Timeline of audio formats

An audio format is a medium for sound recording and reproduction. The term is applied to both the physical recording media and the recording formats of the audio content—in computer science it is often limited to the audio file format, but its wider use usually refers to the physical method used to store the data.

Music is recorded and distributed using a variety of audio formats, some of which store additional information.

Timeline of audio format developments

Year	Physical media formats	Recording formats
1860	Phonautogram	1859 model of Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville's phonautograph Mechanical analog; sound waveform transcribed to paper or glass
1877	Tinfoil Phonograph	In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the first recorder that could also play back Mechanical analog; sound waveform transcribed to tinfoil
1883	Piano roll	A piano roll used in a player piano Mechanical digital (Vacuum operated piano)
1886	Music Box disc	8'' disc for playback on a music box Mechanical digital (Vacuum operated music box)
Late 1880s	Brown Wax Cylinder	A collection of brown wax cylinders, vertical-groove Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, vertical stylus motion - could be re-recorded
	Organ Cob	Mechanical digital (Vacuum operated organ)
	Ediphone, Dictaphone	A Dictaphone cylinder for voice recording Mechanical analog, the Ediphone and subsequent wax cylinders used in Edison's other product lines continued to be sold up until 1929 when the Edison Manufacturing Company folded.
	Phonograph disk (Emile Berliner Patent)	Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion
1894	Pathé cylinder	The vertical-groove pathé cylinder Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, vertical stylus motion
1898	Wire recording	A Peirce 55-B dictation wire recorder from 1945 Analog; magnetization; DC bias
1901	10'' 78rpm Record	78rpm record - playable on modern turntables Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion - made from shellac
1902	Edison Gold Moulded Record	Edison's "gold moulded" black wax cylinder record Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, horizontal stylus motion - made from hard black wax - 160rpm standard - 100 threads per inch
1903	12'' 78rpm record	Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion
	Gramophone Postcard	A gramophone post card, playable on 78rpm turntables Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion
1905	Centre-start phonograph Record	A modern vinyl LP with a centre-start cut Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion, starts from the centre of the disc
	Pathé Disc	The vertical-groove pathé disc Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, vertical stylus motion
1907	Indestructible Record	Indestructible Record cylinder, vertical groove. Constructed of black celluloid on a cardboard core with metal bands at each end Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, vertical stylus motion - made from black celluloid with cardboard and inner metal bands
1908	Amberol Cylinder Record	The Edison "Amberol" cylinder record, vertical groove Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, vertical stylus motion - made from hard black wax - 160rpm standard - 200 threads per inch
1912	Diamond Disc	The Edison vertical-groove "diamond disc" Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, vertical stylus motion - made from shellac
	Blue Amberol cylinder record	The Edison vertical-groove "Blue Amberol" cylinder Mechanical analog; vertical grooves, vertical stylus motion - made from blue celluloid with plaster of paris core - 160rpm standard - 200 threads per inch
1925	Electrical cut record	Mechanical analog; electrically cut from amplified microphone signal, lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion, discs at 7", 10", 12", most at 78 rpm
1930	Filmophone flexible record	A red Filmophone record Mechanical analog; lateral groove, horizontal stylus movement - made from cellulose of various colours - 78rpm
1930s	Reel-to-reel, magnetic tape	Studio master tape reel Analog; magnetization; AC "bias" dramatically increases linearity/fidelity, tape speed at 30 ips, later 15 ips and other refined speeds: 7½ ips, 3¾ ips, 1⅞ ips
