Tornado outbreak of October 20–22, 2019

The tornado outbreak of October 20–22, 2019 was a significant severe weather event across the South Central United States. Forecasters first identified the threat on October 16 as a large upper-level trough was expected to combine with an unstable atmosphere across Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas particularly. On the evening of October 20, discrete supercell thunderstorms developed across the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, contributing to several tornadoes. One of those tornadoes caused EF3 damage in the Dallas suburbs, becoming the costliest tornado event in Texas history, at $1.55 billion. A later squall line contributed to additional tornadoes and a widespread swath of damaging winds as the system tracked eastward.

Tornado outbreak of October 20–22, 2019
Map of tornado warnings and confirmed tornadoes from the outbreak
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationOctober 20, 2019 - October 22, 2019
Tornadoes confirmed36
Max. rating1EF3 tornado
Duration of tornado outbreak224 hours
Highest winds
  • Tornadic: 140 mph (230 km/h) (Dallas, TX EF3 tornado)
    Non-tornadic: 82 mph (132 km/h) (SSW of Hoffman, Oklahoma)
Largest hail2.75 in (70 mm) (Milburn and Prague, Oklahoma)
Areas affectedSouth Central United States, Southeastern United States
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

Meteorological synopsis

The first signs of organized severe weather across the South Central United States came on October 16, when the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) first delineated a risk area across portions of northern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, and adjacent portions of Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas.[1] In their day 3 outlook on October 18, the organization introduced a broad Marginal risk for much of the same areas.[2] A small Slight risk was added across northeastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, and western Arkansas on October 19,[3] but as confidence in a higher-end event increased, these same areas were raised to an Enhanced risk.[4] In advance of the outbreak, the SPC monitored several weather features of interest. In the upper levels of the atmosphere, an upper-level trough was expected to amplify as it progressed eastward into the U.S. Plains, providing increasing wind shear throughout the region. Simultaneously, a low-pressure area and associated cold front were anticipated to shift eastward across an unstable environment, leading to the formation of severe thunderstorms. Forecasters noted that while the overall environment supported the potential for significant (EF2+) tornadoes, questions about whether storms would be supercellular or instead evolve into a quasi-linear convective system prevented the addition a significant risk area.[4] By the late afternoon hours of October 20, thunderstorms began to develop across eastern Oklahoma within a rapidly moistening environment.[5] At 7:58 p.m. CDT, the first tornado watch was issued across the Ark-La-Tex region;[6] several more watches were introduced over subsequent hours.[7] A pair of long-tracked supercells developed across Tarrant and Johnson counties, intersecting a very unstable regime and producing significant tornadoes as a result.[8] A squall line formed along the cold front farther west, producing a wide swath of damaging winds and additional tornadoes as it tracked across the South-Central United States.[9][10]

