Upper middle class

In sociology, the upper middle class is the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class. This is in contrast to the term lower middle class, which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle-class stratum, and to the broader term middle class. There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to sociologist Max Weber, the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with postgraduate degrees and comfortable incomes.

This article is about socio-economic studies. For the musical work, see Upper Middle Class White Trash.
Higher education is one of the most distinguishing features of the upper middle class.

The American upper middle class is defined similarly using income, education, and occupation as the predominant indicators.[1] In the United States, the upper middle class is defined as consisting mostly of white-collar professionals who not only have above-average personal incomes and advanced educational degrees[1] but also a higher degree of autonomy in their work.[2] The main occupational tasks of upper middle class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consulting, and instruction.[3]

American upper middle class
Main article: Upper middle class in the United States
See also: American middle class § The professional/managerial middle class

The American middle class (and its subdivisions) is not a strictly defined concept across disciplines, as economists and sociologists do not agree on defining the term.[4] In academic models, the term "upper middle class" applies to highly educated, salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed. Many have postgraduate degrees, with educational attainment serving as the main distinguishing feature of this class. Household incomes commonly exceed $100,000. [5] Typical professions for this class include lawyers, physicians, military officers, psychologists, certified public accountants, pharmacists, optometrists, financial planners, dentists, engineers, geologists, professors, architects, school principals, urban planners, civil service executives, and civilian contractors.[3][6]

The upper middle class has grown ... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to the success of the upper middle class is the growing importance of educational certification ... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people ... who earn the right credentials.

— Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure, 1998[7]

In addition to having autonomy in their work, above-average incomes, and advanced educations, the upper middle class also tends to be influential, setting trends and largely shaping public opinion.[8] Overall, members of this class are also secure from economic down-turns and, unlike their counterparts in the statistical middle class, do not need to fear downsizing, corporate cost-cutting, or outsourcing—an economic benefit largely attributable to their postgraduate degrees and comfortable incomes, likely in the top income quintile or top third.[1]

Income
Further information: Affluence in the United States, Household income in the United States, and Personal income in the United States

While many Americans cite income as the prime determinant of class, occupational status, educational attainment, and value systems are equally important variables. Income is in part determined by the scarcity of certain skill sets.[1] An occupation that requires a scarce skill set which is attained through higher educational degree, and which involves higher autonomy, responsibility and influence, will usually offer higher economic compensation. Qualifying for such higher income often requires that individuals obtain the necessary skills (e.g., by attending law, medical, or postgraduate school) and demonstrate the necessary competencies.[9] There are also differences between household and individual income. In 2005, 42% of US households (76% among the top quintile) had two or more income earners; as a result, 18% of households but only 5% of individuals had six-figure incomes.[10] To illustrate, two nurses each making $55,000 per year can out-earn, in a household sense, a single attorney who makes a median of $95,000 annually.[11][12]

Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, William Thompson and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15% of the population. Using the 15% figure one may conclude that the American upper middle class consists, strictly in an income sense, of professionals with personal incomes in excess of $62,500, who commonly reside in households with six-figure incomes.[5][10][13] The difference between personal and household income can be explained by considering that 76% of households with incomes exceeding $90,000 (the top 20%) had two or more income earners.[10]

Income statistics[14][15]
Data Top third Top quarter Top quintile Top 15% Top 10% Top 5%
Household income[14]
Lower threshold (annual gross income)$65,000$80,000$91,705$100,000$118,200$166,200
Exact percentage of households34.72%25.60%20.00%17.80%10.00%5.00%
Personal income (age 25+)[15]
Lower threshold (annual gross income)$37,500$47,500$52,500$62,500$75,000$100,000
Exact percentage of individuals33.55%24.03%19.74%14.47%10.29%5.63%

Note that the above income thresholds may vary greatly based on region due to significant differences in average income based on region and urban, suburban, or rural development. In more expensive suburbs, the threshold for the top 15% of income earners may be much higher. For example, in 2006 the ten highest income counties had median household incomes of $85,000 compared to a national average of about $50,000. The top 15% of all US income earners nationally tend to be more concentrated in these richer suburban counties where the cost of living is also higher. If middle-class households earning between the 50th percentile ($46,000) and the 85th percentile ($62,500) tend to live in lower cost of living areas, then their difference in real income may be smaller than what the differences in nominal income suggest.

Values

Upper-middle-class people tend to highly value tertiary education for themselves and their children, favoring the pursuit of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.

