Tomrair

Tomrair (died 848) was a ninth-century Viking active in Ireland.[note 1] He is one of the first Vikings recorded by Irish sources. Tomrair is reported to have been killed at the Battle of Sciath Nechtain, a conflict in which twelve hundred Vikings were slain, battling the combined forces of Ólchobar mac Cináeda, King of Munster and Lorcán mac Cellaig, King of Leinster, in 848.

This article is about the ninth-century Viking. For tenth-century Viking, see Tomrair mac Ailchi.
Tomrair
Tomrair's name and titles as they appear on folio 318r of Dublin Royal Irish Academy C iii 3 (the Annals of the Four Masters).[1]

Surviving accounts of Tomrair's demise accord him the Gaelic title erell, making him the first earl noted by Irish sources. In fact, erell is the first Nordic loanword on record. Tomrair is also described as the tánaise ríg of Laithlind, which could mean that he was either an heir or deputy to the King of Laithlind. The accounts of Tomrair's final fall are the earliest annalistic references to the office of tánaise ríg. The precise identity of the King of Laithlind, or even location of Laithlind itself, is uncertain.

The context of Tomrair's fall is likewise uncertain. The year after his death, the King of Laithlind is reported to have sent a force of Vikings to contend with Vikings already settled in Ireland. In the years immediately after this, a group of Vikings called Dubgaill are noted to have battled another group called Finngaill. Afterwards in 853, a certain Amlaíb, described as the son of the King of Laithlind is stated to have won the submission of the Vikings in Ireland, and to have gained tribute from the Irish. It is uncertain if the Vikings of Laithlind are to identical to the Finngaill or Dubgaill. In the years that followed, three Vikings appear to have shared the kingship of Dublin: Amlaíb, Ímar, and Auisle. These men could well have been related to each other, and there is reason to suspect that Tomrair was yet another relation as well.

The year of Tomrair's death is remarkable in the fact that the Irish won several battles against the Vikings. Tomrair's eminent standing as a Viking tánaise ríg could indicate that it was his defeat and death that is referred to by a Frankish annal in 848. It is possible that a hoard of Carolingian coins, unearthed at Mullaghboden in the nineteenth century, may have been deposited in the context of Tomrair's defeat. These coins appear to have been looted from Aquitaine only a few years before by Vikings from Vestfold.

Tomrair may be associated with the "ring of Tomar", an object that was looted from Dublin in 994, along with the "sword of Carlus". These objects appear to have formed part of the royal insignia of Dublin, and may have been symbols of the Uí Ímair dynasty descended from Ímar. At about the same time that the ring appears on record, the Dubliners are described in Irish poetry as the "race of Tomar" and "Tomar's nobles". If these designations are not references to Þór, a Nordic deity, they may refer to Tomrair.

Attestations and death
Locations relating to Tomrair's life and times.

Tomrair died in 848.[10] His death is reported by the eleventh–fourteenth-century Annals of Inisfallen,[11] the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters,[12] the fifteenth–sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster,[13] and the twelfth-century Chronicon Scotorum.[14] These accounts reveal that Tomrair—accorded the title of earl, and described as tánaise ríg of Laithlind—fell with twelve hundred Vikings at the Battle of Sciath Nechtain,[15] a conflict evidently fought at Skenagun in the parish of Castledermot.[16] Tomrair's troops were pitted against the combined forces of two of the most powerful provincial kings of Ireland:[17] Ólchobar mac Cináeda, King of Munster (died 851) and Lorcán mac Cellaig, King of Leinster (fl. 848).[15][note 2]

The King of Laithlind may be identical to the King of the Foreigners attested by the Irish annals in the following year.[21] According to various annalistic accounts, the said king sent a fleet of one hundred and forty ships overseas to contend with Vikings already settled in Ireland.[22][note 3] In 851, a contingent of Dubgaill are stated to have arrived in Dublin, where they defeated the Finngaill before overcoming them again at Linn Duachaill.[24] The year after that, the Dubgaill are again reported to have crushed the Finngaill, this time at Carlingford Lough.[25][note 4] In 853, Amlaíb (fl. c.853–871), the son of the King of Laithlind, is reported to have arrived and Ireland, where the Vikings are stated to have submitted to him, and the Irish are reported to have rendered him tribute.[27][note 5] Although the annal-entries that report this event are the first specific notices of Amlaíb by name, he may well have commanded the Vikings of Laithlind in the earlier attested conflicts.[30]

Context

Familial relations and rank
The names of Amlaíb and Ímar, two of the three Viking co-kings of Dublin, as they appear on folio 25v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[31]

Thereafter, Dublin was evidently ruled by three kings: Amlaíb, Ímar (died 973), and Auisle (died 867).[32] There is reason to suspect that the three were brothers.[33] The eleventh-century Fragmentary Annals of Ireland certainly claims that the three were brothers,[34][note 6] and specifically identifies the father of Amlaíb and Ímar as a man named Gofraid.[37]

The fact that several of Ímar's apparent descendants—the Uí Ímair—repeatedly bore forms of the personal names Albdann, Amlaíb, Auisle, and Ímar, could further be evidence of shared kinship.[38] If Ímar is identical to Ingware (died 869/870?)—a like-named leader of the Viking Great Army in Anglo-Saxon England—other brothers may include Albdann (died 877), and an unidentified Viking commander slain against the West Saxons in 878.[39] The latter two are certainly described as Ingware's brothers by the ninth- to twelfth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[40][note 7]

The name of Auisle, one of the three co-kings of Dublin, as it appears on folio 25r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.[43] Tomrair could have been somehow related to these men.

Another brother could have been Tomrair himself.[44] In any case, Tomrair could have been a member of the royal family of Laithlind,[45] and specifically related to Amlaíb.[46] The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland assigns Ímar the following pedigree: "Iomhar mc. Gothfraidh mc. Raghnaill mc. Gothfraidh Conung mc. Gofraidh".[47] Although this pedigree may not be accurate, Gofraid, the alleged father of Amlaíb and Ímar, may well have been an historical figure.[48] This man could be identical to the like-named King of Laithlind whose death is recorded by the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland.[49] Although the identity of King of Laithlind is nevertheless uncertain,[50] it is clear that Tomrair was himself a very important man.[51] He is one of the earliest Vikings named by Irish sources.[52][note 8]

The earliest instance of the Gaelic title erell (later ı́arla) is the account of Tomrair's demise reported by the Annals of Ulster.[58] The term itself, meaning "earl", is derived from the Old Norse jarl,[59] and is the first Nordic loanword on record in Old Irish.[60] The Scandinavian title of jarl referred to a king's subordinate or deputy, a man who held some form of vice-regal authority over a particular region.[61][note 9]

The title of tánaise ríg as it appears on folio 23v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.[64]

The historical accounts of Tomrair are the earliest annalistic references to the office of tánaise ríg.[65][note 10] The precise meaning of this Gaelic title—forms of which are accorded to Tomrair by the Annals of the Four Masters, the Annals of Ulster,[67] the Chronicle of Ireland,[68] and Chronicon Scotorum—is uncertain.[67] One possibility is that it means "awaited one of a king",[69] "heir",[70] "heir designate",[71] "heir-designate",[72] "designated successor",[73] "heir apparent".[74] "heir-apparent of a king",[69] "king designate",[75] or "royal heir".[76] Another possibility is that it means "deputy",[77] "military second-in-command",[73] "representative",[70] "second in command to a king",[78] "second in rank or power",[73] "second of a king",[69] or "second to a king".[79]

Laithlind, and the identity of the Dubgaill and Finngaill
Tomrair's title as it appears on folio 14v of Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 503 (the Annals of Inisfallen).[80]

