The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews

The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews is a three-volume work published by the Nation of Islam. The first volume, which was released in 1991, asserts that Jews dominated the Atlantic slave trade.[1] The Secret Relationship has been widely criticized for being anti-Semitic and for failing to provide an objective analysis of the role of Jews in the slave trade.[2][3][4][5] The American Historical Association issued a statement condemning claims that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade,[5] and other historians such as Wim Klooster and Seymour Drescher concluded that the role of Jews in the overall Atlantic slave trade was in fact minimal.[6][7] Critics of the book assert that it uses selective citations in order to purposefully exaggerate the role of Jews.[4][8]

The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews Volume One
AuthorHistorical Research Department of NOI
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
PublisherThe Final Call
Publication date
1991
Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages334 pp
ISBN0-9636877-0-0
LC ClassE185
Part of a series on
Antisemitism
Category

Reception

The book has been labeled an anti-Semitic canard by some historians, including Saul S. Friedman, who contends that Jews had a minimal role in the New World slave trade.[3] Henry Louis Gates, Jr., head of the department of Afro-American studies at Harvard University, called the book "the Bible of new anti-Semitism" and added that "the book massively misinterprets the historical record, largely through a process of cunningly selective quotations of often reputable sources".[4] Wim Klooster noted that the book is "so-called expose... disguised as a scholarly work".[6]

The book was criticized for being anti-Semitic and for failing to provide an objective analysis of the role of Jews in the slave trade. Common criticisms were that the book used selective quotes, made "crude use of statistics,"[2] and was purposefully trying to exaggerate the role of Jews.[8] Historian Ralph A. Austen criticized the book, saying that the "distortions are produced almost entirely by selective citation rather than explicit falsehood ... more frequently there are innuendos imbedded in the accounts of Jewish involvement in the slave trade,"[9] and "[w]hile we should not ignore the anti-Semitism of The Secret Relationship..., we must recognize the legitimacy of the stated aim of examining fully and directly even the most uncomfortable elements in our [Black and Jewish] common past."[10] Austen acknowledges that the book was the first book on the subject aimed at a non-scholarly audience.[11]

In 1995, the American Historical Association (AHA) issued a statement condemning "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade."[12]

The publication of The Secret Relationship spurred retorts published specifically to refute the thesis of The Secret Relationship:

  • 1992 – Harold Brackman, Jew on the Brain: A Public Refutation of the Nation of Islam's The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. The booklet was published privately by Bill Adler, the former publicist for Public Enemy, after learning that the rapper Ice Cube had endorsed The Secret Relationship.[13] In his foreword, Adler wrote, "I care way too much about black-Jewish relations – and particularly about black-Jewish relations in the rap community – to allow 'The Secret Relationship' to go unchallenged." The booklet's afterword was written by Cornel West. It was republished that same year, minus its original foreword and afterword, as "Farrakhan's Reign of Historical Error: The Secret Relationship Between Blacks & Jews" by the Simon Wiesenthal Center. In 1994, it was republished for a second time under the title "Ministry of Lies: the Truth Behind 'The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews'" by Four Walls Eight Windows.
  • 1992 – David Brion Davis, "Jews in the Slave Trade," in Culturefront (Fall 1992) pp 42–45.
  • 1993 – Seymour Drescher, "The Role of Jews in the Atlantic Slave Trade," Immigrants and Minorities, 12 (1993), pp 113–125.
  • 1993 – Marc Caplan, Jew-Hatred As History: An Analysis of the Nation of Islam's "The Secret Relationship" (Published by the Anti Defamation League).
  • 1998 – Eli Faber, Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight, New York University Press.[6]
  • 1999 – Saul S. Friedman, Jews and the American Slave Trade, Transaction. Friedman's work has been described as a successful rebuke of The Secret Relationship. In his work, Friedman referred to The Secret Relationship as the "Handbook of Hate", and described it as "one part fact and nine parts fable".[14][15][16]

Seymour Drescher who analyzed the role of Jews in the overall Atlantic slave trade concluded that it was "minimal," and only identified certain regions (such as Brazil and the Caribbean) where the participation was "significant."[7]

Wim Klooster wrote: "In no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the Transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship."[6]

Subsequent volumes

Volume Two of The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews was published in 2010, with the subtitle "How Jews Gained Control of the Black American Economy".[17] According to the Anti-Defamation League, Volume Two of blames Jews for "promoting a myth of black racial inferiority and makes a range of conspiratorial accusations about Jewish involvement in the slave trade and in the cotton, textiles, and banking industries".[18]

Volume Three of The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews was published in 2016, with the subtitle "Leo Frank, the Lynching of a Guilty Man". According to the Anti-Defamation League, Volume Three asserts that "early 20th century 'Jewish businessmen' worked to subjugate black people and enrich themselves by masterminding the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan". The book also alleges that "Jews were secretly responsible for the lynching of Leo Frank".[19]

gollark: How much statistics do you think I know?
gollark: What do you want me to do, neural networks™?
gollark: And then just add those.
gollark: Anyway, if I wildly assume that programming language effects add linearly, I can probably use… something… to determine the transness and gayness and whatever of each language.
gollark: It's osmarks.net.

