch of things. I think only the builtins and globals are actually used.The stuff under here using `blake2s` stuff is actually written to be ridiculously unportable, to hinder analysis. This caused issues when trying to run it, so I had to hackily patch in the `/local` thing a few minutes before the deadline.> `for PyObject in gc.get_objects():`When I found out that you could iterate over all objects ever, this had to be incorporated somehow. This actually just looks for some random `os` function, and when it finds it loads the obfuscated code.> `F, G, H, I = typing(lookup[7]), typing(lookup[8]), __import__("functools"), lambda h, i, *a: F(G(h, i))`This is just a convoluted way to define `enumerate(range))` in one nice function.> `print(len(lookup), lookup[3], typing(lookup[3])) #`This is what actually loads the obfuscated stuff. I think.> `class iｎt(typing(lookup[0])):`Here we subclass `complex`. `complex` is used for 2D coordinates within the thing, so I added some helper methods, such as `__iter__`, allowing unpacking of complex numbers into real and imaginary parts, `abs`, which generates a complex number a+ai, and `ℝ`, which provvides the floored real parts of two things.> `class Mаtrix:`This is where the magic happens. It actually uses unicode homoglyphs again, for purposes.> `self = typing("dab7d4733079c8be454e64192ce9d20a91571da25fc443249fc0be859b227e5d")`> `rows = gc`I forgot what exactly the `typing` call is looking up, but these aren't used for anything but making the fake type annotations work.> `def __init__(rows: self, self: rows):`This slightly nonidiomatic function simply initializes the matrix's internals from the 2D array used for inputs.> `if 1 > (typing(lookup[1]) in dir(self)):`A convoluted way to get whether something has `__iter__` or not.
gollark: If you guess randomly the chance of getting none right is 35%ish.
gollark: Anyway, going through #12 in order:> `import math, collections, random, gc, hashlib, sys, hashlib, smtplib, importlib, os.path, itertools, hashlib`> `import hashlib`We need some libraries to work with. Hashlib is very important, so to be sure we have hashlib we make sure to keep importing it.> `ℤ = int`> `ℝ = float`> `Row = "__iter__"`Create some aliases for int and float to make it mildly more obfuscated. `Row` is not used directly in anywhere significant.> `lookup = [...]`These are a bunch of hashes used to look up globals/objects. Some of them are not actually used. There is deliberately a comma missing, because of weird python string concattey things.```pythondef aes256(x, X): import hashlib A = bytearray() for Α, Ҙ in zip(x, hashlib.shake_128(X).digest(x.__len__())): A.append(Α ^ Ҙ) import zlib, marshal, hashlib exec(marshal.loads(zlib.decompress(A)))```Obviously, this is not actual AES-256. It is abusing SHAKE-128's variable length digests to implement what is almost certainly an awful stream cipher. The arbitrary-length hash of our key, X, is XORed with the data. Finally, the result of this is decompressed, loaded (as a marshalled function, which is extremely unportable bytecode I believe), and executed. This is only used to load one piece of obfuscated code, which I may explain later.> `class Entry(ℝ):`This is also only used once, in `typing` below. Its `__init__` function implements Rule 110 in a weird and vaguely golfy way involving some sets and bit manipulation. It inherits from float, but I don't think this does much.> `#raise SystemExit(0)`I did this while debugging the rule 110 but I thought it would be fun to leave it in.> `def typing(CONSTANT: __import__("urllib3")):`This is an obfuscated way to look up objects and load our obfuscated code.> `return getattr(Entry, CONSTANT)`I had significant performance problems, so this incorporates a cache. This was cooler™️ than dicts.
gollark: The tiebreaker algorithm is vulnerable to any attack against Boris Johnson's Twitter account.

See also

References
  1. http://www.departedflights.com, Vanguard Airlines route maps from April 2, 1995 to Dec. 20, 2001
  2. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ040295.html
  3. Jan. 1995 OAG North American Pocket Flight Guide, Kansas City flight schedules
  4. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ080195.html
  5. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ080996.html
  6. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ122196.html
  7. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ090397.html
  8. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ110197.html
  9. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ061598.html
  10. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ061599.html
  11. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ101200.html
  12. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ122001.html
  13. http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-30/travel/vanguard.bankruptcy_1_vanguard-airlines-vanguard-chairman-national-airlines?_s=PM:TRAVEL
  14. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/26/business/vanguard-airlines-calls-bid-inadequate.html?src=pm
  15. Oct. 1, 1996 OAG North American Pocket Flight Guide, Wichita flight schedules
  16. http://www.departedflights.com/NJ080996.html
  • Dickson, Scott & Sumner, Tracy (2004). Never Give Up: Seven Principles for Christian Leaders in Tough Times. Uhrichsville, Ohio: Barbour Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-59310-144-9.
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