Confirmed tornadoes
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 13 20 2 1 0 0 36
Confirmed tornadoes during the tornado outbreak of October 20–22, 2019[note 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Date Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary Refs
EF0 SW of Beckville Panola TX 32.1470°N 94.5443°W / 32.1470; -94.5443 (Beckville (Oct. 20, EF0)) October 20 00:36–00:38 0.8 mi (1.3 km) 150 yd (140 m) Several trees were snapped or uprooted. A home's roof was damaged. [11]
EF1 SSE of Greenwood Caddo LA 32.3738°N 93.976°W / 32.3738; -93.976 (Greenwood (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 01:42–01:49 3.59 mi (5.78 km) 350 yd (320 m) A greenhouse was destroyed, shingled were ripped off the roofs of two homes, and an RV trailer was rolled onto its side. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. [12]
EF3 Dallas to Richardson Dallas TX 32.8685°N 96.9149°W / 32.8685; -96.9149 (Dallas (Oct. 20, EF3)) October 20 01:58–02:30 15.76 mi (25.36 km) 1,300 yd (1,200 m) See section on this tornado [9]
EF1 N of Midlothian Ellis TX 32.4981°N 96.9935°W / 32.4981; -96.9935 (Midlothian (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 02:10–02:15 2.83 mi (4.55 km) 350 yd (320 m) Several church and retail buildings had their roofs damaged and windows blown out. One structure attached to the church was severely damaged as most of its roof was ripped off, and its south-facing wall was collapsed. Two buildings had sheet metal peeled away, while one of the structures had its metal roof purlins bent. Several homes suffered significant roof damage and had windows blown out, one of which had its garage door collapsed. Trees were snapped or uprooted as well. [13]
EF2 Garland Dallas TX 32.8974°N 96.6753°W / 32.8974; -96.6753 (Garland (Oct. 20, EF2)) October 20 02:24–02:30 2.48 mi (3.99 km) 265 yd (242 m) This high-end EF2 tornado caused significant damage in Garland. A wide section of the roof to a Sear's Facility warehouse was peeled off, tearing away the adjacent metal walls and causing some of the interior support columns and beams to bend. An empty 18-wheeler and a van were tipped onto their sides. Nearby, a newly built warehouse collapsed as its support columns were bent to the ground. debris from this structure caused additional damage to nearby homes. Along the remainder of the tornado path, numerous homes were heavily damaged, some of which had their roofs torn off. Many trees were snapped or uprooted as well. [14]
EF1 Rowlett to Wylie Dallas TX 32.9237°N 96.5697°W / 32.9237; -96.5697 (Rowlett (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 02:36–02:45 6.02 mi (9.69 km) 500 yd (460 m) This high-end EF1 tornado moved through residential areas, damaging numerous homes. Some homes had large portions of their roofs torn off. Several outbuildings were also damaged or destroyed, and trees were downed. [15]
EF0 W of Ferris Ellis TX 32.5332°N 96.6664°W / 32.5332; -96.6664 (Ferris (Oct. 20, EF0)) October 20 02:42–02:44 0.18 mi (0.29 km) 170 yd (160 m) A silo was damaged and partially collapsed, multiple businesses sustained roof damage, a power pole was downed, and trees were snapped or uprooted. [16]
EF1 Rockwall Rockwall TX 32.9312°N 96.4864°W / 32.9312; -96.4864 (Rockwall (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 02:48–02:54 1.96 mi (3.15 km) 100 yd (91 m) Several homes suffered significant roof damage. Trees and fences were downed. [17]
EF1 S of Asher Pontotoc OK 34.91°N 96.92°W / 34.91; -96.92 (Asher (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 03:01–03:02 0.25 mi (0.40 km) 150 yd (140 m) A barn was destroyed, and a few other farm buildings were damaged. [18]
EF1 ENE of Konawa Seminole OK 34.98°N 96.70°W / 34.98; -96.70 (Konawa (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 03:12–03:15 2.8 mi (4.5 km) 100 yd (91 m) Several wooden power poles were snapped, and trees were damaged. [19]
EF0 N of Kaufman Kaufman TX 32.6661°N 96.3241°W / 32.6661; -96.3241 (Kaufman (Oct. 20, EF0)) October 20 03:27–03:28 0.13 mi (0.21 km) 50 yd (46 m) A home lost a portion of its metal roofing. A nearby power pole was partially snapped. [20]
