The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)

The Snows of Kilimanjaro is a 1952 American Technicolor film based on the 1936 short story of the same name by Ernest Hemingway. The film version of the short story was directed by Henry King, written by Casey Robinson, and starred Gregory Peck as Harry, Susan Hayward as Helen, and Ava Gardner as Cynthia Green (a character invented for the film). The film's ending does not mirror the story's ending.[5]

The Snows of Kilimanjaro
Lobby Card
Directed byHenry King
Produced byDarryl F. Zanuck
Screenplay byCasey Robinson
Based onThe Snows of Kilimanjaro
1936 story
by Ernest Hemingway
StarringGregory Peck
Ava Gardner
Susan Hayward
Music byBernard Herrmann
CinematographyLeon Shamroy
Edited byBarbara McLean
Distributed byTwentieth Century Fox
Release date
  • September 17, 1952 (1952-09-17) (New York)[1]
Running time
117 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3,000,000[2]
Box office$6.5–$12.5 million[3][4]

Considered by Hemingway to be one of his finest stories, "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" was first published in Esquire magazine in 1936 and then republished in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938).

A major critical and commercial success, "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" was nominated for two Oscars at the 25th Academy Awards, for Best Cinematography, Color and Best Art Direction, Color (Lyle R. Wheeler, John DeCuir, Thomas Little, Paul S. Fox).

The film has entered the public domain.[6]

Plot
Peck recalls his memories from what he thinks is his deathbed in Africa

The film begins with the opening words of Hemingway's story: "Kilimanjaro is a snow-covered mountain 19,710 feet high, and is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. Its western summit is called the Masai 'Ngje Ngi,' the House of God. Close to the western summit there is the dried and frozen carcass of a leopard. No one has explained what the leopard was seeking at that altitude."[5]

The story centers on the memories of disillusioned writer, Harry Street, who is on safari in Africa. He has a severely infected wound from a thorn prick, and lies outside his tent awaiting a slow death, though in the film it is pointed out he may have acquired the infection from leaping into a muddy river to rescue one of the safari's porters from a hippo after he falls in the river. His female companion, Helen, nurses Harry and hunts game for the larder.

The loss of mobility brings self-reflection. In an often delirious state he remembers his past relationship with Cynthia Green, whom he met in Paris as members of the "Lost Generation." Upon the sale of Harry's first novel, rather than rent a nicer home, Harry wishes to go on safari to Africa. There he has his happiest moments, including bagging a rhino. Cynthia is pregnant, but worries about sharing this news with Harry, who is passionate about his travels and work as a journalist and author. Harry only learns about the pregnancy after her miscarriage. Suffering depression and sinking into alcoholism, she eventually leaves Harry for a flamenco dancer when she believes Harry is off for a job as a war correspondent.

Harry later becomes engaged to the wealthy and socially connected Countess Elizabeth, whom he meets on the Cote d'Azur; however, he still remains loyal to the memory of Cynthia. On the eve of their wedding, a jealous Elizabeth confronts Harry with a letter to Harry sent from Cynthia, who is now in Madrid. Elizabeth destroys the letter in front of Harry who stalks off to go to Spain. Unable to find Cynthia at the Madrid address on the envelope, he enlists to fight in the Spanish Civil War. During a battle he meets Cynthia, who is now an ambulance driver. Cynthia is mortally wounded, and Harry is shot and wounded when he deserts the battle to try to bring the dying Cynthia to a doctor.

Harry returns to Paris. While he is standing on the bridge watching the river, he meets Helen, who reminds him of Cynthia. After the death of his beloved mentor Uncle Bill, Harry receives as a bequest a letter from his uncle that gives him the riddle of the leopard. Harry's bartender suggests that the leopard ended up there as he was on a false scent and became lost, but Harry takes Helen on a safari to Kenya to learn the answer of the riddle. He is injured and develops an infection. As Harry nears death, the protective Helen fights off a witch doctor. Following the directions in an emergency first aid manual, she opens Harry's wound to release the infection. At the dawn a medical party arrives by airplane. The vultures and hyena who have been awaiting Harry's death leave and never return. Harry realizes his love for Helen.

Cast
Gregory Peck and Ava Gardner meet

Production
Peck and Susan Hayward

Twentieth Century-Fox bought the rights to the story in June 1948, paying $125,000.[5]

Casting

Humphrey Bogart, Richard Conte and Marlon Brando were all reported to be under consideration for the male lead, as was Dale Robertson.[5]

Filming

The film was shot on location in Nairobi, Kenya, Cairo, Egypt, and the French Riviera, and studio work was done at Stage 14 in 20th Century Fox Studios. During production, on April 8, 1952, when Peck was carrying Gardner for a scene in the film, Peck wrenched his knee and production had to be postponed for 10 days while he recovered in his Pacific Palisades home, and Hildegard Knef came down with influenza in the studios.[4][7] She was able though to sing two Cole Porter tunes in the film.[8] Jazz musician Benny Carter performs early on in the film.[9]