	Electrical transcriptions	Mechanical analog; electrically cut from amplified microphone signal, high fidelity sound, lateral or vertical grooves, horizontal or vertical stylus motion, most discs 16" at 33⅓ rpm
1932	Durium Record	A brown Durium 78rpm record Mechanical analog; lateral groove - made from a brown resin ("Durium)
1942	SoundScriber	Green, vertical groove Sound Scriber disks Mechanical Analog; vertical groove, 4–6 inch discs, it recorded sound by pressing grooves into soft vinyl discs
1947	Dictabelt (Memobelt)	Analog, medium consisting of a thin, plastic belt 3.5" wide that was placed on a cylinder and rotated like a tank tread, developed by the Dictaphone company in 1947
1948	Vinyl LP record (Columbia)	A Vinyl LP record Analog, with preemphasis and other equalization techniques (LP, RIAA); lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion; discs 7", 10" and 12" at 33⅓ rpm, 1st LP Columbia ML 4001 Milstein, Mendelssohn Violin Concerto
1949	Vinyl 45 record (RCA)	A 7'' 45rpm record Analog 45 rpm vinyl 7" disk, first 45 pressed "PeeWee the Piccolo" RCA 47-0147 Indianapolis
1950	Tefifon	A stand-alone Tefifon player with cartridge loaded Electro-mechanical analog, vinyl belt housed in a cassette, used an embossing technique using a stylus to imprint the information, was the first thing to resemble a modern audio cassette
	16 2/3rpm vinyl record	A label close-up on a 16rpm vinyl Mechanical analog; lateral groove, horizontal stylus motion - played at half the regular speed of an LP
1951	Minifon P55	Minifon cassette Analog, magnetic wire on reel, 30 cm/s or about 11.8 ips was quickly adopted by many governments as being the ultimate "spy" recorder of its day
1957	Stereophonic vinyl record	An early stereo record label Analog, with pre-emphasis and other equalization techniques. Combination lateral/vertical stylus motion with each channel encoded 45 degrees to the vertical
1957	Dictet	Cassette for the Dictaphone Dictet dictation machine Analog, ¼ tape, 2.48 in/s, (3" reels housed 5.875 x 3 x .4375 inch cassette), developed by the Dictaphone Corp
1958	RCA tape cartridge (Sound Tape) (Magazine Loading Cartridge)	The cassette format created by RCA Analog, ¼ inch wide tape (stereo & mono), 3¾ in/s & 1.875 in/s, one of the first attempts to offer reel-to-reel tape recording quality in a convenient format for the consumer market
1959	NAB Cart Tape (Fidelipac)	The cartridge known as a "Fidelipac" Analog, ¼ inch wide tape in cartridge, 7½ in/s & 15 in/s, Introduced in 1959 by Collins Radio, the cart tape format was designed for use by radio broadcasters to play commercials, bumpers and announcements
1962	4-Track (Muntz Stereo-Pak)	Analog, ^1⁄4-inch-wide (6.4 mm) tape, 3¾ in/s, endless-loop cartridge
1962	Compact cassette	Variants of the Compact Cassette Analog, with bias. 0.15 inches (3.81 mm) tape, 1⅞ ips. 1970: introduced Dolby noise reduction
1964	Sanyo Micro Pack 35 Channel Master 6546 Westinghouse H29R1	The micro pack recording system, intended for dictation ¼ inch wide tape housed in a transparent cartridge measuring 2.6 x 2.9 x 1.9 inches, tape was stored on two reels residing atop one another, keeping the cartridge compact
1964	Sabamobil	A cartridge format for embedding and easy handling usual 3-inch-tape-reels with ¼ inch tape, compatible to reel-to-reel audio recording in 3¾ ips.
1965	8-Track (Stereo-8)	The inside of an 8-track cartridge Analog, ¼ inch wide tape, 3¾ in/s, endless-loop cartridge
	DC-International cassette system	DC-International cassette Analog cassette format introduced by Grundig, Telefunken and Blaupunkt: 120 x 77 x 12 mm cassette with ¼ inch wide tape run at 5.08cm per second.
1966	PlayTape	Two PlayTape cartridges Analog, ⅛ inch wide tape, endless-loop cartridge, introduced by Frank Stanton
1969	Microcassette	A comparison of sizes for the Microcassette and Minicassette Analog, ⅛ inch wide tape, used generally for note taking, mostly mono, some stereo (developed in the early '80s). 2.4 cm/s or 1.2 cm/s
	Minicassette	Analog, ⅛ inch wide tape, used generally for note taking, 1.2 ^cm/s