The record of Tomrair's demise is the first notice of the term Laithlind utilised by the Irish annals.[81] The location of the ninth-century Laithlind is uncertain. One possibility is that forms of the word refer to a Viking-controlled region of Scotland, the Northern Isles, the Western Isles, and the Isle of Man.[82] Another possibility is that the term refers to Norway, or else a region within Norway.[83] In later centuries, forms of the term Laithlind came to be replaced by forms of Lochlainn.[84] It is unknown if the two terms originally had different meanings or if they were merely conflated.[85][note 11] Whatever its true location, the fact that Tomrair is assigned the title tánaise ríg of Laithlind, coupled with the fact that Amlaíb is identified as the son of the King of Laithlind, seems to suggest that Laithlind was regarded as a well-defined kingdom as opposed to an obscure region.[88]

The annal-entries of 848–853 can be interpreted in a variety of ways. On one hand, the accounts may be evidence that the Vikings from Laithlind were the earliest Vikings in Ireland, and that these people reasserted themselves in Ireland after a temporary takeover by the Dubgaill.[89] If correct, Tomrair's demise in 848 may well have been seized upon by the Dubgaill early in the 850s, which in turn precipitated a retaliatory response from the King of Laithlind in the form of an 853 invasion to restore hegemony in Ireland.[45] On the other hand, the annal-entries could instead indicate that the Dubgaill and the Vikings from Laithlind are identical, and that this group of incomers overcame Vikings previously established in Ireland.[90] In either case, it is possible that the terms Dubgaill and Finngaill refer to the order of arrival. As such, the terminology attributed to one group of Vikings—the Dubgaill—may have been a way of distinguishing an incoming group of Vikings from an earlier-established group—the Finngaill.[91][note 12]

The title of the King of Laithlind as it appears on folio 24r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.[92]

The specific meanings behind the Gaelic terms Dubgaill and Finngaill are uncertain.[93] Literally, the former translates as "Dark Foreigners", whilst the latter translates as "Fair Foreigners".[94] Whilst it is possible that the ninth-century forms of these terms refer to separate ethnicities or cultural groups—such as Danes and Norwegians respectively[95]—the terms may instead refer to political power blocs specific to Britain and Ireland.[96] For example, there is reason to suspect that the term Dubgaill merely denotes Vikings under the leadership of the associates and descendants of Ímar, whilst the term Finngaill refers to an older order of Vikings active in Ireland before the Dubgaill.[97] Although it is possible that Amlaíb and Ímar were related, an alternate possibility is that the men merely came to an accommodation with each other as opposing representatives of the Dubgaill and Finngaill. As such, it is conceivable that Ímar represented the Dubgaill, whilst Amlaíb represented the Finngaill. If correct, Amlaíb's dramatic arrival in Ireland, following the temporary intrusion by the Dubgaill, would seem to have resulted in a period of reconciliation between both parties.[98]

If the accounts of Tomrair, Amlaíb, and the Vikings of Laithlind refer to royal Norwegian intervention in Ireland, it is conceivable that had Tomrair held authority in Dublin, and that the King of Laithlind moved to regain control of the region after his demise. The subsequent actions of the Vikings of Laithlind may have been undertaken in the specific context of recovering control of an important node in their trade network. As such, there is reason to suspect that Viking trading centres such as Dublin were founded by powers in Scandinavia, as opposed to enterprising independent Vikings oversea.[99] The conflict between the Finngaill and Dubgaill could be evidence of competition to control such trade nodes in the region.[100] Such conflict between competing Danish and Norwegian interests in the Irish Sea region could also represent an early phase in the eventual consolidation of royal power in Norway.[101]

The "ring of Tomar"
The obverse of an Anglo-Scandinavian coin bearing the image of a sword.[102]

In time, the Uí Ímair possessed royal power in the Irish Sea region for centuries.[103] There is reason to suspect that this dynasty reinforced its right to rule by way of royal insignia specifically recorded by the Irish annals.[104] For example, when Dublin was invaded by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, King of Mide (died 1022) in 994, the seventeenth-century Annals of Clonmacnoise,[105] the Annals of the Four Masters,[106] the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach,[107] and Chronicon Scotorum, report that the Irish seized from the Dubliners the "sword of Carlus" and the "ring of Tomar".[108] In 1029, when Mathgamain ua Riacáin is reported to have taken hostage Amlaíb, son of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin, Mathgamain exacted a remarkable ransom that included the "sword of Carlus".[109] The sword is last noted in 1058, when it was reported in the possession of Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó (died 1072), a man otherwise known to have brought both Dublin and the Isle of Man under his authority by 1060.[110]

The various accounts of the sword and ring reveal that the objects were powerful ceremonial symbols, and important parts of Dublin's royal regalia.[111] Swords and hammers are depicted upon some Anglo-Scandinavian coins.[112] One possibility is that these symbols are identical to the "ring of Tomar"[113] and "sword of Carlus",[114] and are thus symbols of the Uí Ímair.[113] The identities of Carlus and Tomar are nevertheless uncertain.[115] The Gaelic Tomar may be a form of the Old Norse Þór, the name of a divine figure in Nordic mythology.[116] The former is also a variant of the personal name Tomrair,[117] which is in turn a Gaelicised form of the Old Norse personal name Þórir,[118] a name itself derived from Þór.[119]

The reverse of an Anglo-Scandinavian coin bearing the image of a hammer.[102]

On one hand, the Tomar of the ring may be the god Þór.[120] It is possible that the eponym of the ring is identical to that of Caill Tomair ("The Wood of Tomar"),[121] a forest seemingly situated north of Dublin,[122] attested in the late tenth century by the Annals of Inisfallen,[123] the Annals of Tigernach,[124] the twelfth-century Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib,[125] and Chronicon Scotorum.[126] The wood has been specifically associated with Þór,[127] and regarded to have been a place of pagan significance in Viking Age Ireland.[128] If the ring was indeed a reference to a heathen cult object, the fact that only the sword is attested in the tenth century could indicate that an association between the dynasty and a pagan item was undesirable.[129]

If the ring does not specifically refer to a pagan god, it could well refer to Tomrair himself.[130][note 13] Although Irish sources reveal that at least three later Vikings bore the same name,[136] Tomrair was clearly the most eminent of these individuals.[76] Certain notices by the Annals of the Four Masters and the twelfth-century Lebor na Cert—specifically fragments of poetry coeval with the records of the sword and ring—respectively describe the Dubliners as the "race of Tomar" and "Tomar's nobles".[137] If these specific instances do not refer to the pagan deity,[138] it is possible that they refer to Tomrair himself, and reveal that his memory was held in high esteem by the ruling dynasty of Dublin.[139]

The eponym behind the "sword of Carlus" is likewise uncertain. One possibility is that the name refers to the Frankish emperor Charlemagne.[140][note 14] Another possibility is that Carlus is identical to Carlus mac Cuinn meic Donnchada (died 960). Not only does this man appear to have been the grandson of a High King of Ireland, but he was also slain in Dublin.[142] However, there may be a more likely candidate. Ímar's associate, Amlaíb, is known to have had two sons:[143] one was Carlus, a man slain in 868;[144] another was Oistin, a man slain by the Dubgaill commander Albdann, in 875.[145] The latter Carlus could well be the eponym behind the "sword of Carlus".[146] As such, Tomrair's certain connection with this man's father could be evidence that Tomrair is indeed the eponym behind the "ring of Tomar".[139]

Epilogue
Viking attacks on Irish churches attested by the Annals of Ulster
Decade Raids
820s8
830s25
840s10
850s2
860s2
870s1
880s1
890s1
900s0
Recorded reduction in the scale of Viking raids upon the Irish in the 840s.[147]

Irish sources report that the Vikings suffered several remarkable defeats to the Irish in 848.[148] For example, the record of a victory by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid, with seven hundred Viking dead;[149] the notice of Tomrair's defeat against Ólchobar and Lorcán, with twelve hundred Viking dead;[150] the record of a victory by Tigernach mac Fócartai, with another twelve hundred (or twelve score) Vikings slain;[151] and the record of Vikings defeated by the Eóganacht Chaisil, with five hundred Vikings killed.[152]