EF1 SE of Elmo Kaufman TX 32.6708°N 96.1393°W / 32.6708; -96.1393 (Elmo (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 03:39–03:41 0.53 mi (0.85 km) 500 yd (460 m) Sheet metal was ripped from an outbuilding, two power poles were snapped, and a metal barn was severely damaged, with its metal roof almost completely ripped off and its steel trusses severely bent. Several large trees were snapped or damaged. A personal weather station measured a wind gust of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). [21]
EF0 N of Wills Point Van Zandt TX 32.7353°N 96.0054°W / 32.7353; -96.0054 (Wills Point (Oct. 20, EF0)) October 20 03:59–04:04 0.63 mi (1.01 km) 200 yd (180 m) Multiple roofs sustained damaged. Multiple sheds and carports were overturned and damaged. A few small trees were uprooted and tree branches were broken. [22]
EF1 E of Coweta Wagoner OK 35.9436°N 95.5608°W / 35.9436; -95.5608 (Coweta (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 04:08–04:15 7.2 mi (11.6 km) 1,100 yd (1,000 m) A home was damaged, and trees and power poles were toppled. [23]
EF1 N of Wainwright Muskogee OK 35.6351°N 95.6311°W / 35.6351; -95.6311 (Wainwright (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 04:12–04:22 8.3 mi (13.4 km) 400 yd (370 m) A couple of trees were snapped or uprooted and a power pole was blown down. [24]
EF1 NW of Scraper Cherokee OK 36.1189°N 94.9665°W / 36.1189; -94.9665 (Scraper (Oct. 20, EF1)) October 20 04:39–04:43 2.9 mi (4.7 km) 600 yd (550 m) Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. [25]
EF1 NW of Watts to SE of Siloam Springs Adair (OK), Benton (AR) OK, AR 36.1410°N 94.6644°W / 36.1410; -94.6644 (Watts (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 05:00–05:09 9.1 mi (14.6 km) 900 yd (820 m) Outbuildings were destroyed, homes were damaged, power poles were snapped, and numerous trees were uprooted. [26][27]
EF2 Siloam Springs to NE of Rogers Benton AR 36.1778°N 94.5310°W / 36.1778; -94.5310 (Siloam Springs (Oct. 21, EF2)) October 21 05:08–05:38 31.4 mi (50.5 km) 2,640 yd (2,410 m) This massive, long-tracked, wedge tornado touched down in Siloam Springs, where hangars at the Siloam Springs Airport were damaged. The roof was blown off a business, and several others were damaged. Numerous homes in town were damaged as well. The tornado continued to the northeast of town, where well-built outbuildings were destroyed, a house had its roof torn off, and other homes were damaged and had windows blown out. The tornado then moved through Highfill, Cave Springs and Rogers before dissipating. Numerous homes and businesses were damaged along this segment of the path, and a large metal building sustained severe damage. Many trees and power poles were snapped throughout the path. [28]
EF0 Northwestern Allen Collin TX 33.1169°N 96.7272°W / 33.1169; -96.7272 (Allen (Oct. 21, EF0)) October 21 05:22–05:27 4.8 mi (7.7 km) 500 yd (460 m) Shingles were ripped off a number of residences, and a number of other homes sustained roof and facade damage. Wood fencing and a stone wall was blown down, and large trees were snapped. [29]
EF0 SSE of Battlefield Christian, Greene MO 37.0814°N 93.4471°W / 37.0814; -93.4471 (Battlefield (Oct. 21, EF0)) October 21 05:57–06:04 4.72 mi (7.60 km) 100 yd (91 m) Numerous trees were snapped, four metal power poles and power lines were downed, and a home sustained damage to its roof, gutters, and vinyl siding. [30][31]
EF1 Highlandville Christian MO 36.9383°N 93.2845°W / 36.9383; -93.2845 (Highlandville (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 06:03–06:16 11.88 mi (19.12 km) 150 yd (140 m) This tornado uprooted or snapped dozens of trees. [32]
EF0 Southeastern Springfield Greene MO 37.1486°N 93.2225°W / 37.1486; -93.2225 (Springfield (Oct. 21, EF0)) October 21 06:11–06:15 1.41 mi (2.27 km) 20 yd (18 m) Large tree limbs were snapped, a few street signs were bent, and an aluminum fence was damaged. A home suffered minor roof damage too. [33]