1970	Quadraphonic 8-Track (Quad-8) (Q8)	A Quadraphonic 8-Track Cartridge Analog, ¼ inch wide tape, 3¾ in/s, 4-channel stereo, endless-loop cartridge
1971	Quadraphonic Vinyl Record (CD-4) (SQ Matrix)	An SQ quadraphonic record Analog, introduced by CBS Records Recorded two tracks on both stereo channels, requiring a decoder to hear all four tracks. Despite this, the format is playable on any LP turntable.
1971	HiPac	Analog, a successor of the 1966 PlayTape, using tape width of the 1963 Compact Cassette, Japan only
1976	Dolby Stereo cinema surround sound	Analog
	Elcaset	Elcaset (left) compared to a typical compact cassette (right) Analog, name comes from "L-Cassette/Large Cassette"
1978	LaserDisc	Close-up of grooves on a LaserDisc Analog; vertical groove, read by a laser
1981	Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED)	Exposed CED disc The Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED) is an analog video disc playback system developed by RCA, in which video and audio could be played back on a TV set using a special needle and high-density groove system similar to phonograph records.
1982	Compact Disc (CD-DA)	The underside of a compact disc Digital. Linear PCM (LPCM)
1983	Betamax Digital Audio	A Betamax tape Digital
1986	High Definition Compatible Digital (HDCD)	An HDCD album Digital. Redbook compatible physical CD containing 20–24 bit information (uses linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM)
1987	Digital Audio Tape (DAT)	A DAT tape Digital. This audio format famously caused controversy among recording companies when released due to the potential of perfect digital copies to increase piracy[1]
1988	AIFF (File Format)	Digital. Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF)
1992	Digital Compact Cassette (DCC)	A Digital Compact Cassette Digital, ⅛ inch wide tape, 1⅞ in/s, introduced by Philips and Matsushita in late 1992, marketed as the successor to the standard analog compact cassette
	WAV (File Format)	Digital. named after the waveform created by a sound wave
	Dolby Digital Cinema Sound	Digital. also known as Dolby Stereo Digital until 1994
	MiniDisc (MD)[2]	A red, translucent MiniDisc cartridge Digital. Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC)
1993	DTS, SDDS, MP3 (File Formats)	A photo of a theatrical DTS CD-ROM disc used for the original 1993 release of Jurassic Park Digital. Digital Theatre System (DTS), Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS), MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3)
1994	TwinVQ	Digital.
1995	RealAudio[2]
1997	DVD	A stack of DVD RW disks Digital. Dolby Digital, Digital Theatre System (DTS)
	DTS-CD	Digital. DTS Audio
1999	DVD-Audio	Digital. Including Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), Linear PCM (LPCM), Dolby Digital (AC-3) and Digital Theatre System (DTS)
	Super Audio CD (SACD)	Digital. Direct Stream Digital
	WMA (File Format)	Digital. Windows Media Audio
	TTA (File Format)	Digital. The True Audio Lossless Codec
2000	FLAC (File Format)	Digital. Free Lossless Audio Codec
	APE (File Format)	Digital. Monkey's Audio
2001	AAC (File Format)	Digital. Advanced audio coding
2003	DualDisc	One side DVD, one side CD - It's the DualDisc Digital. Multiple formats encoded onto the same disc
2004	ALE or ALAC (File Formats)	Digital. Apple Lossless
2005	HD DVD	An HD DVD Digital. Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio
2006	Blu-ray Disc	Blu-Ray discs and their containers Digital. Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio
2008	slotMusic	A SlotMusic microSD card: an early attempt to sell pre-recorded music on an SD card Digital. Usually at 320 kbit/s MP3 on microSD or microSDHC
	Blu-spec CD	Digital. PCM
2012	Opus	Digital

References

1. "The challenge of introducing digital audio tape technology into consumer markets". Technology in Society. 12 (1): 91–100. 1990-01-01. doi:10.1016/0160-791X(90)90031-7. ISSN 0160-791X.
2. Cornell University Library (2003). "Digital Preservation and Technology Timeline". Digital Preservation Management. USA. Retrieved February 28, 2017.

See also

• Audio data compression
• Format war

External links

• recording-history.org
• Museum Of Obsolete Media – Audio Formats