Treponema

Treponema
	Treponema pallidum spirochaetes
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Spirochaetes
Order:	Spirochaetales
Family:	Spirochaetaceae
Genus:	Treponema; Schaudinn 1905 emend. Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013
Species[1]
	Treponema amylovorum ; Treponema azotonutricium ; Treponema berlinense ; Treponema brennaborense ; Treponema bryantii ; Treponema caldarium ; Treponema calligyrum ; Treponema denticola ; Treponema isoptericolens ; Treponema lecithinolyticum ; Treponema maltophilum ; Treponema medium Treponema medium subsp. bovis ; ; Treponema minutum ; Treponema pallidum Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum ; Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (syphilis treponeme); Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (yaws treponeme); ; Treponema paraluiscuniculi ; Treponema paraluisleporis ; Treponema parvum ; Treponema pectinovorum ; Treponema pedis ; Treponema phagedenis Treponema phagedenis subsp. vaccae ; ; Treponema porcinum ; Treponema primitia ; Treponema putidum ; Treponema rectale ; Treponema refringens ; Treponema ruminis ; Treponema saccharophilum ; Treponema socranskii Treponema socranskii subsp. buccale ; Treponema socranskii subsp. paredis ; Treponema socranskii subsp. socranskii ; ; Treponema stenostreptum ; Treponema succinifaciens ; Candidatus Treponema suis ; Treponema vincentii ; Treponema zioleckii ; Treponema zuelzerae ;
Synonyms
	"Spironema" Vuillemin 1905 non Klebs 1892 non Leger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864; "Microspironema" Stiles & Pfender 1905;

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta.[2] Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits.[3]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.[4]

	T. caldarium (Pohlschroeder et al. 1995) Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013

	T. stenostreptum (Zuelzer 1912) Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013

T. isoptericolens Dröge et al. 2008

	T. azotonutricium Graber et al. 2004

	T. primitia Graber et al. 2004

T. zuelzerae (ex Veldkamp 1960) Canale-Parola 1980 emend. Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013

T. medium

	T. m. bovis ♠ Evans et al. 2006

	T. m. medium ♠ Umemoto et al. 1997

T. pedis Evans et al. 2009

	T. denticola (ex Flügge 1886) Chan et al. 1993

	T. putidum Wyss et al. 2004

	T. lecithinolyticum Wyss et al. 1999

	T. maltophilum Wyss et al. 1996

T. brennaborense Schrank et al. 1999

T. saccharophilum Paster and Canale-Parola 1986

	T. berlinense Nordhoff et al. 2005

	T. pectinovorum Smibert and Burmeister 1983

T. bryantii Stanton and Canale-Parola 1980

	T. porcinum Nordhoff et al. 2005

	T. succinifaciens Cwyk and Canale-Parola 1981

T. parvum Wyss et al. 2001

T. amylovorum Wyss et al. 1997

T. socranskii

T. s. paredis Smibert et al. 1984

	T. s. buccale Smibert et al. 1984

	T. s. socranskii Smibert et al. 1984

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[5] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[6]

?Candidatus Treponema suis Molbak et al. 2006
?Treponema calligyrum ♠ Noguchi
?Treponema carateum ♥ (pinta-causing Treponema)
?Treponema minutum ♦ Dobell 1912
?Treponema pallidum ♦ (Schaudinn and Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905
- T. p. endemicum ♠ Smibert 1984 (bejel-causing Treponema)
- T. p. pallidum ♠ (Schaudinn and Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905 (syphilis-causing Treponema)
- T. p. pertenue ♠ Smibert 1984 (yaws-causing Treponema)
?Treponema paraluisleporis ♠ Lumeij et al. 1994
?Treponema paraluiscuniculi ♦ (Jacobsthal 1920) Smibert 1974
?Treponema pertenue ♦ (Castellani 1905) Castellani & Chalmers 1910
?Treponema phagedenis ♠
- T. p. phagedenis ♠ (Noguchi 1912) Brumpt
- T. p. vaccae ♠ Evans et al. 2006
?Treponema refringens ♠ (Schaudinn and Hofmann 1905) Castellani and Chalmers
?Treponema vincentii ♠ Smibert 1984
?Treponema zioleckii ♠ Piknova et al. 2008
Treponema amylovorum Wyss et al. 1997
Treponema azotonutricium Graber et al. 2004
Treponema berlinense Nordhoff et al. 2005
Treponema brennaborense Schrank et al. 1999
Treponema bryantii Stanton and Canale-Parola 1980
Treponema caldarium (Pohlschroeder et al. 1995) Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013
Treponema denticola (ex Flügge 1886) Chan et al. 1993
Treponema isoptericolens Dröge et al. 2008
Treponema lecithinolyticum Wyss et al. 1999
Treponema maltophilum Wyss et al. 1996
Treponema medium ♦ Umemoto et al. 1997
- T. m. bovis ♠ Evans et al. 2006
- T. m. medium ♠ Umemoto et al. 1997
Treponema parvum Wyss et al. 2001
Treponema pectinovorum Smibert and Burmeister 1983
Treponema pedis Evans et al. 2009
Treponema porcinum Nordhoff et al. 2005
Treponema primitia Graber et al. 2004
Treponema putidum Wyss et al. 2004
Treponema saccharophilum Paster and Canale-Parola 1986
Treponema socranskii Smibert et al. 1984
- T. s. paredis Smibert et al. 1984
- T. s. buccale Smibert et al. 1984
- T. s. socranskii Smibert et al. 1984
Treponema stenostreptum (Zuelzer 1912) Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013
Treponema succinifaciens Cwyk and Canale-Parola 1981
Treponema zuelzerae (ex Veldkamp 1960) Canale-Parola 1980 emend. Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013

Notes:
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)
♥ Strains not lodged at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)

The species Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens have been reclassified into Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Serpulina innocens.[7]

gollark: > A core proposition in economics is that voluntary exchanges benefit both parties. We show that people often deny the mutually beneficial nature of exchange, instead espousing the belief that one or both parties fail to benefit from the exchange. Across 4 studies (and 7 further studies in the Supplementary Materials), participants read about simple exchanges of goods and services, judging whether each party to the transaction was better off or worse off afterwards. These studies revealed that win–win denial is pervasive, with buyers consistently seen as less likely to benefit from transactions than sellers. Several potential psychological mechanisms underlying win–win denial are considered, with the most important influences being mercantilist theories of value (confusing wealth for money) and naïve realism (failing to observe that people do not arbitrarily enter exchanges). We argue that these results have widespread implications for politics and society.

gollark: (linking because I happened to read it recently)

gollark: But look at this: https://psyarxiv.com/efs5y/

gollark: I mean, *maybe* some behaviors make sense at population scale or in some bizarre game-theoretic way?

gollark: No, humans just act irrationally all the time for no good reason.

References

"Treponema" (HTML). NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.
Harper KN, Liu H, Ocampo PS, et al. (August 2008). "The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53 (3): 322–32. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00427.x. PMID 18554302. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
J.P. Euzéby. "Treponema". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
Sayers; et al. "Treponema". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tordoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (January 1991). "Reclassification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 50–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-50. PMID 1704792.

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[1] "Treponema" (HTML). NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[pmid11825779-2] Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.

[pmid18554302-3] Harper KN, Liu H, Ocampo PS, et al. (August 2008). "The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53 (3): 322–32. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00427.x. PMID 18554302. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.

[4] 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.

[5] J.P. Euzéby. "Treponema". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.

[6] Sayers; et al. "Treponema". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.

[pmid1704792-7] Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tordoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (January 1991). "Reclassification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 50–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-50. PMID 1704792.