The Birthday Party (play)

The Birthday Party (1957) is the second full-length play by Harold Pinter, first published in London by Encore Publishing in 1959.[1] It is one of his best-known and most frequently performed plays.[2]

Cover of first edition
(Encore Publishing, 1959)

In the setting of a rundown seaside boarding house, a little birthday party is turned into a nightmare when two sinister strangers arrive unexpectedly. The play has been classified as a comedy of menace, characterised by Pinteresque elements such as ambiguous identity, confusions of time and place, and dark political symbolism.

Pinter began writing The Birthday Party in the summer of 1957 while touring in Doctor in the House. He later said: "I remember writing the big interrogation scene in a dressing room in Leicester." [3]

Characters
  • Petey, a man in his sixties
  • Meg, a woman in her sixties
  • Stanley, a man in his late thirties
  • Lulu, a girl in her early twenties
  • Goldberg, a man in his fifties
  • McCann, a man of thirty

(The Birthday Party, Grove Press ed., 8)

Summary

The Birthday Party is about Stanley Webber, an erstwhile piano player who lives in a rundown boarding house run by Meg and Petey Boles, in an English seaside town, "probably on the south coast, not too far from London".[4][5] Two sinister strangers, Goldberg and McCann, arrive looking for him, supposedly on his birthday, and turn his apparently innocuous birthday party organised by Meg into a nightmare. [6][7]

Plot

Act 1

While Meg prepares to serve her husband Petey breakfast, Stanley, described as a man "in his late thirties" (23), who is dishevelled and unshaven, enters from upstairs. Alternating between maternal and flirtatious affectation toward Stanley, Meg tells him that "two gentlemen", two new "visitors", will be arriving (30–31); Stanley appears concerned and suspicious at this information. At "[a] sudden knock on the front door", Meg goes offstage while Stanley "listens" at a voice coming "through the letter box," but it is just Lulu carrying in a package delivered for Meg. Right after Meg and Lulu exit, Goldberg and McCann arrive, but Stanley immediately "sidles through the kitchen door and out of the back door" to eavesdrop (38), but they speak only vaguely about "this job" they must do with bureaucratic clichés (41), nevertheless rendering McCann "satisfied" (41). After Meg's new "guests" go up to their room, Stanley enters and Meg gives him the package brought by Lulu containing his birthday present. He opens it to reveal a toy drum.

Act 2

Stanley encounters McCann and the two talk. McCann is determined to stop Stanley from leaving the house. Stanley's behaviour and speech start to become erratic. He denies the fact that it is his birthday, insists that Meg is mad for saying so, and asks McCann if Goldberg told him why he has been brought to the house. Goldberg enters and sends McCann out to collect some whiskey that he has ordered for the party. When McCann returns, he and Goldberg interrogate Stanley with a series of ambiguous, rhetorical questions, tormenting him to complete collapse. Meg then enters in her party dress, and the party proceeds with a series of toasts in Stanley's honor. Lulu then arrives and engages with Goldberg in romance. The party culminates with a game of blind man's buff, during which McCann further taunts Stanley by breaking his glasses and trapping his foot in the toy drum. Stanley then attacks Meg and, in the blackout that immediately follows, attacks and attempts to rape Lulu. The act ends with Goldberg and McCann backing the maniacally laughing Stanley against a wall.

Act 3

Paralleling the first scene of the play, Petey is having breakfast, and Meg asks him innocuous questions, with important differences revealing the aftermath of the party. After Meg leaves to do some shopping, Petey begins to express concern to Goldberg about Stanley's condition and Goldberg's intention to take him to an unseen character called Monty. There then follows an exchange between Goldberg and McCann during which Goldberg's usual confident style temporarily abandons him, though he seems to recover after asking McCann to blow in his mouth. Lulu then confronts Goldberg about the way he was the previous night (during unseen events that occurred after the party) but is driven from the house by McCann making unsavoury comments about her character and demanding that she confess her sins to him. McCann then brings in Stanley, with his broken glasses, and he and Goldberg bombard him with a list of his faults and of all the benefits he will obtain by submitting to their influence. When asked for his opinion of what he has to gain, Stanley is unable to answer. They begin to lead him out of the house toward the car waiting to take him to Monty. Petey confronts them one last time but passively backs down as they take Stanley away, "broken", calling out "Stan, don't let them tell you what to do!" (101). After Meg returns from shopping, she notices that "The car's gone" and as Petey remains silent, he continues to withhold his knowledge of Stanley's departure, allowing her to end the play without knowing the truth about Stanley.