News of Irish successes are known to have reached the Frankish court in the following year,[153] as the ninth-century Annales Bertiniani states that the Irish won a great victory against the Vikings, driving them out of their lands, and that the Irish sent an envoy to Charles II, King of the Franks (died 877), in an effort to negotiate an alliance and treaty with the Franks.[154] Although any of the Irish victories of 848 could have inspired a Frankish chronicler to make note of the island,[155] it could well have been Tomrair's eminent status—and his ultimate destruction—that was the true catalyst for this overseas annal-entry.[45] In any case, there is a drastic decline in reported Viking attacks in Ireland after the 840s,[147] and it is evident that the era of ninth-century massed Viking incursions was over for the Irish. By the 860s and 870s, however, the Vikings had turned their attention towards Anglo-Saxon England.[156]

In 1871, a Viking Age hoard of at least eleven Carolingian coins was uncovered at Mullaghboden, near Ballymore Eustace.[157] The hoard appears to have been originally deposited as early as about 847.[158] This could mean that it was hidden by Vikings fleeing the Battle of Sciath Nechtain in 848.[159] The hoard itself appears to have been composed of coins looted from Aquitaine only a few years previous,[160] a haul possibly pillaged by the Viking fleet of Westfaldingi contemporaneously attested by the ninth–eleventh-century Annales Engolismenses.[161] This force was evidently composed of men from Vestfold,[162] a region of eastern Norway evidently under Danish overlordship during the ninth century.[163]

Notes
  1. Since the 2000s, academics have accorded Lagmann various personal names in English secondary sources: Thórer,[2] Thorir,[3] Thórir,[4] Tomar,[5] Tomrair erell,[6] Tomrair Erell,[2] Tomrair,[7] Tomrar,[8] and Þórir.[9]
  2. Tomrair's fall against the Irish is also noted by the hypothesised Chronicle of Ireland,[18] the twelfth-century pseudo-historical Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil,[19] and the twelfth-century Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib.[20]
  3. This intervention of the King of Laithlind is also noted by the Chronicle of Ireland.[23]
  4. This conflict is also noted by the eleventh-century Fragmentary Annals of Ireland.[26]
  5. This event is also reported by the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland,[28] and Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib.[29]
  6. Although no other source specifically identifies these three as brothers, the Annals of Ulster reports that Auisle was killed parricidio a fratribus ("by kinsmen in parricide"),[35] whilst the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland casts specific blame upon Amlaíb and Ímar.[34] Nevertheless, this corroboration could stem from the fact that the composer of the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland invented the detailed account of Auisle's demise, and based it upon the accounts of earlier annals.[36]
  7. According to the twelfth-century Estoire des Engleis, this unnamed brother was Ubba.[41] Nevertheless, this identification may have been an assumption by the compiler of Estoire des Engleis, as earlier sources associate Ubba and Ingware together—in accounts of the killing of Edmund, King of East Anglia (died 869)—without identifying the two as brothers.[42]
  8. The first Vikings attested by the Annals of Ulster are Saxolb (died 837),[53] Tuirgéis (died 845),[54] Agonn (died 847),[55] and Tomrair himself.[56] The annal-entries that note these men all concern the record of their violent deaths in the 830s and 840s. The first living Viking named by the Annals of Ulster is Stain (fl. 852) in the 850s.[57]
  9. The English earl is derived from the Old English eorl. In regard to the title of earl, eorl is a semantic loan from the Old Norse jarl.[62] The native Old English eorl, meaning "brave man", "warrior", "leader", "chief", was otherwise confined to poetic use.[63]
  10. The next record of the position occurs in 1138, when the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach reports that Mathgamain Ua Conchobair, King of Ciarraige (died 1138) was tánaise ríg of the Munster.[66]
  11. By the eleventh century, forms of Lochlainn certainly referred to Norway.[86] In the annal-entries outlining the events of 848 and 853, the Annals of the Four Masters and the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland employ forms of Lochlainn instead of the forms Laithlind used by the other sources.[87]
  12. The fact that forms of Laithlind first appear on record in an annal-entry for 848, whilst Vikings are reported in the Irish Sea region since the late 700s, could indicate that the term refers to the newly arrived Vikings as opposed to those already active in the region.[88]
  13. If the ring had pagan connotations, one possibility is that it was an emblem utilised by the goðar,[131] a class of important secular figures and religious leaders in Scandinavian heathen society.[132] If Tomrair was indeed associated with the ring, one possibility is that he was a goði.[130] During the earliest decades of Scandinavian settlement of Iceland, from about 930 to 1030, there appear to have been roughly twice as many goðar who bore personal names beginning with the elements Þor and Þór than those who did not.[133] During the Viking Age, about a quarter of the Icelandic population attested by Landnámabók bore names beginning with these elements.[134] Two particular goðar, a certain Þorgrímr attested by the fourteenth-century Kjalnesinga saga (described as a "great sacrificer"), and a certain Þórólfr attested by the thirteenth-century Eyrbyggja saga, are said to have been devotees of Þór, and to have possessed oath-rings.[135]
  14. Some Anglo-Scandinavian coins bear Carolingian monograms.[141]