EF1 Southeast of Rogersville Christian, Webster MO 37.0573°N 93.0693°W / 37.0573; -93.0693 (Linden (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 06:18–06:28 6.29 mi (10.12 km) 250 yd (230 m) Along the path numerous trees were uprooted or broken along with numerous outbuildings damaged or destroyed. [34][35]
EF1 W of Gentryville Douglas MO 36.853°N 92.4388°W / 36.853; -92.4388 (Gentryville (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 07:06–07:21 16.32 mi (26.26 km) 450 yd (410 m) Hundreds or thousands of trees were snapped or destroyed. One outbuilding was destroyed and several others were damaged. [36]
EF1 NW of Sycamore to NE of Dora Ozark, Douglas MO 36.7464°N 92.3107°W / 36.7464; -92.3107 (Sycamore (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 07:13–07:25 12.94 mi (20.82 km) 450 yd (410 m) Numerous outbuildings and trees were heavily damaged. Two mobile homes were also damaged, including one that lost its roof and was pulled off its foundation. [37][38]
EF0 WSW of Willow Springs Howell MO 36.9715°N 92.0525°W / 36.9715; -92.0525 (Willow Springs (Oct. 21, EF0)) October 21 07:30–07:31 0.11 mi (0.18 km) 50 yd (46 m) Several trees were snapped or uprooted. [39]
EF1 WNW of Licking Texas MO 37.5017°N 91.8896°W / 37.5017; -91.8896 (Licking (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 07:46–07:50 1.11 mi (1.79 km) 450 yd (410 m) Dozens of trees were snapped or uprooted. Several homes and outbuildings sustained minor damage. A mobile home was overturned. [40]
EF1 SSW of Douglassville Cass TX 33.1039°N 94.4987°W / 33.1039; -94.4987 (Douglassville (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 08:08–08:21 9.09 mi (14.63 km) 150 yd (140 m) The roof was tore off a very small shed, and some tin roofing material from an unknown location was wrapped around some trees. Otherwise, the remainder of the damage was to trees. [41]
EF1 S of Taylor Lafayette, Columbia AR 33.0262°N 93.495°W / 33.0262; -93.495 (Taylor (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 09:21–09:28 5.34 mi (8.59 km) 300 yd (270 m) The roof and siding was partially removed from an outbuilding. The roofs of two homes were partially removed. A few trees were snapped. [42][43]
EF1 Tyronza Poinsett AR 35.4827°N 90.3644°W / 35.4827; -90.3644 (Tyronza (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 10:50–10:53 1.11 mi (1.79 km) 125 yd (114 m) Several outbuildings were destroyed, a convenience store and an elementary school were damaged, and numerous trees were toppled. Three people were injured. [44]
EF0 NW of Munford Tipton (TN), Mississippi (AR) TN, AR 35.5095°N 89.9776°W / 35.5095; -89.9776 (Munford (Oct. 21, EF0)) October 21 11:20–11:30 7.59 mi (12.21 km) 200 yd (180 m) Several outbuildings were destroyed, a convenience store and an elementary school were damaged, and numerous trees were toppled. Three people were injured. [45][46]
[47]
EF1 Memphis Shelby TN 35.0452°N 89.9839°W / 35.0452; -89.9839 (Memphis (Oct. 21, EF1)) October 21 11:34–11:43 7.42 mi (11.94 km) 250 yd (230 m) Significant roof damage was inflicted to an apartment complex. Numerous trees and business signs were downed. [48]
EF0 SW of Ripley Lauderdale TN 35.6811°N 89.6854°W / 35.6811; -89.6854 (Ripley (Oct. 21, EF0)) October 21 11:44–11:52 7.31 mi (11.76 km) 200 yd (180 m) Trees were snapped or uprooted. One home sustained minor roof damage. [49]
EF0 Geismar Ascension LA 30.2194°N 91.0336°W / 30.2194; -91.0336 (Geismar (Oct. 21, EF0)) October 21 18:00–18:01 0.06 mi (0.097 km) 15 yd (14 m) Roofing material was blown off a small warehouse building and tossed 50 yd (46 m). The flying debris also inflicted further damage to a larger warehouse building that also saw some its sheet metal ripped from its outside walls. One person was injured by flying debris. [50]
EF0 E of Cornelius Cabarrus NC 35.481°N 80.77°W / 35.481; -80.77 (Cornelius (Oct. 22, EF0)) October 22 16:57–16:59 0.26 mi (0.42 km) 50 yd (46 m) Multiple trees were snapped or uprooted. Some beehives were overturned. [51]
EF0 NE of Vanceboro Craven NC 35.3508°N 77.1258°W / 35.3508; -77.1258 (Vanceboro (Oct. 22, EF0)) October 22 23:43–23:44 0.04 mi (0.064 km) 40 yd (37 m) Several trees were snapped or uprooted. A home suffered very minor roof damage and porch furniture was blown around. [52]