Genre

The Birthday Party has been described (some say "pigeonholed") by Irving Wardle and later critics as a "comedy of menace"[8] and by Martin Esslin as an example of the Theatre of the Absurd.[9] It includes such features as the fluidity and ambiguity of time, place, and identity and the disintegration of language.[9][10]

Reception

Produced by Michael Codron and David Hall, the play had its world première at the Arts Theatre, in Cambridge, England, on 28 April 1958, where the play was "warmly received" on its pre-London tour, in Oxford and Wolverhampton, where it also met with a "positive reception" as "the most enthralling experience the Grand Theatre has given us in many months."[11][12][13]

On 19 May 1958, the production moved to the Lyric Opera House, Hammersmith (now the Lyric Hammersmith),[14] for its début in London, where it was a commercial and mostly critical failure, instigating "bewildered hysteria" and closing after only eight performances.[11][12][15] The weekend after it had already closed, Harold Hobson's belated rave review, "The Screw Turns Again", appeared in The Sunday Times,[16] rescuing its critical reputation and enabling it to become one of the classics of the modern stage.[11][15][17][6][11]

The Lyric celebrated the play's 50th anniversary with a revival, directed by artistic director David Farr, and related events from 8 to 24 May 2008, including a gala performance and reception hosted by Harold Pinter on 19 May 2008, exactly fifty years after its London première.[11][15][18][19]

Interpretation

Like many of Pinter's other plays, very little of the expository information in The Birthday Party is verifiable; it is contradicted by the characters and otherwise ambiguous, and, therefore, one cannot take what they say at face value. For example, in Act One, Stanley describes his career, saying "I've played the piano all over the world," reduces that immediately to "All over the country," and then, after a pause, undercuts both statements by saying "I once gave a concert."[20]

While the title and the dialogue refer to Meg's planning a party to celebrate Stanley's birthday: "It's your birthday, Stan. I was going to keep it a secret until tonight," even that fact is dubious, as Stanley denies that it is his birthday: "This isn't my birthday, Meg" (48), telling Goldberg and McCann: "Anyway, this isn't my birthday. [...] No, it's not until next month," adding, in response to McCann's saying "Not according to the lady [Meg]," "Her? She's crazy. Round the bend" (53).

Although Meg claims that her house is a boarding house, her husband Petey, who was confronted by two men who "wanted to know if we could put them up for a couple of nights" is surprised that Meg already has prepared a room (23) and Stanley (being the only supposed boarder) also responds to what appears to him to be the sudden appearance of Goldberg and McCann as prospective guests on a supposed short holiday, flat out denies that it is a boarding house: "This is a ridiculous house to pick on. [...] Because it's not a boarding house. It never was." (53)

McCann claims to have no knowledge of Stanley or Maidenhead when Stanley asks him "Ever been anywhere near Maidenhead? [...] There's a Fuller's teashop. I used to have my tea there. [...] and a Boots Library. I seem to connect you with the High Street. [...] A charming town, don't you think? [...] A quiet, thriving community. I was born and brought up there. I lived well away from the main road" (51); yet Goldberg later names both businesses that Stanley used to frequent connecting Goldberg and possibly also McCann to Maidenhead: "A little Austin, tea in Fuller's a library book from Boots, and I'm satisfied" (70). Of course, both Stanley and Goldberg could just be inventing these apparent reminiscences as they both appear to have invented other details about their lives earlier, and here Goldberg could conveniently be lifting details from Stanley's earlier own mention of them, which he has heard; as Merritt observes, the factual basis for such apparent correspondences in the dialogue uttered by Pinter's characters remains ambiguous and subject to multiple interpretations.[10][21]