Citations
  1. Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 846.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 846.8; Royal Irish Academy MS C iii 3 (n.d.).
  2. Ó Cróinín (2013).
  3. Holm (1986).
  4. Ó Corráin (1998b); Ó Corráin (1998a).
  5. Riisoy (2015); Valante (2013).
  6. McGowan (2003–2004).
  7. Jorgensen (2017); Whyte (2017); Etchingham (2014); Walker (2013); Heather (2009); Downham (2007); Woolf (2007); Ó Corráin (2001a); Ó Corráin (2001b); Ó Corráin (1998b); Ó Corráin (1998a); Kelly; Maas (1999); Ó Murchadha (1992–1993).
  8. Downham (2011).
  9. Downham (2007); Barrett (2003); Ó Corráin (2001b).
  10. Jorgensen (2017) p. 43; Kulovesi (2017) p. 10; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 26; Heather (2009) ch. 9 ¶ 12; Downham (2007) pp. 8, 12–13, 274; Barrett (2003) p. 76; Ó Corráin (2001a) pp. 87, 89; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 18 tab.; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 320; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 68; Ó Corráin (1974) p. 30.
  11. Kulovesi (2017) p. 10, 10 n. 36; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 848.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 848.2; Downham (2007) p. 274; McGowan (2003–2004) p. 377 n. 119; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Ní Mhaonaigh (1996) p. 116; Ó Corráin (1974) pp. 6 n. 32, 30; Byrne, FJ (1965) p. 157.
  12. Valante (2013) p. 103; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 846.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 846.8; Downham (2007) pp. 8, 12–13, 274; Etchingham (2007) p. 14; McGowan (2003–2004) pp. 376–377, 377 n. 118; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14.
  13. Jorgensen (2017) p. 43, 43 n. 129; Kulovesi (2017) p. 11 n. 37; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.5; Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 241; Valante (2013) p. 103; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 25; Downham (2011) p. 190; Dumville (2008) p. 356; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 429; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.5; Downham (2007) pp. 12–13, 274; Etchingham (2007) pp. 12–14; Woolf (2007) pp. 73 n. 12, 304; Warntjes (2004) pp. 390–391; McGowan (2003–2004) pp. 376–377; Barrett (2003) p. 76; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 7; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 300; Wamers (1998) p. 66; Ní Mhaonaigh (1996) p. 115; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 68; Nelson (1991) p. 66 n. 6; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 76; Ó Corráin (1974) pp. 6 n. 32, 30; Byrne, FJ (1965) p. 157; Anderson (1922) p. 278.
  14. Valante (2013) p. 103; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 848; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 848; Downham (2007) pp. 12–13, 274; McGowan (2003–2004) pp. 376–377, 377 n. 118; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Anderson (1922) p. 278, 278 nn. 5–6.
  15. Jorgensen (2017) p. 43; Whyte (2017) p. 97; Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Ó Cróinín (2013) chs. 3 ¶ 22, 9 ¶ 45; Downham (2011) p. 190; Downham (2007) pp. 12–13, 274; McGowan (2003–2004) pp. 376–377; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 89; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Ó Corráin (1998a) §§ 7, 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 300, 320.
  16. Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14.
  17. Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Ó Corráin (1998a) §§ 7, 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 320.
  18. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Heather (2009) ch. 9 n. 6; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 § 848.6, vol. 2 p. 11.
  19. McGowan (2003–2004) p. 377, 377 n. 120; Ó Corráin (1974) pp. 6, 6 n. 32, 29–30, 60; Bugge (1905) pp. 1 § 2, 22–23 § 43, 57 § 2, 80–81 § 43.
  20. Ní Mhaonaigh (1996) p. 115; Ó Corráin (1974) pp. 6 n. 32, 30, 60; Anderson (1922) p. 283 n. 3; Todd (1867) pp. 20–21 § 21.
  21. Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Downham (2007) pp. 12–13; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 320.
  22. Jorgensen (2017) p. 44, 44 n. 131; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 849.6; Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 241; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 849; Downham (2011) p. 191; Gigov (2011) p. 21; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 849; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 847.17; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 847.17; Byrne, FJ (2008) p. 616; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 429; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 849.6; Downham (2007) pp. 12–13, 274; Etchingham (2007) p. 13; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Valante (1998–1999) p. 244; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 8; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 301; Kelly; Maas (1999) pp. 127, 151 n. 17; Brooks (1979) p. 5; Anderson (1922) p. 279, 279 n. 3.
  23. Heather (2009) ch. 9 n. 12; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 306 § 849.9.
  24. Jorgensen (2017) p. 44, 44 n. 132; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 851.3; Lewis (2016) p. 10; Etchingham (2014) pp. 28, 34; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 242; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 851; Downham (2011) p. 191; Gigov (2011) p. 22; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 851; Downham (2010); Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) §§ 849.9, 849.10; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) §§ 849.9, 849.10; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 851.3; Downham (2007) p. 13, 274; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 320; Kelly; Maas (1999) pp. 127, 151 n. 18; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) pp. 64, 67; Anderson (1922) pp. 280–281.
  25. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 852.3; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 242; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 852; Downham (2011) p. 191; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 852; Downham (2010); Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 850.16; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 850.16; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 852.3; Downham (2007) p. 13, 274; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 321; Kelly; Maas (1999) pp. 127, 151 n. 19; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 64; Anderson (1922) p. 281, 281 n. 3.
  26. Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 235; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 235; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 321; Kelly; Maas (1999) pp. 127, 151 n. 20.
  27. Jorgensen (2017) p. 46, 46 n. 136; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 853.2; Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 242; Valante (2013) p. 103; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶¶ 26–27; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 853; Downham (2011) p. 191; Gigov (2011) p. 22; McLeod (2011) p. 123, 123 n. 28; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 853; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 851.15; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 851.15; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 429; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 853.2; Downham (2007) p. 13, 274; Etchingham (2007) pp. 13–14; Woolf (2007) p. 107; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Valante (1998–1999) p. 244; Ó Corráin (1998a) §§ 9, 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 301, 321; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Kelly; Maas (1999) pp. 127, 152 n. 21; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) pp. 56, 68; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 296; McTurk, RW (1976) pp. 76–77; Anderson (1922) p. 281, 281 n. 6.
  28. Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) §§ 239, 259; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) §§ 239, 259; Etchingham (2007) p. 14; Valante (1998–1999) p. 244; Ó Corráin (1998a) §§ 10, 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 301–302; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 152 n. 21.
  29. Ó Corráin (1998a) § 9 n. 19; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 301 n. 20, 321; Anderson (1922) p. 283 n. 3; Todd (1867) pp. 22–23 § 23.
  30. Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 26.
  31. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 870.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 870.6; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  32. Jorgensen (2017) p. 47; The Annals of Ulster (2017) §§ 857.1, 859.2, 863.4, 864.2, 866.1, 867.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) §§ 857.1, 859.2, 863.4, 864.2, 866.1, 867.6; Downham (2007) p. 16; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 90; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 26; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 321; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 126; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 313.
  33. Downham (2007) pp. 16, 28 fig. 5; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 90; Ó Corráin (2001b) pp. 18 tab., 20; Ó Corráin (1998a) §§ 26, 34, 37; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 321, 325, 330, 338 tab. 1; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 313.
  34. Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 347; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 347; Downham (2007) pp. 16, 239, 246, 258.
  35. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 867.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 867.6; Downham (2007) pp. 16, 246.
  36. Downham (2007) p. 16 n. 35.
  37. Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) §§ 400–401; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) §§ 400–401; Downham (2007) p. 16, 257; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 3; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 298–299; Ó Corráin (1979) pp. 298–299.
  38. Downham (2007) pp. 16, 87.
  39. Downham (2007) p. 16.