Political ideology is not found to be correlated with social class; however, a statistical relationship is seen between the level of one's educational attainment and one's likelihood of subscribing to a particular political ideology. In terms of income, liberals tend to be tied with pro-business conservatives.[16] Most mass affluent households tend to be more right-leaning on fiscal issues but more left-leaning on social issues.[17] The majority, between 50% and 60%, of households with incomes above $50,000 overall, not all of whom are upper middle class,[7] supported the Republican Party in the 2000, 2004, and 2006 elections.[18][18][19] Those with postgraduate degrees in education statistically favor the Democratic Party.[19][20][21] For example, in 2005, 72% of surveyed full-time faculty members at four-year institutions, the majority of whom would be considered upper middle class,[1] identified themselves as liberal.[22]

The upper middle class is often the dominant group to shape society and bring social movements to the forefront. Movements such as the peace movement, the anti-nuclear movement, environmentalism, the anti-smoking movement, and even in the past with blue laws and the temperance movement have been in large part (although not solely), products of the upper middle class. Some claim this is because this is the largest class (and the lowest class) with any true political power for positive change, while others claim some of the more restrictive social movements (such as with smoking and drinking) are based upon "saving people from themselves."[3]

British upper middle class
Further information: Social class in the United Kingdom § Upper middle class

The upper middle class in Britain traditionally consists of the educated professionals who were born into higher income backgrounds, such as legal professionals or executives. This stratum, in England, traditionally uses Received Pronunciation natively. A typical Mosaic geodemographic type for this group would be cultural leadership. It is also usually assumed that this class is most predominant in the home counties of South East England and the more affluent boroughs of London. Children of this group are often educated at a preparatory school until about 13 years old and then at one of the "major" or "minor" British public schools[23][24] which will typically charge fees of at least £11,500 per year per pupil (as of 2013)[25][26] followed by studying at post-graduation level.

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See also

References

Citations
  1. Thompson & Hickey 2005.
  2. Eichar 1989.
  3. Ehrenreich 1989.
  4. "Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy". Retrieved 25 July 2006.
  5. Gilbert 1998; Thompson & Hickey 2005.
  6. "Professional Occupations according to the US Department of Labor". Retrieved 26 July 2006.
  7. Gilbert 1998.
  8. Ehrenreich 1989; Gilbert 1998.
  9. Levine 1998.
  10. "US Census Bureau, income quintile and top 5% household income distribution and demographic characteristics, 2006". Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  11. "US Department of Labor, median income of registered nurses". Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  12. "Bureau of Labor statistics data published by Monster.com, 20 highest paying jobs". Retrieved 27 December 2006.
  13. "US Census Bureau, distribution of personal income, 2006". Archived from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  14. "US Census Bureau, overall household income distribution, 2006". Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  15. "US Census Bureau, personal income distribution, age 25+, 2006". Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  16. "Pew Research Center. (10 May 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue". Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  17. Arora, Raksha; Saad, Lydia (9 December 2004). "Marketing to the Mass Affluent". Gallup Management Journal. Gallup Press. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
  18. "CNN. (2000). Exit Poll". Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
  19. "CNN. (2004). Exit Poll". Retrieved 27 May 2008.
  20. "Exit Polls", CNN.com, 2008.
  21. "CNN. (2006). Exit Poll". Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  22. Kurtz, Howard (29 March 2005). "College Faculties a Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
  23. Delingpole, James (17 December 2011). "Thank God I Don't Have that Ghastly Sense of Entitlement that Eton Instils". The Spectator. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  24. Byrnes, Sholto (20 April 2010). "Who's Posher: Clegg or Cameron?". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  25. Farndale, Nigel (28 January 2013). "Is There a Private School Prejudice?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  26. Trainor 2000, p. 679.

Bibliography
Comet, Catherine; Finez, Jean (2010). "Le cœur de l'élite patronale". Sociologies pratiques (in French). 2 (21): 49–66. doi:10.3917/sopr.021.0049. ISBN 978-2-7246-3205-7. ISSN 2104-3787.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ehrenreich, Barbara (1989). Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-097333-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Eichar, Douglas M. (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Contributions in Labor Studies. 27. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26111-4. ISSN 0886-8239.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gilbert, Dennis (1998). The American Class Structure. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 978-0-534-50520-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Levine, Rhonda (1998). Social Class and Stratification. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-8543-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Trainor, Richard (2000). "The Middle Class". In Daunton, Martin (ed.). The Cambridge Urban History of Britain. Volume 3: 1840–1950. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41707-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Pinçon-Charlot, Monique; Pinçon, Michel (2010). Interviewed by Bourdeau, Vincent; Flory, Julienne; Maric, Michel. "Regard sociologique sur l'oligarchie: Entretien avec Monique Pinçon-Charlot et Michel Pinçon" [Sociological view on the oligarchy: Interview with Monique Pinçon-Charlot and Michel Pinçon]. Mouvements (in French). 4 (64): 22–40. doi:10.3917/mouv.064.0022. ISBN 978-2-7071-6653-1. ISSN 1776-2995.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Thompson, William E.; Hickey, Joseph V. (2005). Society in Focus (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-205-41365-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
Bagley, Bruce Michael (1990). "Middle Class". In Hanratty, Dennis M.; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.). Colombia: A Country Study (PDF) (4th ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 87–90. Retrieved 21 October 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Lamont, Michèle (2012). Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-92259-1.

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