Shifting identities (cf. "the theme of identity") makes the past ambiguous: Goldberg is called "Nat," but in his stories of the past he says that he was called "Simey" (73) and also "Benny" (92), and he refers to McCann as both "Dermot" (in talking to Petey [87]) and "Seamus" (in talking to McCann [93]). Given such contradictions, these characters' actual names and thus identities remain unclear. According to John Russell Brown (94), "Falsehoods are important for Pinter's dialogue, not least when they can be detected only by careful reference from one scene to another.... Some of the more blatant lies are so casually delivered that the audience is encouraged to look for more than is going to be disclosed. This is a part of Pinter's two-pronged tactic of awakening the audience's desire for verification and repeatedly disappointing this desire" (Brown 94).[21]

Although Stanley, just before the lights go out during the birthday party, begins to strangle Meg (78), she has no memory of that the next morning, quite possibly because she had drunk too much (71–74); oblivious to the fact that Goldberg and McCann have removed Stanley from the house – Petey keeps that information from her when she inquires, "Is he still in bed?" by answering "Yes, he's ... still asleep"––she ends the play focusing on herself and romanticising her role in the party, "I was the belle of the ball. [...] I know I was” (102). For some, Petey’s final reply only makes dramatic sense if the framework of the whole play is in Meg’s mind, that her invention of Stan was necessary in an empty marriage, and what the audience has seen was a tragic possibility - no doubt to be followed by another narrative when her Stan arrives.

Meg and Petey Boles

While on tour with L. du Garde's A Horse! A Horse!, Pinter found himself in Eastbourne without a place to stay. He met a stranger in a pub who said "I can take you to some digs but I wouldn't recommend them exactly," and then led Pinter to the house where he stayed. Pinter told his official biographer, Michael Billington,

I went to these digs and found, in short, a very big woman who was the landlady and a little man, the landlord. There was no one else there, apart from a solitary lodger, and the digs were really quite filthy ... I slept in the attic with this man I'd met in the pub ... we shared the attic and there was a sofa over my bed ... propped up so I was looking at this sofa from which hairs and dust fell continuously. And I said to the man, "What are you doing here?" And he said, "Oh well I used to be...I'm a pianist. I used to play in the concert-party here and I gave that up." ... The woman was really quite a voracious character, always tousled his head and tickled him and goosed him and wouldn't leave him alone at all. And when I asked him why he stayed, he said, "There's nowhere else to go."[22]

According to Billington, "The lonely lodger, the ravenous landlady, the quiescent husband: these figures, eventually to become Stanley, Meg, and Petey, sound like figures in a Donald McGill seaside postcard" (Harold Pinter 76).

Goldberg and McCann

Goldberg and McCann "represent not only the West's most autocratic religions, but its two most persecuted races" (Billington, Harold Pinter 80). James goes by many names, sometimes Nat, but when talking about his past he mentions that he was called by the names "Simey" and also "Benny". He seems to idolise his Uncle Barney as he mentions him many times during the play. Goldberg is portrayed as a Jewish man which is reinforced by his typically Jewish name and his appropriate use of Yiddish words. McCann is an unfrocked priest and has two names. Petey refers to him as Dermot but Goldberg calls him Seamus. The sarcasm in the following exchange evokes some distance in their relationship:

McCANN: You've always been a true Christian
GOLDBERG: In a way.

Stanley Webber

Stanley Webber — "a palpably Jewish name, incidentally — is a man who shores up his precarious sense of self through fantasy, bluff, violence and his own manipulative form of power-play. His treatment of Meg initially is rough, playful, teasing, ... but once she makes the fateful, mood-changing revelation —'I've got to get things ready for the two gentlemen'—he's as dangerous as a cornered animal" (Billington, Harold Pinter 78).

Lulu

Lulu is a woman in her twenties whom Stanley "tries vainly to rape" (Billington, Harold Pinter 112) during the titular birthday party at the end of Act II.