  40. Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 233 § 878; McLeod (2011) pp. 123, 123 n. 24, 125; Short (2009) p. 394 n. 3145–52; Downham (2007) p. 16; McTurk, R (2007) p. 60; Irvine (2004) p. 50 § 878; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. 54 n. 99; Smyth (2002) p. 226 nn. 157–159; O'Keeffe (2001) pp. 61–62 § 879; Swanton (1998) pp. 74–77 § 878; Whitelock (1996) pp. 30, 200 § 878; Brooks (1979) p. 4; Ó Corráin (1979) pp. 315–316, 322; McTurk, RW (1976) pp. 119, 123; Whitelock (1969) pp. 223, 227; Stenton (1963) p. 244 n. 2; Conybeare (1914) p. 143 § 878; Giles (1914) p. 54 § 878; Gomme (1909) p. 63 § 878; Giles (1903) p. 356 § 878; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 74–77 § 878; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 146–147 § 878/879; Thorpe (1861b) p. 64; § 878; Stevenson, J (1853) pp. 46–47 § 878.
  41. McLeod (2011) p. 146; Short (2009) pp. 172 §§ 3144–3156, 173 §§ 3144–3156, 394 n. 3145–52; Downham (2007) p. 68 n. 25; McTurk, R (2007) p. 60; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 11; Swanton (1998) p. 75 n. 12; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 14; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 119 n. 192; Whitelock (1969) p. 227; Conybeare (1914) p. 209 § 3141; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 265 n. 1; Hardy; Martin (1889) p. 101 §§ 3146–3158; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 767; Wright (1850) p. 108 §§ 3146–3158.
  42. McLeod (2011) p. 146; Downham (2007) p. 68 n. 25; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 11; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316.
  43. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 866.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 866.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  44. Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 18 tab.; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 338 tab. 1.
  45. Etchingham (2014) p. 34.
  46. Riisoy (2015) p. 144; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 26; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 18 tab.; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 338 tab. 1.
  47. Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 401; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 401; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 3; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 298–299.
  48. Ó Corráin (1998a) § 3; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 298–299.
  49. Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 409; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 409; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 333–334.
  50. Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20.
  51. Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Downham (2007) p. 8; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 7; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 300.
  52. Kulovesi (2017) p. 10; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12.
  53. Kulovesi (2017) p. 10, 10 n. 35; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 837.9; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 837.9; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12.
  54. Kulovesi (2017) p. 10, 10 n. 36; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 845.8; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 845.8; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12.
  55. Kulovesi (2017) p. 10, 10 n. 36; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 847.4; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 847.4; Anderson (1922) p. 278, 278 n. 1.
  56. Kulovesi (2017) p. 10; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.5; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12.
  57. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 852.3; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 852.3; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12.
  58. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.5; Downham (2011) p. 190; Byrne, FJ (2008) p. 630; Dumville (2008) p. 358; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.5; Woolf (2007) pp. 194, 304.
  59. Jorgensen (2017) p. 43; Byrne, P (2011); Byrne, FJ (2008) p. 630; Dumville (2008) p. 358; Woolf (2007) p. 304; Fellows-Jensen (2001) p. 113; Larsen (2001) p. 145; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 78; eDIL s.v. erell (n.d.).
  60. Fellows-Jensen (2001) p. 113; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 78.
  61. Woolf (2007) p. 304.
  62. Lutz (2012) pp. 23–24 § 2.2.2.
  63. Lutz (2012) p. 23 n. 23.
  64. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.5; Anderson (1922) p. 278; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  65. Ó Cróinín (2013) ch. 3 ¶ 22; Warntjes (2004) pp. 390–391; Jaski (1995) p. 316 n. 21.
  66. The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1138.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1138.2; Jaski (1995) p. 316 n. 21.
  67. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.5; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 848; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 848; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 846.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 846.8; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.5; McGowan (2003–2004) pp. 376–377, 377 nn. 118–119.
  68. Heather (2009) ch. 9 n. 6; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 § 848.6, vol. 2 p. 11.
  69. Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 2 p. 11.
  70. Jaski (1995) p. 316 n. 21.
  71. McGowan (2003–2004) p. 376.
  72. Warntjes (2004) p. 390 n. 58; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 339; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 89; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 7; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 300.
  73. McGowan (2003–2004) p. 377.
  74. Jorgensen (2017) p. 44; Ó Cróinín (2013) ch. 3 ¶ 17; Heather (2009) ch. n. 6; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 68.
  75. Anderson (1922) p. 278 n. 5.
  76. Valante (2013) p. 103.
  77. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Etchingham (2007) pp. 12–13; Woolf (2007) p. 304; McGowan (2003–2004) p. 377.
  78. Heather (2009) ch. 9 n. 6; Warntjes (2004) p. 390 n. 63.
  79. Warntjes (2004) p. 390 n. 63.
  80. Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 848.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 848.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503 (n.d.) § 848.2.
  81. Downham (2011) p. 190; Downham (2007) p. 13.
  82. Whyte (2017) p. 65; Downham (2011) p. 190; McLeod (2011) p. 126 n. 52; Downham (2007) p. 15; Etchingham (2007) pp. 12, 15–16; Woolf (2007) pp. 71 n. 6, 286; Barrett (2003) p. 76; Ní Mhaonaigh (2001) p. 104; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 87; Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 20; Abrams (1998) p. 8 n. 49; Ó Corráin (1998a); Ó Corráin (1998b).
  83. Riisoy (2015) p. 144; Valante (2013) p. 103; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 25; Downham (2011) p. 190; McLeod (2011) p. 126 n. 52; Etchingham (2007) pp. 12, 15; Woolf (2007) p. 71 n. 6; Barrett (2003) p. 76 n. 5; Wamers (1998) p. 66; Holm (1986) p. 319; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 296.
  84. Dumville (2008) p. 356; Downham (2007) p. 15.
  85. Downham (2011) p. 190; Dumville (2008) p. 356; Downham (2007) p. 15; Etchingham (2007) pp. 12, 14.
  86. Dumville (2008) p. 356; Downham (2007) p. 15; Etchingham (2007) pp. 17–19; Barrett (2003) p. 76 n. 5; Abrams (1998) p. 8 n. 49; Ó Corráin (1998a) §§ 23–24; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 77.
  87. Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) §§ 239, 259; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) §§ 846.8, 851.15; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) §§ 846.8, 851.15; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) §§ 239, 259; Etchingham (2007) p. 14.
  88. Downham (2011) p. 190.
  89. Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶¶ 26–28; Downham (2011) p. 191; Woolf (2007) pp. 107–108.
  90. Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Downham (2011) p. 191; Downham (2007) pp. 14–15.
  91. McGuigan (2015) p. 29 n. 39; Downham (2007) pp. xvi–xvii, 14–15.
  92. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 853.2; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 853.2; Anderson (1922) p. 281, 281 n. 6; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  93. Downham (2011) p. 185.
  94. Downham (2012) p. 4; Downham (2011) p. 187; Downham (2007) pp. xvi, 14; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 67.
  95. Jorgensen (2017) p. 45; Etchingham (2014) pp. 37–38; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 27; Downham (2012) p. 4; Downham (2011); Gigov (2011) p. 21; McLeod (2011) p. 126, 126 n. 51; Downham (2007) p. xvi.
  96. Woolf (2007) p. 107 n. 36.
  97. Downham (2012) p. 4; Downham (2011); Downham (2007) pp. xvi–xvii, 14.
  98. Jorgensen (2017) p. 47; Gigov (2011) pp. 22–23; McLeod (2011) p. 126 n. 50; Woolf (2007) pp. 107–108.
  99. Jorgensen (2017) p. 44.
  100. Jorgensen (2017) pp. 44–45.
  101. Wamers (1998) pp. 71–72.
  102. Grueber (1899) p. 21 § 121, pl. 4; Keary; Poole (1887) p. 240 fig. 3 § 1122, pl. 30 fig. 3.
  103. Downham (2007).
  104. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Gooch (2012) p. 82; Gazzoli (2010) p. 41; Downham (2007) pp. 7, 119–120.
  105. Downham (2012); Downham (2007) p. 57; Murphy (1896) 163 § 988.
  106. Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 994.9; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 994.9; Valante (2013) p. 88; Downham (2012); Gazzoli (2010) p. 41; Downham (2007) pp. 7, 57; Valante (1998–1999) p. 248; Abrams (1998) pp. 21–22, 22 n. 144; Anderson (1922) p. 278 n. 5.
  107. Clarke (2016) p. 226; Valante (2013) p. 88; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 995.5; Sheldon (2011) p. 164, 164 n. 53; Downham (2007) pp. 57, 131 n. 151; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 995.5; Holm (2000) p. 259; Valante (1998–1999) p. 248; Abrams (1998) pp. 21–22, 22 n. 144; Anderson (1922) p. 278 n. 5.
  108. Clarke (2016) p. 226; Valante (2013) p. 88; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 994; Downham (2012); Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 994; Downham (2007) p. 57; Valante (1998–1999) p. 248; Abrams (1998) pp. 21–22, 22 n. 144; Anderson (1922) p. 278 n. 5.