The bullfight sequences were archive footage, taken from Fox's 1941 film Blood and Sand.[5]

Reception
On studio set “location“ for Kenya

Helped by a star-studded cast, the film was one of the most successful films of the early 1950s and earned $12.5 million at the box office, very high for that period.[4] The film was much acclaimed by critics, although some vary in their opinion of it, ranging from "simply plodding" to "much-maligned".[10][11] The cinematography was highly acclaimed in particular, and even the sophisticated interiors were praised.[12][13] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times described the cinematography as "magnificent and exciting" and said that the "overall production in wonderful color is full of brilliant detail and surprise and the mood of nostalgia and wistful sadness that is built up in the story has its spell."[12] He praised Peck's character for his "burning temper and melancholy moods", although he said that Ava Gardner was "pliant and impulsive" in a role "as soggy and ambiguous as any in the film".[12] Variety praised the film as "an often engrossing dramatic mixture of high adventure, romance and symbolism," adding that "the color coating used to display the story's varied locales is beautiful," and "Miss Gardner has never been better."[14] Harrison's Reports called it "at once absorbing, exciting, and fascinating."[15] The Monthly Film Bulletin, however, wrote that Hemingway's dialogue sounded "stilted and a little dated" on the screen, and that "any real seriousness that the film might have retained is nullified by the ending. Letting Harry survive makes of the film a naive kind of spiritual success story with a conventional boy-meets-lots-of-girls plot."[16] A more recent appraisal in Bowker's Directory described it as having "plenty of action & romance" and stated that it was "the popular 'celebrity film' of its time".[17] Hemingway, who disliked the typical Hollywood happy ending, accepted the money for the film, but he could not bring himself to view it, according to one report.[12] However, in a 1954 article for Look magazine, Hemingway said a hyena (voiced by Director King from behind the camera)[18] was the best performer in the picture, which the writer called The Snows of Zanuck.[19]

The film was nominated for two Academy Awards; for Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction (Lyle R. Wheeler, John DeCuir, Thomas Little, Paul S. Fox).[20]

Home media

20th Century Fox released the film on DVD in March 2007, separately and as part of five-disc collection entitled "The Ernest Hemingway Film Collection", where it was packaged with Under My Skin, The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man.[6]

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References
  1. "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  2. "'Gregory Peck: A Biography', by Gary Fishgall" https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NJId3XPaeR0C&lpg=PA166&ots=eGsMNlgSip&dq=the%20snows%20of%20kilimanjaro%20film%20%22budget%22&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q=the%20snows%20of%20kilimanjaro%20film%20%22budget%22&f=false
  3. 'Top Box-Office Hits of 1952', Variety, January 7, 1953
  4. Holston, Kim R. Susan Hayward: Her Films and Life. McFarland. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7864-8088-3. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  5. "Notes - The Snows of Kilimanjaro". AFI Catalog. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
  6. Hicks, Chris (March 8, 2007). "DVD reviews: Oldies make their DVD debut". Deseret News. Retrieved 2013-06-16. The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952, color) has injured writer Gregory Peck going over his past to see if his life has meaning, with Ava Gardner and Susan Hayward. This one has been on many public-domain labels, but this is a pristine print and looks gorgeous.
  7. Molyneaux, Gerard (1995). Gregory Peck: A Bio-bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-313-28668-1. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  8. Reimer, Robert C.; Reimer, Carol J. (1 April 2010). The A to Z of German Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4617-3186-3. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  9. Cooke, Mervyn; Horn, David (9 January 2003). The Cambridge Companion to Jazz. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-66388-5. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  10. Irwin, John T (2006). Unless the Threat of Death is Behind Them: Hard-boiled Fiction and Film Noir. JHU Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8018-8435-1. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  11. Films and Filming. Hansom Books. 1971. p. 44. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  12. Crowther, Bosley (19 September 1952). "THE SCREEN IN REVIEW; ' Snow of Kiliminjaro,' Based on Hemingway's Story, Is New Feature at Rivoli". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  13. Whitlock, Cathy (5 February 2013). Designs on Film: A Century of Hollywood Art Direction. HarperCollins. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-06-224160-3. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  14. "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". Variety: 6. September 24, 1952.
  15. "'The Snows of Kilimanjaro' with Gregory Peck, Susan Hayward and Ava Gardner". Harrison's Reports: 151. September 20, 1952.
  16. "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 19 (226): 155. November 1952.
  17. Bowker's Complete Video Directory. R R Bowker Publishing. 1993. p. 1339. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  18. Eduardo Moreno, The Films of Susan Hayward, Citadel Press, Secaucus, NJ, 1979, p.178.
  19. Hemingway, Ernest, and White, William (ed.). By-Line: Ernest Hemingway. p. 429. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York, NY. 1967
  20. "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
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