Themes

According to Pinter's official biographer, Michael Billington, in Harold Pinter, echoing Pinter's own retrospective view of it, The Birthday Party is "a deeply political play about the individual's imperative need for resistance," yet, according to Billington, though he "doubts whether this was conscious on Pinter's part," it is also "a private, obsessive work about time past; about some vanished world, either real or idealised, into which all but one of the characters readily escapes. ... From the very outset, the defining quality of a Pinter play is not so much fear and menace –– though they are undoubtedly present –– as a yearning for some lost Eden as a refuge from the uncertain, miasmic present" (82).

As quoted by Arnold P. Hinchliffe, Polish critic Grzegorz Sinko points out that in The Birthday Party "we see the destruction of the victim from the victim's own point of view:

"One feels like saying that the two executioners, Goldberg and McCann, stand for all the principles of the state and social conformism. Goldberg refers to his 'job' in a typically Kafka-esque official language which deprives the crimes of all sense and reality." ... [Of Stanley's removal, Sinko adds:] "Maybe Stanley will meet his death there or maybe he will only receive a conformist brainwashing after which he is promised ... many other gifts of civilization...."[23]

In an interview with Mel Gussow, which is about the 1988 Classic Stage Company production of The Birthday Party, later paired with Mountain Language in a 1989 CSC production, in both of which David Strathairn played Stanley, Gussow asked Pinter: "The Birthday Party has the same story as One for the Road?"

In the original interview first published in The New York Times on 30 December 1988, Gussow quotes Pinter as stating: "The character of the old man, Petey, says one of the most important lines I've ever written. As Stanley is taken away, Petey says, 'Stan, don't let them tell you what to do.' I've lived that line all my damn life. Never more than now."[24]

In responding to Gussow's question, Pinter refers to all three plays when he replies: "It's the destruction of an individual, the independent voice of an individual. I believe that is precisely what the United States is doing to Nicaragua. It's a horrifying act. If you see child abuse, you recognize it and you're horrified. If you do it yourself, you apparently don't know what you're doing."[25]

As Bob Bows observes in his review of the 2008 Germinal Stage Denver production, whereas at first " 'The Birthday Party' appears to be a straightforward story of a former working pianist now holed up in a decrepit boarding house," in this play as in his other plays, "behind the surface symbolism ... in the silence between the characters and their words, Pinter opens the door to another world, cogent and familiar: the part we hide from ourselves"; ultimately, "Whether we take Goldberg and McCann to be the devil and his agent or simply their earthly emissaries, the puppeteers of the church-state apparatus, or some variation thereof, Pinter's metaphor of a bizarre party bookended by birth and death is a compelling take on this blink-of-an-eye we call life."[26]

Selected production history

London première

Lyric Hammersmith, London, UK, directed by Peter Wood, May 1958.

Cast

(The Birthday Party [Grove Press ed.] 8)

New York City première

Booth Theatre, New York, US, directed by Alan Schneider, October 1967.

Cast

(The Birthday Party [Grove Press ed.] 8) The production was profiled in the William Goldman book The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway.

Selected U.S. regional and off-Broadway New York productions

1972

City College of San Francisco production, March 1972; Stanley played by Lance Greenfield.

1981

Oregon Shakespeare Festival, directed by Andrew J. Traister.[27]

1988–1990

Classic Stage Company (CSC Repertory Theatre), New York City, directed by Carey Perloff; first production from 12 April to 22 May 1988; second production in a double bill with the American première of Mountain Language, from 31 October to 23 December 1989).[28][29]

2003–2004

American Repertory Theater (ART), Loeb Drama Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, directed by Joanne Akalaitis, from 6 to 27 March 2004.[17]

2005

Northwest High School Theatre Department, Vernon Solomon Performing Arts Center, Northwest High School, Ft. Worth, Texas, directed by Alva Hascall, fall 2005

2006–2007
The bizarre image of McCann blowing in Goldberg's mouth.
  • Irish Classical Theatre Company at the Andrews Theatre, Buffalo, New York, directed by Greg Natale, from January to February 2007.
  • Bruka Theatre, 99 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada, directed by Tom Plunkett, in July 2007.[30]
  • Stage Center Theatre, at Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, directed by Dan Wirth, from November to December 2006.[31]

2007–2008

Germinal Stage Denver, Denver, Colorado, directed by Ed Baierlein, from 4 April to 4 May 2008.[26][32]

Lyric Hammersmith, London, UK, directed by David Farr, from 8 May to 24 May 2008 (Lee); "Cast include[d]: Sian Brooke; Sheila Hancock; Lloyd Hutchinson; Justin Salinger; Alan Williams; Nicholas Woodeson" (revival website).