  109. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1029.6; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1029.1; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1029.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1029.6; Valante (2013) p. 88; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1029; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1029; Gazzoli (2010) p. 41; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1029.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1029.6; Downham (2007) p. 7; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1029.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1029.1; Downham (2003–2004) p. 242; Holm (2000) p. 258; Abrams (1998) pp. 21–22, 22 n. 144; Curtis (1988) p. 96 n. 3.
  110. Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1058.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1058.6; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1058; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1058; Holm (2000) p. 259; Abrams (1998) pp. 21–22, 22 n. 144.
  111. Downham (2018) p. 111; Naismith (2017) pp. 300–301; Whyte (2017) p. 97; Downham (2016) p. 376; Valante (2013) pp. 89–90; Downham (2012); Gooch (2012) p. 82; Downham (2007) p. 7; Downham (2003–2004) p. 242; Holm (2000) pp. 259–260; Abrams (1998) pp. 21–22.
  112. Naismith (2017) p. 297; Gooch (2012) pp. 78, 82–84, 86–87, 89, 98; McLeod (2011) p. 241 n. 163; Blackburn (2006); Stewart (1991); Blunt; Stewart (1983).
  113. Gazzoli (2010) p. 41.
  114. Gooch (2012) p. 82; Gazzoli (2010) p. 41; Stewart (1991) p. 177; Blunt; Stewart (1983) p. 152 n. 8.
  115. Valante (2013).
  116. Downham (2012).
  117. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Downham (2012); Anderson (1922) p. 278.
  118. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Downham (2012); Byrne, FJ (2008) p. 612; Downham (2007) p. 274; Thornton (1996) p. 162; Byrne, FJ (1965) p. 157.
  119. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Downham (2012).
  120. Clarke (2016) p. 226; Riisoy (2015) p. 144; Valante (2013) pp. 89–90; Sheldon (2011) pp. 164–166; Downham (2007) pp. 7–8; Hudson (2005) pp. 87, 223 n. 22; Lydon (2005) p. 32.
  121. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Gazzoli (2010) p. 41; Downham (2007) p. 8.
  122. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Holm (2015); Downham (2014) p. 19 n. 115; Gazzoli (2010) p. 41; Hudson (2005) p. 87.
  123. Sheldon (2011) pp. 166–167; Beougher (2007) p. 126; Holm (2015); Downham (2014) p. 19 n. 115; Downham (2012); Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1000.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1000.2; Downham (2007) p. 8; Byrne, FJ (1965) p. 157.
  124. The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 975.4; Downham (2014) p. 19 n. 115; Downham (2007) p. 8; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 975.4.
  125. Downham (2014) p. 19 n. 115; Sheldon (2011) pp. 166–167; Downham (2007) p. 8; Todd (1867) pp. 198–199 § 113.
  126. Downham (2014) p. 19 n. 115; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 975; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 975; Downham (2007) p. 8.
  127. Holm (2015); Downham (2012); Byrne, FJ (1965) p. 157.
  128. Holm (2015); Hudson (2005) p. 87; Holm (2000) pp. 257, 260; Curtis (1988) p. 88.
  129. Downham (2012); Holm (2000) pp. 259–260; Abrams (1998) pp. 21–22.
  130. Riisoy (2015) p. 144.
  131. Holm (2000) p. 259.
  132. Riisoy (2015) p. 144; Holm (2000) p. 259; Byock (1993).
  133. Riisoy (2015) p. 144; Sigurðsson (2011) p. 90.
  134. Sigurðsson (2011) p. 90.
  135. Sundqvist (2016) pp. 330, 387–388; Riisoy (2015) p. 144; Ásmundarson (1902) pp. 2–6 ch. 2; Gering (1897) pp. 6–13 chs. 3–4; Morris; Magnússon (1892) pp. 6–9 chs. 3–4.
  136. Whyte (2017) p. 97; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 923.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 923.8; Valante (2013) p. 103; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) §§ 866.1, 922.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) §§ 866.1, 922.2; Downham (2007) p. 8.
  137. Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 942.12; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 942.12; Valante (2013) pp. 89, 104; Downham (2012); Lebor na Cert (2008a) p. 15 § 18; Lebor na Cert (2008b) p. 10 § 18; Hudson (2005) pp. 87, 223 n. 22.
  138. Hudson (2005) pp. 87, 223 n. 22.
  139. Valante (2013) p. 104.
  140. Duffy (2013) ch. 5; Curtis (1988) pp. 88, 96 n. 3.
  141. Naismith (2017) p. 297; Gooch (2012) pp. 69–71, 75; Blunt; Stewart (1983) p. 154.
  142. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 960.2; Duffy (2013) ch. 5; Valante (2013) pp. 102–103; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 960.2; Hudson (2005) p. 86; Jaski (1997) p. 132 § 960.2; MacNeil (1913) pp. 46–47 tab., 85 § 43, 91 § 43, 91 n. 43.
  143. Valante (2013) p. 104; Downham (2007) p. 240.
  144. Valante (2013) p. 104; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 866.9; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 866.9; Downham (2007) pp. 240, 249; Curtis (1988) p. 96 n. 3.
  145. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 875.4; Valante (2013) p. 104; Gigov (2011) pp. 23, 25, 27 n. 44; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 875.4; Downham (2007) pp. 238, 240, 265.
  146. Riisoy (2015) p. 144; Duffy (2013) ch. 5; Curtis (1988) p. 96 n. 3.
  147. Sawyer (1982) p. 84.
  148. Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 25; Heather (2009) ch. 9 ¶ 12; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 n. 1; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Kelly; Maas (1999) pp. 126, 150–151 n. 14; Ó Corráin (1998) p. 33; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Nelson (1991) p. 66 n. 6; Sawyer (1982) p. 84.
  149. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.4; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 848; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 848; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 846.7; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 846.7; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.4; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 § 848.5, vol. 1 p. 305 n. 1; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 150 n. 14; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Murphy (1896) p. 140 § 847; Nelson (1991) p. 66 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 278.
  150. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.5; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 25; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 848; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 848.2; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 848; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 848.2; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 846.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 846.8; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.5; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 § 848.6, vol. 1 p. 305 n. 1; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Nelson (1991) p. 66 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 278, 278 nn. 5–6.
  151. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.6; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 848; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 848; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 846.9; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 846.9; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.6; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 § 848.7, vol. 1 p. 305 nn. 1, 3; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Kelly; Maas (1999) pp. 150–151 n. 14; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Nelson (1991) p. 66 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 278.
  152. The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.7; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 848; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 848; Annals of the Four Masters (2008a) § 846.10; Annals of the Four Masters (2008b) § 846.10; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.7; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 § 848.8, vol. 1 p. 305 n. 1; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Jaski (1995) p. 316; Nelson (1991) p. 66 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 278.
  153. Heather (2009) ch. 9 ¶ 12; Byrne, FJ (2008) pp. 614–615; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Lydon (2005) p. 24; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 89; Ó Corráin (1998) p. 33; Sawyer (1982) p. 84.
  154. Etchingham (2014) p. 34; Byrne, FJ (2008) pp. 614–615; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 n. 1; Lydon (2005) p. 24; Byrne, FJ (2001) p. 262; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 89; Ó Corráin (1998) p. 33; Nelson (1991) p. 66 § 848; Sawyer (1982) p. 84; Anderson (1922) p. 279; Waitz (1883) p. 36 § 848; Pertz (1826) p. 443 § 481.
  155. Byrne, FJ (2008) pp. 614–615; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 305 n. 1.
  156. Ó Corráin (1998) p. 33.
  157. Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Dolley, M (1967) p. 32; Dolley; Morrison (1963) p. 78 § 4; Proceedings (1872) pp. 13–16.
  158. Sheehan (2008) p. 289; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14; Graham-Campbell (1976) pp. 48, 63; Dolley, M (1967) p. 32; Dolley; Morrison (1963) p. 78 § 4; Proceedings (1872) pp. 13–16.
  159. Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 151 n. 14.
  160. Coupland (2011) pp. 125–126; Sheehan (2008) p. 289; Coupland (1991) p. 133; Coupland (1989) p. 220; Graham-Campbell (1976) p. 48; Dolley, M (1967) p. 32; Dolley, RHM (1965) p. 34.
  161. Coupland (1989) p. 220; Dolley; Shiel (1980) p. 8; Dolley, M (1967) p. 32; Dolley, RHM (1965) p. 34; Pertz (1859) p. 486 § 843.
  162. Williams (2017) p. 5; Lewis (2016) p. 9; Nelson (2001) p. 26; Wamers (1998) pp. 70–71 n. 101; Nelson (1991) pp. 55–56 n. 2; Coupland (1989) p. 220; Brooks (1979) p. 8 n. 32.
  163. Clarke (2016) p. 225; Krag (2008) p. 647; Lund (2001) pp. 156–158; Wamers (1998) pp. 70–71 n. 101, 71.
gollark: <@459006513479155713> I've heard that there are UV LEDs, not sure if they exist for that wavelength.
gollark: I think the problem is that it's a channel and not an actual invite link.
gollark: Is it safe to do the API call outside `onMount`?
gollark: Ah, I figured it out, `promise` is briefly `undefined` before `onMount` runs.
gollark: Oh, never mind, I misread it and it does, weird.

