Dermatobia hominis

The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Greek δέρμα, skin + βίος, life, and Latin hominis, of a human), is one of several species of flies, the larvae of which parasitise humans (in addition to a wide range of other animals, including other primates[1]). It is also known as the torsalo or American warble fly,[1] though the warble fly is in the genus Hypoderma and not Dermatobia, and is a parasite on cattle and deer instead of humans.

Dermatobia hominis
Adult female human botfly
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Diptera
Family:
Oestridae
Subfamily:
Cuterebrinae
Genus:
Dermatobia
Species:
D. hominis
Binomial name
Dermatobia hominis
(Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781)
Synonyms

Oestrus hominis (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781)

Dermatobia fly eggs have been shown to be vectored by over 40 species of mosquitoes and muscoid flies, as well as one species of tick;[2] the female captures the mosquito and attaches its eggs to its body, then releases it. Either the eggs hatch while the mosquito is feeding and the larvae use the mosquito bite area as the entry point, or the eggs simply drop off the muscoid fly when it lands on the skin. The larvae develop inside the subcutaneous layers, and after about 8 weeks, they drop out to pupate for at least a week, typically in the soil. The adults are large flies resembling bumblebees. They are easily recognized because they lack mouthparts (as is true of other oestrid flies).

This species is native to the Americas from southeastern Mexico (beginning in central Veracruz) to northern Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay,[1] though it is not abundant enough (nor harmful enough) to ever attain true pest status. Normally the greatest risk they pose to humans is increasing the chances of infection due to creating an open wound for their breathing holes. Some cases have also been reported in Europe. Since the fly larvae can survive the entire 8-week development only if the wound does not become infected, patients rarely experience infections unless they kill the larva without removing it completely.

Extracted human botfly larva: The arrow points to the larva's mouthparts.

Remedies

The easiest and most effective way to remove botfly larvae is to apply petroleum jelly over the location, which prevents air from reaching the larva, suffocating it. It can then be removed with tweezers safely after a day. White glue mixed with pyrethrin or other safe insecticides and applied to the spot of swelling on the scalp will kill the larvae within hours, as they must keep an air hole open, so will chew through the dried glue to do this, consuming the insecticide in the process.

Venom extractor syringes can remove larvae with ease at any stage of growth. As these devices are a common component of first-aid kits, this is an effective and easily accessible remedy.[3] A larva has also been successfully removed by first applying several coats of nail polish to the area of the larva's entrance, weakening it by partial asphyxiation.[4] Covering the location with adhesive tape would also result in partial asphyxiation and weakening of the larva, but is not recommended because the larva's breathing tube is fragile and would be broken during the removal of the tape, leaving most of the larva behind.[4]

Oral use of ivermectin, an antiparasitic avermectin medicine, has proved to be an effective and noninvasive treatment that leads to the spontaneous emigration of the larva.[5] This is especially important for cases where the larva is located at inaccessible places like inside the inner canthus of the eye.

Map of human botfly region
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See also

References
  1. "Human Bot Fly Myiasis" (PDF). U.S. Army Public Health Command (provisional), formerly U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. January 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
  2. Piper, Ross (2007). "Human Botfly". Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-0-313-33922-6. OCLC 191846476. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  3. Boggild, Andrea K.; Keystone, Jay S.; Kain, Kevin C. (August 2002). "Furuncular myiasis: a simple and rapid method for extraction of intact Dermatobia hominis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35 (3): 336–338. doi:10.1086/341493. PMID 12115102.
  4. Bhandari, Ramanath; Janos, David P.; Sinnis, Photini (March 2007). "Furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in a returning traveler". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76 (3): 598–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.598. PMC 1853312. PMID 17360891.
  5. Wakamatsu, Tais Hitomi; Pierre-Filho, P. T. P. (October 2005). "Ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Dermatobia hominis: a successful treatment with oral ivermectin". Eye. 20 (9): 1088–90. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702120. PMID 16244643.
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