2009

Melbourne Theatre Company presents 'The Birthday Party' at the Fairfax Theatre, The Arts Centre

Notable subsequent French revival, March 2009

L'Anniversaire (The Birthday Party), adapted and directed by Michel Fagadau, at the Théâtre des Champs Elysées, Paris, through 26 March 2009.[33]

Cast:

  • Lorant Deutsch
  • Jean-François Stévenin
  • Andréa Ferréol
  • Nicolas Vaude
  • Jacques Boudet
  • Émilie Chesnais[33]

2011

Kansas City Actors Theatre (KCAT) presents The Birthday Party, directed by Bruce Roach, in repertory with three Pinter one-acts, The Collection, The Lover and Night, 16 Aug. – 11 September 2011.

Teatro La Plaza, Lima, Perú, presents "La fiesta de cumpleaños"(The Birthday Party) directed by Chela de Ferrari

2013

Steppenwolf Theatre Company, Chicago directed by Austin Pendleton 24 January – 28 April 2013. The cast included Ian Barford as "Stanley", John Mahoney as "Petey", and Moira Harris as "Meg".

2018

The play was revived by Ian Rickson at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London starring Toby Jones (who reprised the role of Stanley after his 2016 performance for BBC Radio 3), Stephen Mangan, Zoe Wanamaker[34] and Pearl Mackie,[35] 9 January - 14 April 2018.

gollark: A subset of bees who talk about "respect".
gollark: Since they take the reasonable claim of "you should treat people fairly nicely unless they cause you not to" and magically equivocate it into something like "show deference towards other people" or "be nice to those who are bees towards you tod".
gollark: Which is basically the equivocation thing.
gollark: People just aggressively equivocate it to win arguments.
gollark: I actually think respect is a terrible concept.