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources
  • Abrams, L (1998). "The Conversion of the Scandinavians of Dublin". In Harper-Bill, C (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. 20. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–29. ISBN 0-85115-573-1. ISSN 0954-9927.
  • Allen, WED (1957–1961). "The Poet and the Spae-Wife: An Attempt to Reconstruct Al-Ghazal's Embassy to the Vikings". Saga-Book. 15: 149–258 (i–viii, 1–102).
  • Barrett, JH (2003). "Culture Contact in Viking Age Scotland". In Barrett, JH (ed.). Contact, Continuity, and Collapse: The Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic. Studies in the Early Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. 73–111. doi:10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.3832. ISBN 2-503-51291-7.
  • Beougher, DB (2007). Brian Boru: King, High-King, and Emperor of the Irish (PhD thesis). Pennsylvania State University.
  • Blackburn, M (2006). "Currency Under the Vikings, Part 2: The Two Scandinavian Kingdoms of the Danelaw, c.895–954" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 76: 204–226.
  • Blunt, CE; Stewart, BHIH (1983). "The Coinage of Regnald I of York and the Bossall Hoard". The Numismatic Chronicle. 143: 146–163. eISSN 2054-9202. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 42665173.
  • Brooks, NP (1979). "England in the Ninth Century: The Crucible of Defeat". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 29: 1–20. doi:10.2307/3679110. eISSN 1474-0648. ISSN 0080-4401. JSTOR 3679110.
  • Byock, J (1993). "Goði". In Pulsiano, P; Wolf, K; Acker, P; Fry, DK (eds.). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. New York: Garland. pp. 230–231. ISBN 0-8240-4787-7.
  • Byrne, FJ (1965). "Review of M Dillon, Lebor na Cert: The Book of Rights". Studia Hibernica. 5: 155–158. ISSN 0081-6477. JSTOR 20495813.
  • Byrne, FJ (2001) [1973]. Irish Kings and High-Kings. Four Courts History Classics. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-552-5. OL 3544482M.
  • Byrne, FJ (2008) [2005]. "The Viking Age". In Ó Cróinín, D (ed.). Prehistoric and Early Ireland. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 609–634. ISBN 978-0-19-821737-4.
  • Byrne, P (2011). "Review of D Ó Muirithe, From the Viking Word-Hoard: A Dictionary of Scandinavian Words in the Languages of Britain and Ireland". The Medieval Review. ISSN 1096-746X.
  • Clarke, HB (2016). "Viking-Age Dublin and Kaupang: How, When and Where Were the Dead Buried, and by Whom?". Peritia. 27: 215–228. doi:10.1484/J.PERIT.5.112203. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Coupland, S (1989). "The Coinages of Pippin I and II of Aquitaine". Revue Numismatique. 31: 194–222. doi:10.3406/numi.1989.1945. eISSN 1963-1693.
  • Coupland, S (1991). "The Early Coinage of Charles the Bald, 840–864". The Numismatic Chronicle. 151: 121–158. eISSN 2054-9202. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 42667696.
  • Coupland, S (2011). "Raiders, Traders, Worshippers and Settlers: The Continental Perspective". In Graham-Campbell, J; Sindbæk, SM; Williams, G (eds.). Silver Economies, Monetisation and Society in Scandinavia, AD 800–1100. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp. 113–131.
  • Curtis, E (1988). "Norse Dublin". Dublin Historical Record. 41 (3): 86–97. ISSN 0012-6861. JSTOR 30100823.
  • Dolley, M (1967). "A Fourth Find of Ninth-Century Coins From Ireland?" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 36: 32–35.
  • Dolley, M; Shiel, N (1980). "A Carolingian Denarius With a Devonshire Provenance" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 50: 7–11.
  • Dolley, RHM (1965). "New Light on the 1843 Viking-Age Coin-Hoard From Derrykeighan Near Dervock in Co. Antrim" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 34: 32–36.
  • Dolley, RHM; Morrison, KF (1963). "Finds of Carolingian Coins From Great Britain and Ireland" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 32: 75–87.
  • Downham, C (2003–2004). "The Vikings in Southern Uí Néill to 1014". Peritia. 17–18: 233–255. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.535. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Downham, C (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
  • Downham, C (2010). "Viking Camps in Ninth-Century Ireland: Sources, Locations and Interactions". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Dublin. 10. Four Courts Press.
  • Downham, C (2011). "Viking Identities in Ireland: It's not all Black and White". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Dublin. 11. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 185–201.
  • Downham, C (2012). "Religious and Cultural Boundaries between Vikings and Irish: The Evidence of Conversion". In Ní Ghrádaigh, J; O'Byrne, E (eds.). The March in the Islands of the Medieval West. Later Medieval Europe. Leiden: Brill. pp. 15–34. ISSN 1872-7875.
  • Downham, C (2012). "Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview". History Compass. 10 (1): 19–12. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00820.x. eISSN 1478-0542.
  • Downham, C (2014). "Vikings' Settlements in Ireland Before 1014". In Sigurðsson, JV; Bolton, T (eds.). Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–21. ISBN 978-90-04-25512-8. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Downham, C (2016). "Coastal Communities and Diaspora Identifies in Viking Age Ireland". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.). Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 369–383. doi:10.4324/9781315630755. ISBN 978-1-315-63075-5. ISSN 0583-9106.
  • Downham, C (2018). Medieval Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139381598. ISBN 978-1-107-03131-9. LCCN 2017034607.
  • Duffy, S (2013). Brian Boru and the Battle of Clontarf. Gill & Macmillan.
  • Dumville, D (2008). "Vikings in Insular Chronicling". In Brink, S; Price, N (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge Worlds. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 350–367. ISBN 978-0-203-41277-0.
  • "eDIL s.v. erell". eDIL. n.d. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  • Etchingham, C (2007). "The Location of Historical Laithlinn / Lochla(i)nn: Scotland or Scandinavia?". In Ó Flaithearta, M (ed.). Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium of Societas Celtologica Nordica. Studia Celtica Upsaliensia. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 11–31. ISBN 978-91-554-6875-0. ISSN 0562-2719.
  • Etchingham, C (2014). "Names for the Vikings in Irish Annals". In Sigurðsson, JV; Bolton, T (eds.). Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 23–38. ISBN 978-90-04-25512-8. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Fellows-Jensen, G (2001). "Nordic Names and Loanwords in Ireland". In Larsen, A-C (ed.). The Vikings in Ireland. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum. pp. 107–113. ISBN 87 85180 42 4.
  • Gazzoli, P (2010). Anglo-Danish Relations in the Later Eleventh Century (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
  • Gooch, ML (2012). Money and Power in the Viking Kingdom of York, c.895 – 954 (PhD thesis). Durham University.
  • Gigov, J (2011). Contextualizing the Vikings in Anglo-Saxon History and Literature (MA thesis). Charles University.
  • Graham-Campbell, JA (1976). "The Viking-Age Silver Hoards of Ireland". In Almqvist, B; Greene, D (eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress: Dublin 15–21 August 1973. Viking Society for Northern Research. pp. 39–74.
  • Grueber, HA (1899). Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British Museum. London: British Museum. OL 7165678M.
  • Heather, P (2010) [2009]. Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe (EPUB). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973560-0.
  • Holm, P (1986). "The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth to Twelfth Centuries". Peritia. 5: 317–345. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.139. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Holm, P (2015). "The Naval Power of Norse Dublin". In Purcell, E; MacCotter, P; Nyhan, J; Sheehan, J (eds.). Clerics, Kings and Vikings: Essays on Medieval Ireland in Honour of Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
  • Holm, P (2000). "Viking Dublin and the City-State Concept: Parameters and Significance of the Hiberno-Norse Settlement". In Hansen, MH (ed.). A Comparative Study of Thiry City-State Cultures. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 251–262. ISBN 87-7876-177-8. ISSN 0023-3307.
  • Hudson, BT (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
  • Jaski, B (1995). "The Vikings and the Kingship of Tara". Peritia. 9: 310–353. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.254. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Jaski, B (1997). "Additional Notes to the Annals of Ulster". Ériu. 48: 103–152. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007959.
  • Jorgensen, T (2017). The Scandinavian Trade Network in the Early Viking Age: Kaupang and Dublin in Context (MA thesis). University of Oslo. hdl:10852/58231.