See also

Notes
  1. Austen, pp 131–133.
  2. Austen, p 134.
  3. Jews and the American Slave Trade, Saul S. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, 1999 pp. 2, 40.
  4. Gilles Kepel Allah in the West: Islamic movements in America and Europe, Stanford University Press, 1997 pp. 68–69.
  5. Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1, pp. 199.
  6. Klooster, Wim (2000). "Review of Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight". The William and Mary Quarterly. 57 (1): 217–219. doi:10.2307/2674369. ISSN 0043-5597.
  7. Drescher: JANCAST: p 455: "only in the Americas – momentarily in Brazil, more durably in the Caribbean – can the role of Jewish traders be described as significant." .. but elsewhere involvement was modest or minimal p 455.
  8. Austen p 133-134.
  9. Austen, p 133.
  10. Austen, p 136.
  11. Austen, p 131. "Until recently, this work remained buried in scholarly journals, read only by other specialists. It had never been synthesized in a publication for non-scholarly audience. A book of this sort has now appeared, however, written not by Jews but by an anonymous group of African Americans associated with the Reverend Louis Farrakhan's Nation of Islam."
  12. "AHA Council Issues Policy Resolution about Jews and the Slave Trade | AHA". www.historians.org. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  13. "Bill Adler Booklet Refutes 'Blacks and Jews' Assertions," Billboard, June 27, 1992.
  14. Dinnerstein, Leonard; Friedman, Saul S. (1999). "Jews and the American Slave Trade". The American Historical Review. 104 (1): 191. doi:10.2307/2650237.
  15. Miller, Joseph C.; Faber, Eli; Friedman, Saul S. (December 1999). "Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight". The Journal of American History. 86 (3): 1327. doi:10.2307/2568634.
  16. Manning, Patrick (2000). "Jews and the American Slave Trade (review)". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 18 (4): 175–177. doi:10.1353/sho.2000.0003. ISSN 1534-5165.
  17. Highlights and Key Points of The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews, Volumes 1 and 2, http://noirg.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/TSR.HighlightsKeyPoints1.pdf
  18. "Farrakhan in his own words", ADL, online.
  19. ADL educational article about The Nation of Islam https://www.adl.org/resources/profiles/the-nation-of-islam

References
  • Austen, Ralph A., "The Uncomfortable Relationship: African Enslavement in the Common History of Blacks and Jews", in Strangers & neighbors: relations between Blacks & Jews in the United States, Maurianne Adams (Ed.), Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999, pp 131–135.
  • Brackman, Harold, Jew on the brain: A public refutation of the Nation of Islam's The Secret relationship between Blacks and Jews (self-published), 1992. Later renamed and re-published as Farrakhan's Reign of Historical Error: The Truth behind The Secret Relationship (published by the Simon Wiesenthal Center). Expanded into a book in 1994: Ministry of Lies: The Truth Behind the Nation of Islam's "the Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews" (published by Four Walls, Eight Windows).
  • Caplan, Marc Jew-Hatred As History: An Analysis of the Nation of Islam's "The Secret Relationship" (published by the Anti Defamation League), 1993.
  • Davis, David Brion, "Jews in the Slave Trade", in Culturefront (Fall 1 992) pp 42–45.
  • Drescher, Seymour, "The Role of Jews in the Transatlantic Salve Trade", in Strangers & neighbors: relations between Blacks & Jews in the United States, Maurianne Adams (Ed.), Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999, pp 105–115.
  • Drescher, Seymour, (EAJH) "Jews and the Slave trade", in Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1, Stephen Harlan (Ed.), 1994, page 414-416.
  • Drescher, Seymour, (JANCAST) "Jews and New Christians in the Atlantic Slave Trade" in The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1400–1800, Paolo Bernardini (Ed.), 2004, p 439-484.
  • Faber, Eli, Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight, New York University Press, 1998.
  • Friedman, Saul S. Jews and the American Slave Trade, Transaction, 1999.
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