See also

Notes
  1. Longman, Will (9 January 2018). "Why Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party was cancelled after eight performances, but went on to become a classic". London Theatre Guide. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  2. "Pinter, Harold: ~ 'The Birthday Party' First UK Edition SIGNED". www.johnatkinsonbooks.co.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  3. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/03/theatre.stage
  4. Harold Pinter, Faber Critical Guides (London: Faber and Faber, 2000) 57: The setting evokes "Basingstoke and Maidenhead, southern towns ... and ... London – in both Goldberg and Stanley's reminiscences."
  5. Audio interview with Harold Pinter, conducted by Rebecca Jones, BBC Radio 4, bbc.co.uk/today, 12 May 2008, Web, 14 May 2008.
  6. "The Birthday Party", Socialist Worker, Socialist Worker, 10 May 2008, Web, 9 May 2008: "[The Birthday Party] centres around Stanley Webber, a mysterious man who claims to be a piano player. ... He is visited in the boarding house he now lives in by two sinister characters, Goldberg and McCann, who are looking for a "certain person". ... A birthday party for Stanley turns into a terrible experience. ... The play received poor reviews when it first opened, but today The Birthday Party is rightly recognised as a classic."
  7. The Birthday Party synopsis, in Samuel French Basic Catalog, rpt. in samuelfrench.com ("Little Theatre"), n.d., Web, 10 May 2008.
  8. As cited by Susan Hollis Merritt, Pinter in Play: Critical Strategies and the Plays of Harold Pinter (1990; Durham and London: Duke UP, 1995) 5, 9, 225–28, 326.
  9. Martin Esslin, The Theatre of the Absurd, 3rd ed., with a new foreword by the author (1961; New York: Vintage [Knopf], 2004). ISBN 978-1-4000-7523-2 (13).
  10. For a discussion of "Pinter's 'ambiguity' ", see "Pinter's 'Semantic Uncertainty' and Critically 'Inescapable' Certainties," chapter 4 of Merritt, Pinter in Play 66–86.
  11. Michael Billington, "Fighting Talk", The Guardian, guardian.co.uk, 3 May 2008, Web, 10 June 2008: "This month [May] The Birthday Party returns to the same theatre where it opened exactly 50 years ago. Slated by the critics, it nearly ended Harold Pinter's career. So how did it go on to become such a classic, asks Michael Billington." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  12. "The Birthday Party – Premiere" Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Arts Theatre, Cambridge, England, 28 April 1958, in "Plays", HaroldPinter.org, Harold Pinter, 2000–2003, Web, 15 May 2008. (Features texts of selected reviews, including Harold Hobson's "The Screw Turns Again".)
    Further information: Harold Pinter § Career
  13. Qtd. in Jamie Andrews, "It Was Fifty Years Ago Today (Almost)" Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Harold Pinter Archive Blog, British Library, 12 May 2008, Web, 20 May 2008; Andrews is citing a contemporaneous review from May 1958 and context from a letter by Sean Day-Lewis, former drama critic of the Express and Star and the Birmingham Evening Post, published in May 2008. Cf. Sean Day-Lewis, "Birthday Party Bafflement", Guardian, Letters, Guardian Media Group, 20 May 2008, Web, 20 May 2008.
  14. "About the Lyric: History" Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Lyric Hammersmith, n.d., Web, 9 May 2008.
  15. Matthew Hemley, "50th Anniversary Staging of The Birthday Party to Star Hancock", The Stage, The Stage, 8 April 2008, Web, 9 May 2008.
  16. Harold Hobson, "The Screw Turns Again", The Sunday Times 25 May 1958: 11, rpt. in "The Birthday Party – Premiere" Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, haroldpinter.org, Harold Pinter, 2000–2003, Web, 15 May 2008.
  17. The Birthday Party. American Repertory Theater (ART), Cambridge, Massachusetts, 6–27 March 2004, American Repertory Theater, 2004, Web, 9 May 2008. (Provides useful resources about the playwright and the play.)
  18. The Birthday Party Archived 28 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Lyric Hammersmith, 8–24 May 2008, Web, 9 May 2008.
  19. Theo Bosanquet, "Review Round-up: Birthday Cheers for Pinter Party", What's on Stage, whatsonstage.com, 14 May 2008, Web, 15 May 2008.
  20. Harold Pinter, The Birthday Party, in The Essential Pinter (New York: Grove P, 2006) 14. (Subsequent parenthetical page references to this edition appear in the text.)
  21. John Russell Brown, "Words and Silence" (1972), rpt. in 87–99 of Casebook, ed. Scott. (Subsequent parenthetical page references to Brown appear in the text.)
  22. Michael Billington, Harold Pinter, rev. and expanded ed. of The Life and Work of Harold Pinter (1996; London: Faber and Faber, 2007) 76. (Subsequent parenthetical references to this edition appear in the text.)