  • Keary, CF; Poole, RS (1887). A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Series. 1. London: Longmans & Co.
  • Kelly, E; Maas, J (1999). "The Vikings and the Kingdom of Laois". In Lane, PG; Nolan, W (eds.). Laois, History & Society: Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County. Dublin: Geography Publications. pp. 123–159. ISBN 0 906602 46 7.
  • Krag, C (2008). "The Creation of Norway". In Brink, S; Price, N (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge Worlds. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 645–651. ISBN 978-0-203-41277-0.
  • Kulovesi, E (2017). Hiberno-Scandinavian Transculturation: Hybridization of Vikings and Gaelic Culture in Ireland Between 800 and 1000AD (MA thesis). University of Helsinki. hdl:10138/184167.
  • Larsen, A-C (2001). "The Exhibition — The Vikings in Ireland". In Larsen, A-C (ed.). The Vikings in Ireland. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum. pp. 127–148. ISBN 87 85180 42 4.
  • Lewis, SM (2016). "Vikings on the Ribble: Their Origin and Longphuirt". Northern History. 53 (1): 8–25. doi:10.1080/0078172X.2016.1127570. eISSN 1745-8706. ISSN 0078-172X.
  • Lund, N (2001) [1997]. "The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age". In Sawyer, P (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 156–181. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.
  • Lutz, A (2012). "Norse Influence on English in the Light of General Contact Linguistics". In Hegedűs, I; Fodor, A (eds.). English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers From the Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23–27 August 2010. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 15–41. ISBN 978 90 272 7319 2. ISSN 0304-0763.
  • Lydon, J (2005) [1998]. The Making of Ireland: From Ancient Times to Present. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01347-X.
  • McGowan, M (2003–2004). "Royal Succession in Earlier Medieval Ireland: The Fiction of Tanistry". Peritia. 17–18: 357–381. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.540. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • McGuigan, N (2015). "Ælla and the Descendants of Ivar: Politics and Legend in the Viking Age". Northern History. 52 (1): 20–34. doi:10.1179/0078172X14Z.00000000075. eISSN 1745-8706. ISSN 0078-172X.
  • McLeod, SH (2011). Migration and Acculturation: The Impact of the Norse on Eastern England, c. 865–900 (PhD thesis). University of Western Australia.
  • McTurk, R (2007). "Male or Female Initiation? The Strange Case of Ragnars Saga". In Pernille, H; Schjødt, JP; Kristensen, RT (eds.). Reflections on Old Norse Myths. Studies in Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. 53–73. doi:10.1484/M.VMSS-EB.3.4376. ISBN 978-2-503-52614-0.
  • McTurk, RW (1976). "Ragnarr Loðbrók in the Irish Annals?". In Almqvist, B; Greene, D (eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress: Dublin 15–21 August 1973. Viking Society for Northern Research. pp. 93–123.
  • Naismith, R (2017). Medieval European Coinage. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139031370. ISBN 9780521260169.
  • Nelson, JL (2001) [1997]. "The Frankish Empire". In Sawyer, P (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–47. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.
  • Ní Mhaonaigh, M (1996). "'Cogad Gáedel Re Gallaib' and the Annals: A Comparison". Ériu. 47: 101–126. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007439.
  • Ní Mhaonaigh, M (2001). "The Vikings in Medieval Irish Literature". In Larsen, A-C (ed.). The Vikings in Ireland. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum. pp. 99–105. ISBN 87 85180 42 4.
  • Ó Corráin, D (1974). "Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil: History or Propaganda?". Ériu. 25: 1–69. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30008432.
  • Ó Corráin, D (1979). "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings". Irish Historical Studies. 21 (83): 283–323. doi:10.1017/S002112140011315X. eISSN 2056-4139. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 30008285.
  • Ó Corráin, D (1998) [1989]. "Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland". In Foster, RF (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–52. ISBN 0-19-285245-0.
  • Ó Corráin, D (1998a). "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century". Chronicon: An Electric History Journal. 2. ISSN 1393-5259.
  • Ó Corráin, D (1998b). "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century". Peritia. 12: 296–339. doi:10.1484/j.peri.3.334. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Ó Corráin, D (2001a) [1997]. "Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides". In Sawyer, P (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–109. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.
  • Ó Corráin, D (2001b). "The Vikings in Ireland". In Larsen, A-C (ed.). The Vikings in Ireland. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum. pp. 17–27. ISBN 87 85180 42 4.
  • Ó Corráin, D (2008). "The Vikings and Ireland". In Brink, S; Price, N (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge Worlds. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 428–433. ISBN 978-0-203-41277-0.
  • Ó Cróinín, D (2013) [1995]. Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200 (EPUB). Longman History of Ireland. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Ó Murchadha, D (1992–1993). "Nationality Names in the Irish Annals" (PDF). Nomina. 16: 49–70. ISSN 0141-6340.
  • Price, NS (1986–1989). "The Vikings in Brittany" (PDF). Saga-Book. 22: 319–440 (1–122). ISSN 0305-9219.
  • Riisoy, AI (2015). "Performing Oaths in Eddic Poetry: Viking Age Fact or Medieval Fiction?". Journal of the North Atlantic. 8S: 141–156. doi:10.3721/037.002.sp811. eISSN 1935-1933. ISSN 1935-1984.
  • Sawyer, PH (1982). Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe, 700–1100. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-416-74180-0.
  • Sheehan, J (2008). "The Longphort in Viking Age Ireland". Acta Archaeologica. 79 (1): 282–295. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0390.2008.00120.x. eISSN 1600-0390. ISSN 0065-101X.
  • Sheldon, G (2011). The Conversion of the Vikings in Ireland From a Comparative Perspective (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. hdl:1807/29866.
  • Sigurðsson, JV (2011). "Kings, Earls and Chieftains. Rulers in Norway, Orkney and Iceland c. 900–1300". In Steinsland, G; Sigurðsson, JV; Rekdal, JE; Beuermann, I (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 69–108. ISBN 978-90-04-20506-2. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Stenton, F (1963). Anglo-Saxon England. The Oxford History of England (2nd ed.). Oxford: The Clarendon Press. OL 24592559M.
  • Stewart, I (1991). "On the Date of the Bossall Hoard". The Numismatic Chronicle. 151: 175–182. eISSN 2054-9202. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 42667698.
  • Sundqvist, O (2016). An Arena for Higher Powers: Ceremonial Buildings and Religious Strategies for Rulership in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Numen Book Series: Studies in the HIstory of Religions. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004307483. ISBN 978-90-04-30748-3. ISSN 0169-8834.
  • Thornton, DE (1996). "Clann Eruilb: Irish or Scandinavian?". Irish Historical Studies. 30 (118): 161–166. doi:10.1017/S0021121400012827. eISSN 2056-4139. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 30008466.
  • Valante, MA (1998–1999). "Taxation, Tolls and Tribute: The Language of Economics and Trade in Viking-Age Ireland". Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 18–19: 242–258. ISSN 1545-0155. JSTOR 20557344.
  • Valante, MA (2013). "Family Relics and Viking Kingship in Ireland". Eolas: The Journal of the American Society of Irish Medieval Studies. 6: 88–106. ISSN 1931-2539. JSTOR 26193963.
  • Walker, IW (2013) [2006]. Lords of Alba: The Making of Scotland (EPUB). Brimscombe Port: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9519-4.
  • Wamers, E (1998). "Insular Finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the State Formation of Norway". In Clarke, HB; Ní Mhaonaigh, M; Ó Floinn, R (eds.). Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 37–72. ISBN 1-85182-235-6.
  • Warntjes, I (2004). "Regnal Succession in Early Medieval Ireland". Journal of Medieval History. 30 (4): 377–410. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.08.004. eISSN 1873-1279. ISSN 0304-4181.
  • Whitelock, D (1969). "Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St. Edmund" (PDF). Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archæology. 31 (3): 217–233.
  • Whyte, AC (2017). Settlement-Names and Society: Analysis of the Medieval districts of Forsa and Moloros in the Parish of Torosay, Mull (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
  • Williams, G (2017). England, 865–1066: Viking Warrior Versus Anglo-Saxon Warrior. Combat. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 1 4728 1833 1.
  • Woolf, A (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1233-8.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.