Three Incarnations
Three Incarnations[1] (Chinese: 三生; pinyin: Sānshēng), also translated as Three Lives,[note 1][2] is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio which revolves around two men who, during the course of three lifetimes, are in constant conflict with one another.
| "Three Incarnations" | |
|---|---|
 19th-century illustration from Xiangzhu liaozhai zhiyi tuyong (Liaozhai with commentary and illustrations; 1886) | |
| Author | Pu Songling |
| Original title | "三生 (Sansheng)" |
| Translator | Sidney L. Sondergard |
| Country | China |
| Language | Chinese |
| Genre(s) | Zhiguai Chuanqi Short story |
| Published in | Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio |
| Publication type | Anthology |
| Publication date | c. 1740 |
| Published in English | 2008 |
| Preceded by | "(湘裙)" |
| Followed by | "(长亭)" |
Plot
An unnamed fellow from Hunan is able to remember details from three of his past lives. Once upon a time he was an academic examiner against whom a complaint is lodged from hell by a scholar named Xing Yutang (兴于唐) who "became so angry that he died" after failing the examination.[3] Amidst cries from thousands of scholars – all of whom died similar deaths – for justice to be served, Yama orders that both the academic examiner and his supervisor, the chief examiner, are to be eviscerated.
The academic examiner is reborn as a peasant in Shaanxi, whereas Xing becomes an army commander who executes the peasant during a local rebellion. Back in hell, Yama condemns both the peasant and the commander to be reborn as dogs, for their respective impiety and disregard for life; the two dogs meet in a dogfight and kill each other.[4] The Hell King remarks that the two should just "let it go",[4] before decreeing that the former examiner should now be Xing's father-in-law.
The examiner is reborn in Changyun County, Shandong as a successful scholar whose wife gives birth to a remarkable daughter; however, he refuses to marry her off and stonewalls her suitors. Sometime later, he encounters a bachelor named Li – the current incarnation of Xing Yutang – and proceeds to arrange for his daughter to wed Li. Though subject to much abuse from his son-in-law, the former examiner continues to treat him kindly. Soon enough he is able to offer Li counsel after the latter is frustrated at his poor performance in the examination hall. The duo are thus reconciled and become "as close as father and son".[5]
In his postscript, Pu Songling remarks that the enmity between Xing and the examiner was so great that it took more than three lifetimes to be resolved, while musing, "Are all the beloved sons-in-law in the law former aggrieved spirits from the underworld?"[5]
Background
Originally titled "Sansheng" (三生), "Three Incarnations" was fully translated into English in the fifth volume of Sidney L. Sondergard's Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio published in 2008.[1] Glen Dudbridge posits that Pu may have been inspired by certain stories in Feng Menglong's Stories to Caution the World in his writing of Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio, elaborating that "Three Incarnations" "immediately invites comparison" with a Stories entry titled "An old protége thrice rewards his benefactor" (老门生三世报恩).[2] The former is described as a subversion of the latter, retaining the device of repetition while allowing "scope for novelty and variation".[6]
The central theme of the black comedy[6] is reincarnation, which reflects the "pervasive cultural belief in the soul's survival".[1] Dudbridge further offers that a significant portion of the story is also devoted to exploring the "vagaries of the imperial examination system" which offers a "delightful irony" insofar as they allow for the interpersonal conflict to be resolved.[6]
Adaptations
A scene from the play Hushuo (2003), which was staged at the Shenzhen University, is inspired by "Three Incarnations", with a reviewer for the MIT Press commenting that the cast "underwent reversals with a difference ... (staggering home) like the wandering soul of 'Three Lives' to not quite where they began, which is not necessarily where they intended to go."[7]
Notes
- An earlier entry in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio is also titled "Three Lives".
References
Citations
- Sondergard 2008, p. xv.
- Dudbridge 2007, p. 28.
- Sondergard 2008, p. 1889.
- Sondergard 2008, p. 1893.
- Sondergard 2008, p. 1894.
- Dudbridge 2007, p. 29.
- MIT Press 2006, p. 107.
Sources
- Dudbridge, Glen (2007). Daria, Berg (ed.). Reading China. Brill. ISBN 9789004154834.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Drama Review. 50. MIT Press. 2006.
- Sondergard, Sidney (2008). Strange Tales from Liaozhai. 5. Fremont, Calif.: Jain Publishing Company. ISBN 9780895810496.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)