  23. Arnold P. Hinchliffe, Harold Pinter, Twayne's English Authors Ser.; The Griffin Authors Ser. (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1967; New York: St. Martin's P, 1967) 55, 186. Hinchliffe is quoting from Gregorz Sinko, "Star i Młoda Anglia", Dialogue, 60.4 (April 1961): 97–99. (In Polish.)
  24. This interview was first published in Mel Gussow, "Pinter's Plays Following Him out of Enigma and into Politics", The New York Times, 30 December 1988: C17, as cited in Susan Hollis Merritt, "Pinter and Politics," in chap. 8, "Cultural Politics" of Pinter in Play: Critical Strategies and the Plays of Harold Pinter (Durham and London: Duke UP, 1995) 179. [Petey's line is one of two epigraphs for Pinter in Play; the other is Goldberg's line relating to the theme of social conformity discussed in criticism of the play by Sinko [as cited by Hinchliffe] and others: "Play up, play up, and play the game" (Cf. The Birthday Party in The Essential Pinter 92).] Pinter's comment on Petey's line from Gussow's 30 December 1988 New York Times interview with Pinter is also cited by Gussow in his "Introduction" to Conversations with Pinter, which refers to the edited version of the interview as reprinted in the "December 1988" section of the collection entitled "'Stan, don't let them tell you what to do'" (65–79): "In conversation in 1988, Harold Pinter said that he lived that line all his life. That stubborn individuality has been a chief motivating factor for the playwright, whether he was rejecting his call up for national service as a young man, or, later in his life, reacting to censors, dismissive critics or nations undermining human rights. In the broadest sense, Pinter has always been a conscientious objector, even as people keep trying to tell him what to do" (9).
  25. Qtd. in Mel Gussow, Conversations with Harold Pinter (London: Nick Hern Books, 1994) 69.
  26. Bob Bows, 'The Birthday Party' : *** (out of four stars)", The Denver Post, denverpost.com, 11 April 2008, Web, 10 May 2008.
  27. "Oregon Shakespeare Festival Production History = 1980s". osfashland.org.
  28. Susan Hollis Merritt, "The Birthday Party: CSC Repertory Theatre, New York, 17 April 1988, 12 Apr. 1988—22 May 1988", Pinter Rev. 2 (1988): 66–70 and "A Conversation with Carey Perloff, Bill Moor, Peter Riegert, Jean Stapleton, and David Strathairn: After matinée of Mountain Language and The Birthday Party[,] By CSC Repertory Ltd.[,] Bruno's, New York, 12 Nov. 1989", The Pinter Review: Annual Essays 1989, ed. Francis Gillen and Steven H. Gale (Tampa: U of Tampa P, 1989) 59–84. Both productions starred David Strathairn as Stanley. The 1989 CSC production substituted Jean Stapleton for Georgine Hall as Meg and Bill Moor for Robert Gerringer as Petey; in both productions Peter Riegert played Goldberg, Richard Riehle played McCann, and Wendy Makkena played Lulu. According to Merritt's recorded and transcribed "conversation" with the director and cast members, when Pinter attended rehearsals of the second production, he added Goldberg's line "What a lovely flight of stairs" (61–62). In his May 2008 BBC Radio 4 extended interview with Rebecca Jones, excerpted on Today on 12 May 2008, Pinter remembers having done so for a production in "1999", but, according to Perloff in the November 1989 interview with Merritt, he originated the line for her production, which featured a functional staircase prominently in its set and action; Perloff observes: "in every Pinter play, upstairs is threatening ..." (63).
    Further information: § External links
  29. The Birthday Party (CSC), in "Plays", at haroldpinter.org, Harold Pinter, 2000–[2008], Web, 18 May 2008.
  30. Jessica Santina, Party Crashers: The Birthday Party", Reno News and Review: Your Independent Alternative News and Entertainment Resource (Reno, Nevada), Arts & Culture: Theater, Chico Community Publishing, Inc., 26 July 2007, Web, 7 March 2009.
  31. The Birthday Party, Stage Center Theatre, Northeastern Illinois University, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, Fall 2006, Web, 9 May 2008. (Includes the Samuel French catalog's and the director's synopses of the play, production still photographs, and related information.)
  32. "The Birthday Party" at Germinal Stage Denver, The Denver Post, Denver Post, "Calendar", denverpost.com, 10 May 2008, Web, 10 May 2008.
  33. Jamie Andrews, "L'anniversaire". ("The Birthday Party"), Harold Pinter Archive Blog, British Library (BL), 3 March 2009, Web, 7 April 2009. (Performance rev.)
  34. "Sonia Friedman Productions". www.soniafriedman.com.
  35. "Pearl Mackie to regenerate in the West End for The Birthday Party". standard.co.uk.