Dallas-Richardson, Texas
Low-end EF3 damage to a house that was struck by the tornado. This was the only EF3 damage found along the path.

At 8:58 p.m. CDT on October 20, a tornado began in Dallas County, Texas, near the interaction of State Highway 348 and Luna Road, snapping large tree limbs. The tornado moved east-northeast across Interstate 35E reaching high-end EF2 strength. A strip mall was severely damaged, sustaining roof loss and collapse of multiple exterior walls. Several other retail businesses were also damaged in this area. Along Walnut Hill Lane, a multi-story apartment complex and a commercial building had their roofs ripped off, and also sustained loss of some exterior walls. Numerous homes, along with churches and gas station also sustained heavy damage in this area. Maintaining EF2 strength, the tornado moved across Marsh Lane and through areas east, heavily damaging Cary Middle School and Thomas Jefferson High School. The tornado produced a mixture of EF1 and EF2 damage as it moved through residential neighborhoods to the northeast of this area, downing numerous trees, and causing moderate to significant damage to many houses. Dozens of homes along this portion of the path had their roofs torn off, several of which sustained some failure of exterior walls. The most intense pocket of damage occurred along Northhaven Road, where one well-built brick home had its roof torn off, and sustained collapse of most exterior walls. Given the degree of damage, damage surveyors assigned low-end EF3 damage to that home, the only EF3 damage point assigned along the path of the tornado. The tornado then moved into southern Richardson, where several businesses, including a car dealership, a Home Depot, and office low-rise buildings, suffered EF2 damage. It crossed the Texas Instruments campus, now on a more northeasterly course, causing mainly EF1 damage. Walnut Hill Elementary School was also moderately damaged. At an apartment complex near Walnut Street and Greenville Avenue, dozens of units had sections of roof missing. The nearby Cutters Point apartment complex was also affected, with significant roof loss consistent with EF2 damage. A low-rise office building had numerous windows blown out. Many north of Richland College also suffered EF2 damage before the tornado began to weaken. Widespread tree and roof damage consistent with an EF1 tornado was observed across the Richland Park, Lakes of Buckingham, Richland Meadows, and College Park subdivisions. A few homes had their roofs blown off at high-end EF1 intensity. The weakening tornado then curved sharply to the north, continuing into the Huffhines Park area. Damage along this portion of the path consisted of minor damage to homes, along with numerous trees and tree limbs downed. Weakening further to EF0 strength, the tornado decreased in width and finally dissipated while crossing Jupiter Road. In total, the tornado was on the ground for 15.76 mi (25.36 km), reached a maximum width of 1,300 yd (1,200 m), and remained on the ground for 32 minutes.[53] Additionally, the tornado caused about $1.55 billion in damage, making it the costliest tornado event in Texas history.[9]

Around 8:00 a.m. the next morning, approximately 242,000 people were without power. Six schools in the Dallas ISD cancelled classes on October 21, including Thomas Jefferson High School.[54] Many roads into Dallas were closed due to fallen trees and power lines. The tornado passed near the home of former President George W. Bush, but no damage was done to the house.[55]

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See also

Notes
  1. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.

References
  1. Elizabeth Leitman (October 16, 2019). "Day 4-8 Severe Weather Outlook Issued on Oct 16, 2019". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  2. Brynn Kerr (October 18, 2019). "Oct 18, 2019 0730 UTC Day 3 Severe Thunderstorm Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  3. Brynn Kerr (October 19, 2019). "Oct 19, 2019 0600 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  4. Roger Edwards; Andy Dean (October 20, 2019). "Oct 20, 2019 1300 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
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  6. "Tornado Watch 676". Storm Prediction Center. October 20, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
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  8. Matt Mosier (October 20, 2019). "Mesoscale Discussion 2090". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  9. Texas Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas. 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
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  11. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana. 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
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  28. Arkansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
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