Selected bibliography
Articles and reviews
Books
  • Billington, Michael. Harold Pinter. Rev. and exp. ed. of The Life and Work of Harold Pinter. 1996; London: Faber and Faber, 2007. ISBN 0-571-19065-0 (1996 ed.). ISBN 978-0-571-23476-9 (13) (2007 paperback ed.).
  • Gussow, Mel. Conversations with Harold Pinter. London: Nick Hern Books, 1994. ISBN 1-85459-201-7. New York: Limelight, 1994. ISBN 0-87910-179-2 (10). ISBN 978-0-87910-179-4 (13). New York: Grove P, 1996. ISBN 0-8021-3467-X (10). ISBN 978-0-8021-3467-7 (13).
  • Harold Pinter: The Birthday Party, The Caretaker, The Homecoming: A Casebook. Ed. Michael Scott. Casebook Ser. General Ed. A.E. Dyson New York: Macmillan, 1986. ISBN 0-333-35269-6 (10).
  • Hinchliffe, Arnold P. Harold Pinter. The Griffin Authors Ser. New York: St. Martin's P, 1967. LCCCN 74-80242. Twayne's English Authors Ser. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1967. LCCCN 67-12264. Rev. ed. 1967; New York: Twayne Publishers, 1981. ISBN 0-8057-6784-3 (10). ISBN 978-0-8057-6784-1 (13).
  • Merritt, Susan Hollis. Pinter in Play: Critical Strategies and the Plays of Harold Pinter. 1990; Durham and London: Duke UP, 1995. ISBN 0-8223-1674-9 (10). ISBN 978-0-8223-1674-9 (13).
  • Naismith, Bill. Harold Pinter. Faber Critical Guides. London: Faber and Faber, 2000. ISBN 0-571-19781-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-571-19781-1 (13).
  • Pinter, Harold. The Birthday Party. 15–102 in The Essential Pinter. New York: Grove P, 2006. ISBN 0-8021-4269-9 (10). ISBN 978-0-8021-4269-6 (13).
  • Pinter, Harold. 'The Birthday Party', in Pinter: Plays One. (London: Eyre Methuen, 1986). ISBN 0-413-34650-1
  • –––. Various Voices: Prose, Poetry, Politics 1948–2005. Rev. ed. 1998; London: Faber and Faber, 2005. ISBN 0-571-23009-1 (10). ISBN 978-0-571-23009-9 (13). (Includes "Letter to Peter Wood ... (1958)" in "On The Birthday Party I" 11–15; "Letter to the Editor of The Play's the Thing, October 1958" in "On The Birthday Party II" 16–19 and "A View of the Party" (1958) 149–50.)
Audio-visual resources
  • Jones, Rebecca, and Harold Pinter. Interview. Today. BBC Radio 4 BBC, 12 May 2008. Web. 7 April 2009. (Streaming audio [excerpts], BBC Radio Player; "extended interview" audio RealAudio Media [.ram] clip ["PINTER20080513"]. Duration of shorter, broadcast version: 3 mins., 56 secs.; duration of the extended interview: 10 mins., 19 secs. Interview with Pinter conducted by Jones on the occasion of the 50th anniversary revival at the Lyric Hammersmith, London; BBC Radio Player version was accessible for a week after first broadcast in "Listen again" on the Today website.)
  • L'Anniversaire (The Birthday Party) at the Théàtre des Champs Elysées, Paris, through 26 March 2009. (In French.)
  • The Birthday Party at haroldpinter.org. (Selected UK and foreign productions of the play with excerpts from selected performance reviews posted in the section on "Plays" in Pinter's official website.)
  • The Birthday Party. 50th anniversary revival at the Lyric Hammersmith, London, 8–24 May 2008. (Menu linking to related events; some links updated subsequently.)
  • "The Birthday Party" – Photographs from the Irish Classical Theatre Company's 2007 production, dir. Greg Natale. ("All photos by Lawrence Rowswell"; also includes production details.)
  • "The Explosion of New Writing" (Drama Guided Tour). PeoplePlayUK: Theatre History Online, formerly the Theatre Museum, National Theatre of the Performing Arts, London (until 1 January 2007); updated and hosted by Theatre Collections Online. (Features introductory consideration of Pinter, production photographs of The Birthday Party, and links to more information.)
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